Collecção das Leis da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1902

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

La enfermedad tuberculosa en Bilbao al inicio del siglo XXI (1993-2002)

La Tuberculosis es una enfermedad cuya presencia ha sido constante en la historia de la humanidad. Como toda enfermedad infectocontagiosa no respeta fronteras, ni edades, ni sexos, ni razas, ni tampoco clases sociales. La tuberculosis que actualmente padecemos no es nueva; representa el final de una onda epidémica secular que alcanzó su máxima incidencia en Europa entre 1780 y 1880. Cien años marcados por el desplazamiento masivo de campesinos a las ciudades en busca de trabajo en las fábricas. Históricamente la epidemiología de la tuberculosis ha demostrado la existencia de un declive natural. Dicho declive se inició ya, incluso antes del descubrimiento de su agente causal, debido a la mejoría de las condiciones socio-económicas de la población. La aparición de la quimioterapia específica aceleró su ritmo de descenso anual. Hasta la aparición del SIDA, ningún otro factor ha modificado substancialmente su natural declinar. Tan importante son las condiciones socioeconómicas y sociopolíticas de la población en la expresión epidemiológica de ésta y otras muchas enfermedades, que en 1910, cuando no existían remedios para la tuberculosis, Holanda alcanzó el llamado punto de ruptura. Dicho punto es aquel en que se considera que la tuberculosis camina hacia su erradicación espontánea. Corresponde al momento en que cada enfermo bacilífero no puede infectar al número suficiente de personas para que se origine otro nuevo enfermo bacilífero. Evidentemente el SIDA ha supuesto una inyección de gasolina en la llama de la enfermedad tuberculosa que ha desbaratado los programas de prevención y control puestos en marcha en 1982 en nuestra Comunidad Autónoma. Como decía Napoleón Bonaparte, las batallas se ganan con organización y dinero. La batalla del SIDA aún continúa y con más ahínco en nuestro País Vasco donde esta enfermedad es especialmente prevalente. Afortunadamente los nuevos tratamientos han convertido una enfermedad mortal de necesidad en una enfermedad crónica con una mejora substancial en las expectativas de vida. Sin embargo, la gran secuela de la coinfección SIDA/Tuberculosis ha sido la aparición de multirresistencias a los fármacos por tratamientos incorrectos o falta de adherencia del paciente a los mismos. Parece que el devenir de la tuberculosis, al margen de los factores políticos, culturales y económicos, ligados a la globalización y al desarrollo sostenible dentro de un modelo neoliberal; de los movimientos de masas: inmigrantes y refugiados; del racismo; de las desigualdades de género; de la diferente accesibilidad, cobertura y eficacia en los Sistemas Públicos de Salud, etc., al margen de todo esto, la tuberculosis va a quedar condicionada a cuatro factores de índole biomédica: a) A la evolución de las multirresistencias. b) A la subordinación con la coinfección VIH. c) Al establecimiento de los denominados "nichos ecológicos", en donde la enfermedad alcanzará su máxima progresión (mayores de 65 años, sobre todo los de bajo nivel económico; inmigrantes procedentes de zonas de endemia elevada; personal sanitario y trabajadores expuestos; colectivos con adicción a drogas por vía parenteral (ADVP); alcohólicos; personas con padecimientos crónicos; pacientes en tratamientos prolongados con corticoides e inmunosupresores). En estos nichos ecológicos es donde hay que mantener un elevado índice de sospecha y establecer las estrategias adecuadas para la detección precoz de la enfermedad. d) Al éxito que se obtenga con la nueva vacuna terapéutica contra la TB creada por Joan Pere Cardona. La epidemiología de la tuberculosis estará próximamente ligada a la biología molecular y a la genética. En efecto, ya no bastará con identificar al bacilo de Koch en un paciente. Será imprescindible saber qué cepas están actuando en una determinada colectividad, así como su grado de sensibilidad frente a los tuberculostáticos. Acabó el siglo XX, hemos iniciado la segunda década del siglo XXI y la pelota aún sigue en el tejado. Estamos ante un problema de primera magnitud que hace mucho tiempo que dejó de seducir a los románticos. Como señala Bignall, comparando a la tuberculosis con lo que en su día supuso la viruela como problema de Salud Pública: La viruela se erradicó porque no sólo se disponía de una vacuna eficaz, sino además porque no requería habilidad en las relaciones humanas. Sin embargo, en la tuberculosis, la lucha ya no es contra el bacilo sino contra la mentalidad y las miserias humanas; por ello será larga, muy larga. Por todo esto y visto lo previamente descrito concluimos: 1. En la década 1993 a 2002 se diagnosticaron 847 casos de tuberculosis, 548 varones y 299 mujeres; 364 con SIDA y 483 sin demostración de VIH. 2. Si agrupamos las características medias de todos los casos recogidos, definiríamos al paciente tipo como a un varón con serología VIH negativa, una edad de 46,6 años y una afección tuberculosa de localización extrapulmonar, atendida en el Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital. 3. Si el paciente tuberculoso que escogiéramos tuviera 31 años, la edad con más casos acumulados de la serie, al igual que los de 30 y 32 años, lo más frecuente que observaríamos, sería un paciente varón con SIDA y adicción a drogas por vía parenteral. 4. Aunque el sexo predominante es el varón entre los enfermos de tuberculosis, este predominio se atenúa al prescindir de los pacientes que asociaron SIDA. 5. El principal factor de riesgo para contraer el VIH en los tísicos con SIDA fue la ADVP. 6. El número de casos totales anuales viene descendiendo desde 1991, fundamentalmente a expensas del declive entre los casos que asociaron SIDA. 7. Es necesario disminuir el tiempo de demora 2 consistente en el número de días que transcurren desde que el paciente manifiesta sus primeros síntomas hasta que éste recibe el tratamiento. Puesto que el tiempo de demora 1 (que va desde que el paciente es visto en el hospital hasta que se instaura el tratamiento) cumple con los objetivos marcados en el Programa de control y prevención del Gobierno Vasco, deducimos que la Atención Primaria tiene la máxima importancia en acelerar este acortamiento del tiempo de demora disminuyendo así el periodo de riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad. 8. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que tiende a su natural declinar pero haciéndolo muy lentamente. Actualmente, la encontramos en zonas periféricas de la ciudad donde el VIH hace estragos en pacientes jóvenes con estilos de vida nada saludables. A estas zonas deprimidas se las denominan "nichos ecológicos". 9. La lucha contra esta enfermedad deberá ser enfocada hacia estos "nichos ecológicos". La condición necesaria para que consigamos acelerar la eliminación de la enfermedad consistirá en que diagnostiquemos y tratemos los casos afectados junto a la búsqueda de sus contactos. Pero en la tuberculosis, esto no es suficiente. Estamos luchando frente a un bacilo que se aprovecha de los más débiles, los inmunodeprimidos, edades extremas de la vida, drogodependientes, alcohólicos, zonas deprimidas económica y socialmente, que podemos delimitar en un plano y concentrar en él las medidas de control pertinentes. No olvidemos que estamos frente a un bacilo que se enclaustra en una caverna, que infecta a la tercera parte de la humanidad y espera. La tuberculosis desaparecerá en la medida en que la sociedad prospere.

Benthic sampling program in Biscayne Bay, 1981-1982

The Biscayne Bay Benthic Sampling Program was divided into two phases. In Phase I, sixty sampling stations were established in Biscayne Bay (including Dumfoundling Bay and Card Sound) representing diverse habitats. The stations were visited in the wet season (late fall of 1981) and in the dry season (midwinter of 1982). At each station certain abiotic conditions were measured or estimated. These included depth, sources of freshwater inflow and pollution, bottom characteristics, current direction and speed, surface and bottom temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, and water clarity was estimated with a secchi disk. Seagrass blades and macroalgae were counted in a 0.1-m2 grid placed so as to best represent the bottom community within a 50-foot radius. Underwater 35-mm photographs were made of the bottom using flash apparatus. Benthic samples were collected using a petite Ponar dredge. These samples were washed through a 5-mm mesh screen, fixed in formalin in the field, and later sorted and identified by experts to a pre-agreed taxonomic level. During the wet season sampling period, a nonquantitative one-meter wide trawl was made of the epibenthic community. These samples were also washed, fixed, sorted and identified. During the dry season sampling period, sediment cores were collected at each station not located on bare rock. These cores were analyzed for sediment size and organic composition by personnel of the University of Miami. Data resulting from the sampling were entered into a computer. These data were subjected to cluster analyses, Shannon-Weaver diversity analysis, multiple regression analysis of variance and covariance, and factor analysis. In Phase II of the program, fifteen stations were selected from among the sixty of Phase I. These stations were sampled quarterly. At each quarter, five Petite Ponar dredge samples were collected from each station. As in Phase I, observations and measurements, including seagrass blade counts, were made at each station. In Phase II, polychaete specimens collected were given to a separate contractor for analysis to the species level. These analyses included mean, standard deviation, coefficient of dispersion, percent of total, and numeric rank for each organism in each station as well as number of species, Shannon-Weaver taxa diversity, and dominance (the compliment of Simpson's Index) for each station. Multiple regression analysis of variance and covariance, and factor analysis were applied to the data to determine effect of abiotic factors measured at each station. (PDF contains 96 pages)

Coleção das Leis da República Federativa do Brasil de 1982

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Nueva documentación sobre el primer nacionalismo vasco: correspondencia inédita de Sabino Arana con Luis de Eleizalde (1900-1902)

[ES] En el Archivo General de la Universidad de Navarra, dentro del Fondo Luis de Eleizalde, se conservan un telegrama y ocho cartas de Sabino Arana Goiri al propio Eleizalde, fechadas entre el 3 de diciembre de 1900 y el 21 de agosto de 1902. Se trata de una documentación inédita, de gran interés para conocer diversos aspectos de la ideología y la acción política y cultural del fundador del nacionalismo vasco en los últimos años de su vida. Las cartas aportan nuevos datos sobre las difíciles relaciones de Arana con los fueristas del semanario Euskalduna, su participación en el Congreso de Hendaya para la unificación ortográfica del euskera, las publicaciones periódicas creadas por él (en especial la revista cultural Euzkadi), su controvertida evolución españolista de 1902, etc.

Anuario Estadistico de Pesca 1982

This document is in Spanish. La Secretaría de Pesca, a través de la Direcci6n General de Informática, Estadística y Documentaci6n,presenta el ANUARIO ESTADISTICO correspondiente a 1982, con la informaci6n cuantitativa más relevante de las diversas fases que confo·rman la actividad pesquera nacional y la de los sectores que en ella participan, así como los principales indicadores pesqueros internacionales. El Fresente documento está integrado por trece capítulos: I. Capturas, II. Permisos, III. Embarcaciones, IV. Artes y EquiI-' os de Pesca, V. Industrialización, VI. Origen y Destino de loo productos Pesqueros, VII. Comercialización, VIII. Consumo, IX. Población, X. Capacitación, XI. Financiamiento, XII. Información Internacional de Pesca, XIII. Cuenta Nacional pesqu~ ra. Al final del documento se incluyen dos anexos, el Frimero presenta el índice detallado de cuadros y el segundo el glosario de términos. Catch statistics for Mexican waters 1982. (PDF has 482 pages.)

Oceanographic results from the VERTEX 3 Particle Interceptor Trap Experiment off central Mexico,October-December,1982

In this report, we present oceanographic results from VERTEX 3 Particle Interceptor Trap (PIT) experiment conducted off the western-coast of Mexico during October to November 1982. The oceanographic data presented here were obtained during three cruise legs by Moss Landing Marine Laboratory scientists aboard R/V Cayuse while the detailed chemical studies were done by other scientists aboard R/V Wecoma. Only the oceanographic data will be presented in this report. (PDF contains 82 pages)

Early-life-history profiles, seasonal abundance, and distribution of four species of Carangid larvae off Louisiana, 1982 and 1983

We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance, and seasonality and supporting environmental information for four species of coastal pelagics from the family Carangidae: blue runner Caranx crysos, Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus, round scad Decapterus punctatus, and rough scad Trachurus lathami. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises off Louisiana sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). Bioprofiles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species. Maximum abundances of larval blue runner, Atlantic bumper, and round scad were found in July inside the 4O-m isobath, although during the rest of the cruises these species were rarely found together. Larval Atlantic bumper were captured in June and July only; blue runner in May, June, and July; and round scad in all seasons. Atlantic bumper larvae, concentrated mostly off western Louisiana, were by far the most abundant carangid in 1982 and 1983. Larval blue runner were the second most abundant summer-spawned carangid in 1982 and 1983, but their abundance and depth distribution varied considerably between years. Relative abundance of larval round scad off Louisiana was low, and they were captured only west of the Mississippi River delta, although they are reported to dominate carangid populations in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Rough scad were primarily winter/spring and outer-shelf (40-182 m) spawners. They ranked third in overall abundance, but were the most abundant target carangid on the outer shelf. Ecological parameters such as surface salinity, temperature, and station depth are presented from capture sites for recently hatched larvae <2.5 mm notochord length, except round scad) as well as for all sizes of fish below 14 mm standard length. (PDF file contains 44 pages.)

Early-life-history profiles, seasonal abundance, and distribution of four species of Clupeid larvae from the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1982 and 1983

We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance, and seasonality and supporting environmental information for four species of coastal pelagics from the family Clupeidae: round herring Etrumeus teres, scaled sardine Harengula jaguana, Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum, and Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises across the northern Gulf of Mexico sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). This is the first such examination for these species on a multiyear and gulfwide scale. Bioproflles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species. During the summer, larval Atlantic thread herring and scaled and Spanish sardines were abundant on the inner shelf <40 m depth), but were rare or absent in deeper waters. Scaled sardine and thread herring were found virtually everywhere inner-shelf waters were sampled, but Spanish sardines were rare in the north-central Gulf. During 1982, larval Atlantic thread herring were the most abundant of the four target c1upeid species, whereas Spanish sardine were the most abundant during 1983. On the west Florida shelf, Spanish sardine dominated larval c1upeid populations both years. Scaled sardine larvae were the least abundant of the four species both years, but were still captured in 25% of inner-shelf bongo net collections. Round herring larvae, collected February-early June (primarily March-April), were abundant on the outer shelf (40-182 m depth) and especially off Louisiana. Over the 2-year period, outer-shelf mean abundance for round herring was 40.2 larvae/10 m2; inner-shelf mean abundances for scaled sardine, Atlantic thread herring, and Spanish sardine were 14.9, 39.2, and 41.9 larvae/l0 m2, respectively. (PDF file contains 66 pages.)

Proceedings of the Eleventh U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Salmon Enhancement, Tokyo, Japan, October 19-20, 1982

The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries. The UJNR was started by a proposal made during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program are desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marine resources research, development, and utilization. Accomplishments include: Increased communications and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 108 pages.)

Proceedings of the International Workshop on age determination of oceanic pelagic fishes: Tunas, billfishes, and sharks, Miami, Florida, February 15-18,1982

Accurate and precise estimates of age and growth rates are essential parameters in understanding the population dynamics of fishes. Some of the more sophisticated stock assessment models, such as virtual population analysis, require age and growth information to partition catch data by age. Stock assessment efforts by regulatory agencies are usually directed at specific fisheries which are being heavily exploited and are suspected of being overfished. Interest in stock assessment of some of the oceanic pelagic fishes (tunas, billfishes, and sharks) has developed only over the last decade, during which exploitation has increased steadily in response to increases in worldwide demand for these resources. Traditionally, estimating the age of fishes has been done by enumerating growth bands on skeletal hardparts, through length frequency analysis, tag and recapture studies, and raising fish in enclosures. However, problems related to determining the age of some of the oceanic pelagic fishes are unique compared with other species. For example, sampling is difficult for these large, highly mobile fishes because of their size, extensive distributions throughout the world's oceans, and for some, such as the marlins, infrequent catches. In addition, movements of oceanic pelagic fishes often transect temperate as well as tropical oceans, making interpretation of growth bands on skeletal hardparts more difficult than with more sedentary temperate species. Many oceanic pelagics are also long-lived, attaining ages in excess of 30 yr, and more often than not, their life cycles do not lend themselves easily to artificial propagation and culture. These factors contribute to the difficulty of determining ages and are generally characteristic of this group-the tunas, billfishes, and sharks. Accordingly, the rapidly growing international concern in managing oceanic pelagic fishes, as well as unique difficulties in ageing these species, prompted us to hold this workshop. Our two major objectives for this workshop are to: I) Encourage the interchange of ideas on this subject, and 2) establish the "state of the art." A total of 65 scientists from 10 states in the continental United States and Hawaii, three provinces in Canada, France, Republic of Senegal, Spain, Mexico, Ivory Coast, and New South Wales (Australia) attended the workshop held at the Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Fla., 15-18 February 1982. Our first objective, encouraging the interchange of ideas, is well illustrated in the summaries of the Round Table Discussions and in the Glossary, which defines terms used in this volume. The majority of the workshop participants agreed that the lack of validation of age estimates and the means to accomplish the same are serious problems preventing advancements in assessing the age and growth of fishes, particularly oceanic pelagics. The alternatives relating to the validation problem were exhaustively reviewed during the Round Table Discussions and are a major highlight of this workshop. How well we accomplished our second objective, to establish the "state of the art" on age determination of oceanic pelagic fishes, will probably best be judged on the basis of these proceedings and whether future research efforts are directed at the problem areas we have identified. In order to produce high-quality papers, workshop participants served as referees for the manuscripts published in this volume. Several papers given orally at the workshop, and included in these proceedings, were summarized from full-length manuscripts, which have been submitted to or published in other scientific outlets-these papers are designated as SUMMARY PAPERS. In addition, the SUMMARY PAPER designation was also assigned to workshop papers that represented very preliminary or initial stages of research, cursory progress reports, papers that were data shy, or provide only brief reviews on general topics. Bilingual abstracts were included for all papers that required translation. We gratefully acknowledge the support of everyone involved in this workshop. Funding was provided by the Southeast Fisheries Center, and Jack C. Javech did the scientific illustrations appearing on the cover, between major sections, and in the Glossary. (PDF file contains 228 pages.)

Cartas enviadas por Ramón Ansoain Garraza a Justo Garate entre 1982 y 1983

1 tarjeta, 1 felicitación de Navidad, 1 carta, 1 tarjeta de vistita (manuscritas y mecanografiadas) ; entre 231x165mm y 10x60mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 30

Cartas enviadas por Gurutzi Arregui Azpeitia a Justo Garate entre 1976 y 1982

6 cartas (mecanografiadas) ; 210x297mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 58

Cartas enviadas por José Atin a Justo Garate entre 1982 y 1986

5 cartas y 1 tarjeta de visita (mecanografiadas y manuscritas) ; entre 215x275mm y 172x222mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 74

Synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : relativos ao anno de 1902 : acompanhados de differentes documentos : organisados na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1902.