Systemic activation of dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor ligands or malaria infection impairs cross-presentation and anti-viral immunity

The mechanisms responsible for the immunosuppression associated with sepsis or some chronic blood infections remain poorly understood. Here we show that infection with a malaria parasite (Plasmodium berghei) or simple systemic exposure to bacterial or viral Toll-like receptor ligands inhibited cross-priming. Reduced cross-priming was a consequence of downregulation of cross-presentation by activated dendritic cells due to systemic activation that did not otherwise globally inhibit T cell proliferation. Although activated dendritic cells retained their capacity to present viral antigens via the endogenous major histocompatibility complex class I processing pathway, antiviral responses were greatly impaired in mice exposed to Toll-like receptor ligands. This is consistent with a key function for cross-presentation in antiviral immunity and helps explain the immunosuppressive effects of systemic infection. Moreover, inhibition of cross-presentation was overcome by injection of dendritic cells bearing antigen, which provides a new strategy for generating immunity during immunosuppressive blood infections.

Promissory Note, February 2, 1814 - William and Abraham Nelles and Nathanial Pettit Estate

A promise by Abraham and William Nelles to pay 50 pounds with interest, New York Currency, to John Pettit and Jonathan Woolverton, executors of the late Nathanial Pettit estate, five years after the date. Witness Will Crooks.

Ordenanzas de la ilustre Universidad y Casa de contratacion de la m.n. y m.l. Villa de Bilbao. Aprobadas y confirmadas por las magestades de los sres. d. Felipe V en 2 de diciembre de 1737, y d. Fernando VII en 27 de junio de 1814; con insercion de los reales privilegios, y la provision de 9 de julio de 1818 que contiene las alteraciones hechas á solicitud del mismo consulado y comercio sobre los numeros 3⁰, 5⁰, 8⁰, 9⁰, 16⁰ y 23⁰ del capítulo segundo, el número 16 del capítulo quinto, y los números 6⁰ y 7⁰ del capítulo sesto.

Half-title: Codigo de comercio y de navegacion, actualmente en vigor en los estados de América, conocido bajo el nombre de Ordenanzas de la ilustre Universidad y Casa de contratacion de la m. n. y m. l. villa de Bilbao.

The Pioneers of land reform: Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie, Thomas Paine,

"Chief works of Thomas Paine": 1 p. following p. 206.

Ordenanzas de la Ilustre Universidad y Casa de Contratación de la M.N. y M.L. Villa de Bilbao, aprobadas y confirmadas por las Magestades de los Sres. D. Felipe V en 2 de diciembre de 1737, y de D. Fernando VII en 27 de junio de 1814...

Mode of access: Internet.

Journals of the Hon. William Hervey, in North America and Europe, from 1755 to 1814; with order books at Montreal, 1760-1763.

"Introduction" signed: S. H. A. H. [i.e. Sydenham Henry Augustus Hervey]

The complete works of William Shakespeare. With a life of the poet, explanatory foot-notes, critical notes, and a glossarial index.

v. 1. Life, etc. Comedy of errors. Two gentlemen of Verona.--v. 2. Love's labours lost. Taming of the shrew.--v. 3. A midsummer-nights dream. Merchant of Venice.--v. 4. All's well that ends well. Much ado about nothing.--v. 5. As you like it. Twelfth night.--v. 6. Merry wives of Windsor. Measure for measure.--v. 7. The tempest. The winter's tale.--v. 8. Henry VI, pt. 1-2.--v. 9. Henry VI, pt. 3. Richard III.--v. 10. King John. Richard II.--v. 11. Henry IV, pt. 1-2.--v. 12. Henry V. Henry VIII.--v. 13. Titus Andronicus. Romeo and Juliet.--v. 14. Julius Caesar. Hamlet.--v. 15. King Lear. Timon of Athens.--v. 16. Antony and Cleopatra. Troilus and Cressida.--v. 17. Macbeth. Othello.--v. 18. Cymbeline. Coriolanus.--v. 19. Pericles. Two noble kinsmen. Venus and Adonis.--v. 20. Lucrece. Sonnets. A lover's complaint. The passionate pilgrim. Phoenix and turtle. Index.

The role of the seed bank in recovery of temperate heath and blanket bog following wildfires

Questions - Are the germinable seed banks of upland heath and blanket bog reduced following wildfires? Are some species at particular risk? Do the impacts of wildfires on seed banks differ between heathlands and blanket bog?

Location - Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.

Methods - Vegetation surveys and seed bank sampling were conducted in 2012 at burned and unburned areas within six upland sites where large wildfires had occurred during spring 2011. Differences in seedling abundance, species richness and Jaccard similarity indices between burned and unburned areas were compared using GLMMs. Differences in the community composition were examined using pRDA.

Results - In total, 24 of the 51 species in the vegetation were detected in the germinable seed bank. Species richness and the abundance of seedlings other than Calluna vulgaris were lower in areas where wildfires had occurred. Species composition of both germinable seed banks and vegetation differed between burned and unburned areas within sites; with negative associations between burned areas and some key indicator species including Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Empetrum nigrum, Narthecium ossifragum and Trichophorum germanicum. We did not find any evidence of significant interactions between burning and habitat, suggesting that wildfires had similar impacts on each species regardless of the habitat in which they occurred.

Conclusions - This study differs from other UK studies in that it examines impacts of wildfires at sites that have not been previously intensively managed by burning. In particular, we highlight potential impacts on N. ossifragum and D. rotundifolia, which are key components of the upland flora and, to our knowledge, were not present in previous UK studies.

Les moeurs du jour, ou Histoire de Sir William Harrington. Partie 2 / , écrite du vivant de M. Richardson,... revue et retouchée par lui sur le manuscrit de l'auteur

Titre original : The history of sir William Harrington

Les moeurs du jour, ou Histoire de Sir William Harrington. Partie 4 / , écrite du vivant de M. Richardson,... revue et retouchée par lui sur le manuscrit de l'auteur

Titre original : The history of sir William Harrington

Les moeurs du jour, ou Histoire de Sir William Harrington. Partie 3 / , écrite du vivant de M. Richardson,... revue et retouchée par lui sur le manuscrit de l'auteur

Titre original : The history of sir William Harrington

Les moeurs du jour, ou Histoire de Sir William Harrington. Partie 1 / , écrite du vivant de M. Richardson,... revue et retouchée par lui sur le manuscrit de l'auteur

Titre original : The history of sir William Harrington