1st International Workshop on Secure and Privacy-Aware Information Management in eHealth

Information security and privacy in the healthcare domain is a complex and challenging problem for computer scientists, social scientists, law experts and policy makers. Appropriate healthcare provision requires specialized knowledge, is information intensive and much patient information is of a particularly sensitive nature. Electronic health record systems provide opportunities for information sharing which may enhance healthcare services, for both individuals and populations. However, appropriate information management measures are essential for privacy preservation...

Incidence trends of keratinocytic skin cancers and melanoma in Israel 2006-2011

BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer, both melanoma and keratinocyte cancers (KC) is rising throughout the world, specifically squamous cell carcinomas(SCC) and basal cell carcinoma(BCC), being the most common of all cancers. OBJECTIVE To determine trends in incidence of Melanoma, BCC and SCC among 1.7 million members of Maccabi Healthcare Services from 2006 to 2011. METHODS Data on newly diagnosed Melanoma, SCC and BCC cases was collected from the MHS Cancer Registry and based on histology reports from the centralized pathology lab. Age-specific and overall age-adjusted European standardized rates were computed. Trends were estimated by calculating Average Annual Percentage Change(AAPC). RESULTS During the six year study period, a total of 16,079 subjects were diagnosed with at least one BCC, 4,767 with SCC and 1,264 with invasive melanoma. Age-standardized incidence rates were 188, 58 and 17 per 100,000 person years for BCC, SCC and melanoma, respectively. All lesions were more common among males and primarily affected the elderly. BCC rates were stable throughout the study period(AAPC -0.7%, 95%CI -4.5% to 3.2%) while SCC incidence increased significantly(AAPC 15.5%, 95%CI: 2.6% to 30.0%). In contrast, melanoma rates continuously decreased with a significant AAPC of -3.0%, 95%CI (-4.5 to -0.1). CONCLUSIONS Previously unreported, the incidence of KC in Israel is high. The disparities in incidence trends between SCC, BCC and melanoma allude to their different etiologies. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, education and prevention programs in a growing high risk population.

Clinical data warehousing : a business analytics approach for managing health data

Heterogeneous health data is a critical issue when managing health information for quality decision making processes. In this paper we examine the efficient aggregation of lifestyle information through a data warehousing architecture lens. We present a proof of concept for a clinical data warehouse architecture that enables evidence based decision making processes by integrating and organising disparate data silos in support of healthcare services improvement paradigms.

Social policy implications relating to road trauma in a rapidly motorising world : the example of China

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies road trauma as a major public health issue in all countries, though most notably among low-to-middle income countries and particularly those experiencing rapid motorisation, such as China. As China transitions from a nation of bicycle riders and pedestrians to one where car ownership is increasingly desired, there is need to address the accompanying social policy challenges. With this increased motorisation has come an increased road trauma burden, shouldered disproportionately among the population. Vulnerable road users (i.e., pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists) are of primary concern because they are most frequently killed in road crashes, representing approximately 70% of all Chinese road-related fatalities. The aim of this paper is to summarise the scale of the road trauma burden, highlight the disparity of this burden across the Chinese population, and discuss the related social policy implications in dealing with the impact of deaths and of otherwise healthy lives diminished by injury and disability. Future research priorities are also discussed and include the need to strive to provide detailed information on the level of inequity of the road trauma burden across the population and identify appropriate social supports and healthcare services required, both preventative and post-crash, so these can be developed and implemented throughout China.

Greening pharmacy - going green

In its report for World Health Day 2008 entitled ‘Protecting Health from Climate Change’, the World Health Organization urged health sectors to lead by example in undertaking sustainability initiatives to protect people from the effects of climate change. This report suggested actions which included ensuring the health sector was involved in key policy making around sustainable development, and also, that it should work towards reducing its carbon footprint through better management of energy use, transport and procurement. However, healthcare professionals need to understand the negative effects on health of unsustainable development in order to accept that they need to change the way they deliver healthcare services...

2nd International Workshop on Secure and Privacy-Aware Information Management in eHealth

Information security and privacy in the healthcare domain is a complex and challenging problem for computer scientists, social scientists, law experts and policy makers. Appropriate healthcare provision requires specialized knowledge, is information intensive and much patient information is of a particularly sensitive nature. Electronic health record systems provide opportunities for information sharing which may enhance healthcare services, for both individuals and populations. However, appropriate information management measures are essential for privacy preservation...

Shift in disease burden from communicable to non-communicable diseases: Aiming to achieve Universal Health Coverage in Nepal

A major barrier to accessing healthcare services is spending, and the extended time that non-communicable diseases require treatment for means that many people around the world do not have proper access to care. Saval Khanal from Sankalpa Foundation, Nepal, Lennert Veerman and Samantha Hollingworth from the University of Queensland and Lisa Nissen from Queensland University of Technology lay out the results of their study and establish a method to forecast medicine use in Nepal.

Hospital social work in Australia: Emerging trends or more of the same?

Social work in health care has been established for more than 100 years and is one of the largest areas of practice for social workers. Over time, demographic changes and growth in the aging population, increased longevity rates, an explosion in rates of chronic illness together with rapidly increasing cost of health care have created serious challenges for acute hospitals and health social workers. This article reviews the Australian health care system and policies with particular emphasis on the public hospital system. It then examines current hospital social work roles, including the continued role in discharge planning and expanding responsibility for emerging client problems, such as patient complexity, legal, and carer issues. The article concludes with a discussion of evolving issues and challenges facing health social work to ensure that social work remain relevant within this practice context.

Invisível, sutil e palpável: Shén神 nas dimensões diagnose e terapêutica da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa

Shén神 é uma categoria chinesa de sentidos múltiplos e abrangentes, presente na filosofia e na medicina. Direcionaria o processo de surgimento de todas as coisas no universo, como uma força configuradora. Na pessoa, atuaria sobre todos os estágios de desenvolvimento corporal e pessoal, do nascimento até a morte, caracterizando-a como pessoa única no universo. Teve seus sentidos reduzidos pela Medicina Chinesa Contemporânea, hegemônica na China e instituída após a Revolução comunista. Costuma ser traduzida como Espírito ou Mente no ocidente e é indissociável do corpo físico. Está presente em todas as dimensões da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa, observando-se na literatura convencional, grande abrangência de sentidos quando tratada pela dimensão cosmológica, porém costuma ser reduzida aos sentidos de mente, segundo definições ocidentais, quando tratada pelas dimensões de ordem prática: diagnose e terapêutica. O desafio desta tese foi elaborar uma síntese entre os sentidos cosmológicos e as dimensões práticas. Para isso, procedeu a uma pesquisa teórico conceitual, a partir de leituras e interpretações ocidentais de textos clássicos chineses, elaboradas por autores com critério filológico apurado. Observou-se que os sentidos de Shén神 se fazem presentes em ressonância recíproca com diversas outras categorias da Doutrina Médica Chinesa, como Qì氣, Xuè血, Jīng精, Qìng情, Emoções, Zàng-Fǔ贓腑, Órgãos e Vísceras, entre outras. Cada uma delas com atribuições específicas, que, porém, se reorganizariam em ressonância com as outras. Assim, ao proceder a diagnose e instituir uma terapêutica direcionada a cada uma dessas categorias, o terapeuta estaria interferindo diretamente sobre Shén神 e vice versa. Shén神 poderia assumir sentidos diversos, numa visão de totalidade. A partir daí, percebeu-se a necessidade de estudar essas categorias em ressonância com Shén神, além da própria diagnose e da terapêutica, à luz das premissas do Pensamento Chinês. Categorias como processo, totalidade, potencial ou eficácia ajudaram a apreender, não só os amplos sentidos de Shén神, e suas ressonâncias, mas também as peculiaridades do ato de diagnosticar e tratar na Racionalidade Médica Chinesa. Foi, então, elaborada uma visão da Diagnose e da Terapêutica capaz de contemplar Shén神 e suas ressonâncias, que se espera poder utilizar nos serviços de saúde, contribuindo para estratégias de promoção da saúde, estreitamento de vínculos terapeuta-paciente e maior eficácia terapêutica na prática da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa.

Long-Term Burden and Respiratory Effects of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization in Preterm Infants — The SPRING Study

The health status of premature infants born 32(1)-35(0) weeks' gestational age (wGA) hospitalized for RSV infection in the first year of life (cases; n = 125) was compared to that of premature infants not hospitalized for RSV (controls; n = 362) through 6 years. The primary endpoints were the percentage of children with wheezing between 2-6 years and lung function at 6 years of age. Secondary endpoints included quality of life, healthcare resource use, and allergic sensitization. A significantly higher proportion of cases than controls experienced recurrent wheezing through 6 years of age (46.7% vs. 27.4%; p = 0.001). The vast majority of lung function tests appeared normal at 6 years of age in both cohorts. In children with pulmonary function in the lower limit of normality (FEV1 Z-score [-2; -1]), wheezing was increased, particularly for cases vs. controls (72.7% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed the most important factor for wheezing was RSV hospitalization. Quality of life on the respiratory subscale of the TAPQOL was significantly lower (p = 0.001) and healthcare resource utilization was significantly higher (p<0.001) in cases than controls. This study confirms RSV disease is associated with wheezing in 32-35 wGA infants through 6 years of age.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família na perspectiva do usuário.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, cujo objetivo é analisar a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) através da perspectiva do seu usuário, verificando o grau de correspondência entre os serviços oferecidos pela ESF e a proposta oficial, norteadora da Estratégia. Neste intuito, realizamos entrevistas com usuários cadastrados na Unidade de Saúde da Família - Centro, no município de Piraí, interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Na busca do arcabouço teórico, nos aprofundamos em temas como qualidade dos serviços de saúde, Sistema Único de Saúde, no Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e Saúde da Família. Ao analisarmos os resultados, dividimos os achados em três categorias. São elas: caracterizando os sujeitos; utilização dos serviços de saúde à luz do acesso, acolhimento e vínculo e, por fim, a percepção do usuário: avaliação, crítica, elogio e sugestão. Ao fim da pesquisa, concluímos que, como todo serviço, necessita ser avaliado e monitorado, levando em consideração as críticas e elogios abordados, buscando melhor qualificação. Acreditamos que repensar o modelo de atenção à saúde, dentro da perspectiva para qual aponta a estratégia saúde da família, implica em assegurar correspondência entre os serviços de saúde e as expectativas e valores socioculturais da população usuária.

O impacto da expansão da estratégia saúde da família em indicadores na área de planejamento 5.3 no município do Rio de Janeiro.

A estratégia saúde da família foi o modelo de escolha utilizado para a reorganização da atenção básica brasileira. No município do Rio de Janeiro sua implantação tem início em 1995 em passos lentos. A partir do ano de 2009, inicia-se um processo de implantação e expansão da ESF e a área de planejamento 5.3 é escolhida como área prioritária para essa expansão. Acredita-se que a expansão da ESF, o aumento da cobertura da população atendida e o aumento do acesso aos serviços de saúde, implicarão na melhoria da saúde da população e consequentemente impactarão positivamente nos indicadores de saúde. Este trabalho busca analisar os impactos da expansão da ESF em indicadores de saúde, na AP 5.3 do município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2009 a 2012. Tendo como objetivos específicos (1) descrever a expansão da cobertura da ESF entre os anos de 2009 e 2012 na AP 5.3; (2) analisar a evolução dos indicadores de saúde nesse mesmo período; (3) correlacionar os indicadores de saúde com o aumento de cobertura do saúde da família; e (4) comparar os dados encontrados na AP 5.3 com os do município do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de séries temporais. Os indicadores de saúde selecionados para análise deste estudo foram escolhidos considerando elementos de estrutura e desempenho da ESF, assim como o estado de saúde da população, nas situações em que seria possível estabelecer relações entre ações da ESF e modificações no perfil de saúde. Os resultados encontrados em relação à evolução da expansão da cobertura da ESF na AP 5.3 evidenciou um aumentou que passou de 41% em agosto de 2010 para 98%, em junho de 2012, tendo atingido a meta de 100% em setembro de 2013. A produção ambulatorial, nessa região, aumentou em 130%. O percentual de nascidos vivos que realizaram 7 consultas pré-natais e mais, entre os anos de 2009 e 2012, aumentou em 3%. O percentual de nascidos vivos por partos cesáreos na AP 5.3 vem aumentando ao longo do período analisado. No entanto, nessa região mais de 50% dos partos realizados ainda são vaginais. O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil na AP 5.3, sofreu um decréscimo de 6,84%, no período de 2009 a 2012. Já o coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal, no mesmo período, apresentou um aumento de 16%. Enquanto o coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal, nessa região, apresentou, do período de 2009 até o ano de 2012, uma redução de 33%. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo sugerem a contribuição positiva do programa na evolução de muitos dos indicadores de saúde da população. Todavia, algumas ações e serviços carecem de melhorias para garantir uma assistência integral e de maior qualidade aos usuários. Mais do que a ampliação do acesso, com aumento da cobertura é necessário garantir a qualidade da assistência.

Lower extremity amputation in people with diabetes: Trends and determinants

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes is rising rapidly. Assessing quality of diabetes care is difficult. Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA) is recognised as a marker of the quality of diabetes care. The focus of this thesis was first to describe the trends in LEA rates in people with and without diabetes in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) in recent years and then, to explore the determinants of LEA in people with diabetes. While clinical and socio-demographic determinants have been well-established, the role of service-related factors has been less well-explored. Methods: Using hospital discharge data, trends in LEA rates in people with and without diabetes were described and compared to other countries. Background work included concordance studies exploring the reliability of hospital discharge data for recording LEA and diabetes and estimation of diabetes prevalence rates in the RoI from a nationally representative study (SLAN 2007). To explore determinants, a systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effect of contact with a podiatrist on the outcome of LEA in people with diabetes. Finally, a case-control study using hospital discharge data explored determinants of LEA in people with diabetes with a particular focus on the timing of access to secondary healthcare services as a risk factor. Results: There are high levels of agreement between hospital discharge data and medical records for LEA and diabetes. Thus, hospital discharge data was deemed sufficiently reliable for use in this PhD thesis. A decrease in major diabetes-related LEA rates in people with diabetes was observed in the RoI from 2005-2012. In 2012, the relative risk of a person with diabetes undergoing a major LEA was 6.2 times (95% CI 4.8-8.1) that of a person without diabetes. Based on the systematic review and meta-analysis, contact with a podiatrist did not significantly affect the relative risk (RR) of LEA in people with diabetes. Results from the case-control study identified being single, documented CKD and documented hypertension as significant risk factors for LEA in people with diabetes whilst documented retinopathy was protective. Within the seven year time window included in the study, no association was detected between LEA in patients with diabetes and timing of patient access to secondary healthcare for diabetes management. Discussion: Many countries have reported reduced major LEA rates in people with diabetes coinciding with improved organisation of healthcare systems. Reassuringly, these first national estimates in people with diabetes in the RoI from 2005 to 2012 demonstrated reducing trends in major LEA rates. This may be attributable to changes in diabetes care and also, secular trends in smoking, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Consistent with international practice, LEA trends data in Ireland can be used to monitor quality of care. Quantifying this improvement precisely, though, is problematic without robust denominator data on the prevalence of diabetes. However, a reduction in major diabetes-related LEA rates suggests improved quality of diabetes care. Much controversy exists around the reliability of hospital discharge data in the RoI. This thesis includes the first multi-site study to explore this issue and found hospital discharge data reliable for the reporting of the procedure of LEA and diagnosis of diabetes. This project did not detect protective effects of access to services including podiatry and secondary healthcare for LEA in people with diabetes. A major limitation of the systematic review and meta-analysis was the design and quality of the included studies. The data available in the area of effect of contact with a podiatrist on LEA risk are too sparse to say anything definitive about the efficacy of podiatry on LEA. Limitations of the case-control study include lack of a diabetes register in Ireland, restricted information from secondary healthcare and lack of data available from primary healthcare. Due to these issues, duration of disease could not be accounted for in the study which limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the results. The model of diabetes care in the RoI is currently undergoing a re-configuration with plans to introduce integrated care. In the future, trends in LEA rates should be continuously monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of changes to the healthcare system. Efforts are already underway to improve the availability of routine data from primary healthcare with the recent development of the iPCRN (Irish Primary Care Research Network). Linkage of primary and secondary healthcare records with a unique patient identifier should be the goal for the future.

Prevalence and predictors of giving birth in health facilities in Bugesera District, Rwanda.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel is one of two indicators used to measure progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5, which aims for a 75% reduction in global maternal mortality ratios by 2015. Rwanda has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world, estimated between 249-584 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The objectives of this study were to quantify secular trends in health facility delivery and to identify factors that affect the uptake of intrapartum healthcare services among women living in rural villages in Bugesera District, Eastern Province, Rwanda. METHODS: Using census data and probability proportional to size cluster sampling methodology, 30 villages were selected for community-based, cross-sectional surveys of women aged 18-50 who had given birth in the previous three years. Complete obstetric histories and detailed demographic data were elicited from respondents using iPad technology. Geospatial coordinates were used to calculate the path distances between each village and its designated health center and district hospital. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with delivery in health facilities. RESULTS: Analysis of 3106 lifetime deliveries from 859 respondents shows a sharp increase in the percentage of health facility deliveries in recent years. Delivering a penultimate baby at a health facility (OR = 4.681 [3.204 - 6.839]), possessing health insurance (OR = 3.812 [1.795 - 8.097]), managing household finances (OR = 1.897 [1.046 - 3.439]), attending more antenatal care visits (OR = 1.567 [1.163 - 2.112]), delivering more recently (OR = 1.438 [1.120 - 1.847] annually), and living closer to a health center (OR = 0.909 [0.846 - 0.976] per km) were independently associated with facility delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The strongest correlates of facility-based delivery in Bugesera District include previous delivery at a health facility, possession of health insurance, greater financial autonomy, more recent interactions with the health system, and proximity to a health center. Recent structural interventions in Rwanda, including the rapid scale-up of community-financed health insurance, likely contributed to the dramatic improvement in the health facility delivery rate observed in our study.

Breast cancer mortality in neighbouring European countries with different level of breast screening but similar access to treatment: An analysis of WHO mortality database

Objective: To compare trends in breast cancer mortality within three pairs of neighbouring European countries in relation to implementation of screening. Design: Retrospective trend analysis.
Setting: Three country pairs (Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) v Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands v Belgium and Flanders (Belgian region south of the Netherlands), and Sweden v Norway).
Data sources: WHO mortality database on cause of death and data sources on mammography screening, cancer treatment, and risk factors for breast cancer mortality.
Main outcome measures: Changes in breast cancer mortality calculated from linear regressions of log transformed, age adjusted death rates. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify the year when trends in mortality for all ages began to change.
Results: From 1989 to 2006, deaths from breast cancer decreased by 29% in Northern Ireland and by 26% in the Republic of Ireland; by 25% in the Netherlands and by 20% in Belgium and 25% in Flanders; and by 16% in Sweden and by 24% in Norway. The time trend and year of downward inflexion were similar between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and between the Netherlands and Flanders. In Sweden, mortality rates have steadily decreased since 1972, with no downward inflexion until 2006. Countries of each pair had similar healthcare services and prevalence of risk factors for breast cancer mortality but differing implementation of mammography screening, with a gap of about 10-15 years.
Conclusions: The contrast between the time differences in implementation of mammography screening and the similarity in reductions in mortality between the country pairs suggest that screening did not play a direct part in the reductions in breast cancer mortality.