Genetic transformation of three sweet orange cultivars from explants of adult plants

The difficulty in adult tissue genetic transformation in woody species is still an obstacle to be overcome, including in most sweet orange cultivars of the Brazilian citrus industry. This work reports that, after in vitro culture adjustments, transgenic adventitious buds of 'Hamlin', 'Pra', and 'Valencia' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) were recovered using adult material as explant source, in genetic transformation experiments via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The transgenic buds were identified by the GUS histochemical analysis and confirmed by PCR analysis, which indicated the presence of an amplified fragment of 817 bp corresponding to the uidA gene sequence. The efficiencies of genetic transformation for 'Hamlin', 'Pra', and 'Valencia' sweet orange cultivars were 2.5, 1.4, and 3.7%, respectively. Media supplemented with auxins and cytokinins during co-culture, and media with high concentrations of cytokinins (3 mg L-1) during transgenic selection led to the transformation and, consequently, the regeneration of adequate number of adventitious buds for the three cultivars. The use of sonication during the explant disinfection was not effective to reduce endophytic contamination and reduced transformation efficiency.

Selection of early-maturing sweet orange cultivars by performance indexes

The objective of this work was to select adequate early-maturing sweet orange cultivars for the fresh fruit market and for industrial processing using performance indexes. Performance indexes for citrus were established from data collected in an experiment carried out in the southwest region of the state of Sao Paulo, involving 12 early-maturing sweet orange cultivars. New results were obtained by identifying cultivars with superior characteristics. In a comparison with 'Hamlin' sweet orange, a standard early-maturing cultivar, 'Valencia 2' and 'Salustiana' were considered better materials for the fresh fruit market, whereas 'Westin' sweet orange was identified as a superior cultivar for orange juice processing.

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Sao Paulo orange groves

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Sao Paulo orange groves. The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1908 has become the main citrus pest species in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, after the introduction of the huanglongbing or citrus greening. This study evaluated the parasitism of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar D. citri nymphs by Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) in citrus groves under a regimen of regular insecticide applications in ten producing regions: Araraquara, Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Franca, Itapetininga, Jau, Limeira, Lins and Sao Joao da Boa Vista. Sixty-nine samples of new branches infested with nymphs of D. citri were collected from 2005 to 2008 in orange groves ranging from 1 to 20 years old, of the varieties Hamlin, Pera, Valencia and Natal. The parasitoid T. radiata is widely distributed in Sao Paulo orange groves, and was identified in 50 (72%) of the samples, showing a mean parasitism rate of 12.4%. The highest parasitism rate was observed in the "summer" (from January through March), with a mean of 25.7%. Nymphal parasitism was above 90% in two samples. The probable causes of the variations in parasitism of D. citri by T. radiata are discussed.

Natural parasitism of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) nymphs by Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in São Paulo orange groves

The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1908 has become the main citrus pest species in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, after the introduction of the huanglongbing or citrus greening. This study evaluated the parasitism of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar D. citri nymphs by Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) in citrus groves under a regimen of regular insecticide applications in ten producing regions: Araraquara, Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Franca, Itapetininga, Jaú, Limeira, Lins and São João da Boa Vista. Sixty-nine samples of new branches infested with nymphs of D. citri were collected from 2005 to 2008 in orange groves ranging from 1 to 20 years old, of the varieties Hamlin, Pera, Valencia and Natal. The parasitoid T. radiata is widely distributed in São Paulo orange groves, and was identified in 50 (72%) of the samples, showing a mean parasitism rate of 12.4%. The highest parasitism rate was observed in the "summer" (from January through March), with a mean of 25.7%. Nymphal parasitism was above 90% in two samples. The probable causes of the variations in parasitism of D. citri by T. radiata are discussed.

Flash in the Pan: Cross-Class Cooperation in 1916 Iron Range Strike

In the Iron Range Strike of 1916, working-class wives picketed alongside their husbands in a conflict-ridden and dangerous setting. Mine deputies abused immigrant women on the picket lines and in their homes, with several disquieting reports receiving statewide attention in Minnesota. Many middle-class reformers in the Twin Cities grew sympathetic to the plight of northern mining families and became controversially involved the labor struggle. Some middleclass women worked alongside working-class wives and radical organizers from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). At the center of this gendered analysis is the cross-class cooperation between an upper-middle class woman, Lenora Austin Hamlin, a radical reformer, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and the story of a working-class housewife, Mikla Masonovich. This study will ask how authentic, prevalent, and unproblematic their stories of cross-class cohesive action actually were. In answering this, it will address and identify those factors that impeded women’s potential for unity. “Flash in the Pan” argues that as a result of both real and perceived differences, these networks of women remained isolated, inhibiting each from gaining sufficient power to work cohesively, and marginalizing their influence. Drawing upon a variety of sources, including media representations in newspapers, and archives of social, labor and women’s organizations, this regional study lends state-level insight into the larger gender-labor historiography.

The dog as a genetic model for immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency: identification of several breeds with low serum IgA concentrations

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) serves as the basis of the secretory immune system by protecting the lining of mucosal sites from pathogens. In both humans and dogs, IgA deficiency (IgAD) is associated with recurrent infections of mucosal sites and immune-mediated diseases. Low concentrations of serum IgA have previously been reported to occur in a number of dog breeds but no generally accepted cut-off value has been established for canine IgAD. The current study represents the largest screening to date of IgA in dogs in terms of both number of dogs (n = 1267) and number of breeds studied (n = 22). Serum IgA concentrations were quantified by using capture ELISA and were found to vary widely between breeds. We also found IgA to be positively correlated with age (p < 0.0001). Apart from the two breeds previously reported as predisposed to low IgA (Shar-Pei and German shepherd), we identified six additional breeds in which ≥10% of all tested dogs had very low (<0.07 g/l) IgA concentrations (Hovawart, Norwegian elkhound, Nova Scotia duck tolling retriever, Bullterrier, Golden retriever and Labrador retriever). In addition, we discovered low IgA concentrations to be significantly associated with canine atopic dermatitis (CAD, p < 0.0001) and pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA, p = 0.04) in German shepherds.

Hemodynamic changes associated with manual and automated lateral rotation in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients

Objective: To investigate hemodynamic responses to lateral rotation. ^ Design: Time-series within a randomized controlled trial pilot study. ^ Setting: A medical intensive care unit (ICU) and a medical-surgical ICU in two tertiary care hospitals. ^ Patients: Adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. ^ Interventions: Two-hourly manual or continuous automated lateral rotation. ^ Measurements and Main Results: Heart rate (HR) and arterial pressure were sampled every 6 seconds for > 24 hours, and pulse pressure (PP) was computed. Turn data were obtained from a turning flow sheet (manual turn) or with an angle sensor (automated turn). Within-subject ensemble averages were computed for HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PP across turns. Sixteen patients were randomized to either the manual (n = 8) or automated (n = 8) turn. Three patients did not complete the study due to hemodynamic instability, bed malfunction or extubation, leaving 13 patients (n = 6 manual turn and n = 7 automated turn) for analysis. Seven patients (54%) had an arterial line. Changes in hemodynamic variables were statistically significant increases ( p < .05), but few changes were clinically important, defined as ≥ 10 bpm (HR) or ≥ 10 mmHg (MAP and PP), and were observed only in the manual-turn group. All manual-turn patients had prolonged recovery to baseline in HR, MAP and PP of up to 45 minutes (p ≤ .05). No significant turning-related periodicities were found for HR, MAP, or PP. Cross-correlations between variables showed variable lead-lag relations in both groups. A statistically, but not clinically, significant increase in HR of 3 bpm was found for the manual-turn group in the back compared with the right lateral position ( F = 14.37, df = 1, 11, p = .003). ^ Conclusions: Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients experience modest hemodynamic changes with manual lateral rotation. A clinically inconsequential increase in HR, MAP, and PP may persist for up to 45 minutes. Automated lateral rotation has negligible hemodynamic effects. ^

Historia de un hecho regional canónico : el paso de los Andes

Desde el concepto de canon como el modelo impuesto por un grupo de poder, el presente trabajo analiza la canonización de la figura sanmartiniana en el cruce de los Andes, según relatos de autores de la clase dirigente. En los cuales se compara este personaje con Napoleón, Aníbal, Alejandro Magno y otras significativas figuras de la tradición occidental. Tres narraciones edifican la imagen de un héroe romántico, luchador a favor de la libertad y protector de los pueblos que libera. San Martín como paladín democrático frente a la tiranía despótica de los españoles, aparece en el relato de Gerónimo Espejo “El paso de los Andes". Este rico trabajo de prolijo historiador pondera la hazaña por sobre las de Napoleón y Aníbal. Bartolomé Mitre en su “Historia de San Martín", enfoca al héroe como paladín de unidad americana en la causa de la independencia, con una maestría superior a los cruces clásicos de Napoleón y Aníbal, parangonándolo con el de Bolívar en los Andes ecuatorianos. Ricardo Rojas en El santo de la espada fabrica una imagen religiosa de San Martín y lo iguala a héroes cristianos como Parsifal, Lohengrin y el Cid Campeador. El parangón con Napoleón. Aníbal y Alejandro Magno, se ve apoyado por la iconografía argentina de la época. La estatua más popular de San Martín repite la pose del retrato de Napoleón por David. Este, a su vez, está inspirado en mayólicas de Alejandro que lo representan en similar postura. Así, la imagen del héroe argentino en su cruce de los Andes se inserta con éxito en la tradición occidental.

De la crónica regia a la crónica de Indias : el caso del discurso providencialista como continuidad e inflexión

Este trabajo, centrado en el análisis del discurso providencialista en las obras de Bernáldez, Pulgar y Las Casas, pretende ser un aporte al estudio de la evolución del género cronístico, especialmente a la paradigmática relación crónica regia-crónica de indias. Veremos, primero, cómo este discurso determina todas las estrategias narrativas y la elección aparentemente azarosa de la materia narrada. Analizaremos luego en La Crónica de Pulgar cómo este punto de vista historiográfico varía en un episodio ?la Inquisición?, variación que se manifiesta como una de las primeras documentaciones de lo que sucederá más adelante con Las Casas. El trabajo nos llevará a probar cómo este discurso resulta efectivo a la hora de justificar y legitimar el devenir histórico, pero a la vez la tendencia comienza a ser ponerlo en jaque cuando hay implicancias ideológico-políticas. Estamos, tal vez, delante de una conciencia histórica diferente.

Traducción y reapropiación : el caso del Commento de Landino en Fernández de Villegas

La primera traducción impresa de la Divina Comedia (1515) contaba con un comentario exhaustivo en el que Fernández de Villegas traduce y amplifica, a su vez, el "Commento sopra la Commedia" de Landino. Este trabajo se propone describir sucintamente cómo funciona la reapropiación del texto landiniano en la obra de Villegas, teniendo presente el distinto contexto de producción, tanto político como cultural, y la intención del nuevo texto con el fin de demostrar cómo los mecanismos exegéticos que se dan tanto en un comentario como en su traducción están determinados por circunstancias históricopolítico precisas, así como también por diferentes panoramas culturales y por distintos propósitos ideológicos.

De la crónica regia a la crónica de Indias : el caso del discurso providencialista como continuidad e inflexión

Este trabajo, centrado en el análisis del discurso providencialista en las obras de Bernáldez, Pulgar y Las Casas, pretende ser un aporte al estudio de la evolución del género cronístico, especialmente a la paradigmática relación crónica regia-crónica de indias. Veremos, primero, cómo este discurso determina todas las estrategias narrativas y la elección aparentemente azarosa de la materia narrada. Analizaremos luego en La Crónica de Pulgar cómo este punto de vista historiográfico varía en un episodio ?la Inquisición?, variación que se manifiesta como una de las primeras documentaciones de lo que sucederá más adelante con Las Casas. El trabajo nos llevará a probar cómo este discurso resulta efectivo a la hora de justificar y legitimar el devenir histórico, pero a la vez la tendencia comienza a ser ponerlo en jaque cuando hay implicancias ideológico-políticas. Estamos, tal vez, delante de una conciencia histórica diferente.

Traducción y reapropiación : el caso del Commento de Landino en Fernández de Villegas

La primera traducción impresa de la Divina Comedia (1515) contaba con un comentario exhaustivo en el que Fernández de Villegas traduce y amplifica, a su vez, el "Commento sopra la Commedia" de Landino. Este trabajo se propone describir sucintamente cómo funciona la reapropiación del texto landiniano en la obra de Villegas, teniendo presente el distinto contexto de producción, tanto político como cultural, y la intención del nuevo texto con el fin de demostrar cómo los mecanismos exegéticos que se dan tanto en un comentario como en su traducción están determinados por circunstancias históricopolítico precisas, así como también por diferentes panoramas culturales y por distintos propósitos ideológicos.

De la crónica regia a la crónica de Indias : el caso del discurso providencialista como continuidad e inflexión

Este trabajo, centrado en el análisis del discurso providencialista en las obras de Bernáldez, Pulgar y Las Casas, pretende ser un aporte al estudio de la evolución del género cronístico, especialmente a la paradigmática relación crónica regia-crónica de indias. Veremos, primero, cómo este discurso determina todas las estrategias narrativas y la elección aparentemente azarosa de la materia narrada. Analizaremos luego en La Crónica de Pulgar cómo este punto de vista historiográfico varía en un episodio ?la Inquisición?, variación que se manifiesta como una de las primeras documentaciones de lo que sucederá más adelante con Las Casas. El trabajo nos llevará a probar cómo este discurso resulta efectivo a la hora de justificar y legitimar el devenir histórico, pero a la vez la tendencia comienza a ser ponerlo en jaque cuando hay implicancias ideológico-políticas. Estamos, tal vez, delante de una conciencia histórica diferente.

Traducción y reapropiación : el caso del Commento de Landino en Fernández de Villegas

La primera traducción impresa de la Divina Comedia (1515) contaba con un comentario exhaustivo en el que Fernández de Villegas traduce y amplifica, a su vez, el "Commento sopra la Commedia" de Landino. Este trabajo se propone describir sucintamente cómo funciona la reapropiación del texto landiniano en la obra de Villegas, teniendo presente el distinto contexto de producción, tanto político como cultural, y la intención del nuevo texto con el fin de demostrar cómo los mecanismos exegéticos que se dan tanto en un comentario como en su traducción están determinados por circunstancias históricopolítico precisas, así como también por diferentes panoramas culturales y por distintos propósitos ideológicos.

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide: A pivotal modulator of glutamatergic regulation of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock

The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus organizes behavioral rhythms, such as the sleep–wake cycle, on a near 24-h time base and synchronizes them to environmental day and night. Light information is transmitted to the SCN by direct retinal projections via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Both glutamate (Glu) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) are localized within the RHT. Whereas Glu is an established mediator of light entrainment, the role of PACAP is unknown. To understand the functional significance of this colocalization, we assessed the effects of nocturnal Glu and PACAP on phasing of the circadian rhythm of neuronal firing in slices of rat SCN. When coadministered, PACAP blocked the phase advance normally induced by Glu during late night. Surprisingly, blocking PACAP neurotransmission, with either PACAP6–38, a specific PACAP receptor antagonist, or anti-PACAP antibodies, augmented the Glu-induced phase advance. Blocking PACAP in vivo also potentiated the light-induced phase advance of the rhythm of hamster wheel-running activity. Conversely, PACAP enhanced the Glu-induced delay in the early night, whereas PACAP6–38 inhibited it. These results reveal that PACAP is a significant component of the Glu-mediated light-entrainment pathway. When Glu activates the system, PACAP receptor-mediated processes can provide gain control that generates graded phase shifts. The relative strengths of the Glu and PACAP signals together may encode the amplitude of adaptive circadian behavioral responses to the natural range of intensities of nocturnal light.