Benthic macro-biota in Gaula River - Kumaon Himalaya

The density of benthic macro-biota in number over weight of biomass at three sampling stations was 29 units m²/0.614 g m² to 171 units m²/11.346 m² at Station I; 22 units m²/0.410 g m² to 155 units m²/8.717 m² at Station II; 15 units m² 10.321 g m² to 122 units m²/6.793 g m² at Station III. The Caddis fly larvae were the most dominant component and contributed 52.41% in the macro-biota. These animals were abundant in Gaula River when benthic algae were abundant; water is well oxygenated, alkaline and contains sufficient nutrients but observed to be less abundant during high velocity of water, high river depth and higher turbid waters.

A transonic vane for use downstream of a pressure gain combustor

Replacing a conventional combustor in a gas turbine with one that produces a pressure gain could significantly raise cycle efficiency. For this efficiency gain to be achieved the exit flow from the combustor must be coupled to the downstream turbine such that the pressure gain produced by the combustor is retained and such that the turbine efficiency is maintained. The exit flow from a pressure gain combustor will often contain a high velocity unsteady jet. It has previously been proposed that ejectors should be used to harness the energy in the unsteady jet, this paper proposes combining an ejector with the first stage vane, producing a single compact component that preserves the combustion driven pressure gain and delivers a suitable flow to the turbine so that its efficiency is not compromised. This novel component has been experimentally tested for the first time. The performance of this first prototype design is found to be low due to high levels of loss generated by secondary flows. However possible mitigation strategies are discussed. It is shown that the unsteadiness at exit form the ejector-vane is reduced compared to the inlet flow. If a pulse combustor were incorporated into a gas turbine, it is unlikely that the level of unsteadiness experienced in a downstream rotor will be significantly larger that that due to the periodic passing of upstream wakes. Copyright © 2010 by Jonathan Heffer.

The dynamic response of edge clamped plates loaded by spherically expanding sand shells

The dynamic deformation of both edge clamped stainless steel sandwich panels with a pyramidal truss core and equal mass monolithic plates loaded by spherically expanding shells of dry and water saturated sand has been investigated, both experimentally and via a particle based simulation methodology. The spherically expanding sand shell is generated by detonating a sphere of explosive surrounded by a shell of either dry or water saturated synthetic sand. The measurements show that the sandwich panel and plate deflections decrease with increasing stand-off between the center of the charge and the front of the test structures. Moreover, for the same charge and sand mass, the deflections of the plates are significantly higher in the water saturated sand case compared to that of dry sand. For a given stand-off, the mid-span deflection of the sandwich panel rear faces was substantially less than that of the corresponding monolithic plate for both the dry and water saturated sand cases. The experiments were simulated via a coupled discrete-particle/ finite element scheme wherein the high velocity impacting sand is modeled by interacting particles while the plate is modeled within a Lagrangian finite element setting. The simulations are in good agreement with the measurements for the dry sand impact of both the monolithic and sandwich structures. However, the simulations underestimate the effect of stand-off in the case of the water saturated sand explosion, i.e. the deflections decrease more sharply with increasing stand-off in the experiments compared to the simulations. The simulations reveal that the momentum transmitted into the sandwich and monolithic plate structures by the sand shell is approximately the same, consistent with a small fluid-structure interaction effect. The smaller deflection of the sandwich panels is therefore primarily due to the higher bending strength of sandwich structures. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study on biomass circulation and gasification performance in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed gasifier

We investigated the solid particle flow characteristics and biomass gasification in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed reactor. The effect of fluidization velocity on particle circulation rate and pressure distribution in the bed showed that fluidization velocities in the high and low velocity zones were the main operational parameters controlling particle circulation. The maximum internal circulation rates in the low velocity zone came almost within the range of velocities in the high velocity zone, when uH/umf = 2.2-2.4 for rice husk and uH/umf = 3.5-4.5 for quartz sand. In the gasification experiment, the air equvalence ratio (ER) was the main controlling parameter. Rice husk gasification gas had a maximum heating value of around 5000 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.22-0.26, and sawdust gasification gas reached around 6000-6500 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.175-0.24. The gasification efficiency of rice husk reached a maximum of 77% at ER = 0.28, while the gasification efficiency of sawdust reached a maximum of 81% at ER = 0.25.

Fractals in fracture of bulk metallic glass

We investigate the nanoscale periodic corrugation (NPC) structures on the dynamic fracture surface of a typical tough bulk metallic glass, submitted to high-velocity plate impact and scanned by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of the recorded AFM profiles reveals that the valley landscapes of the NPC are nearly memoryless, characterized by Hurst parameter of 0.52 and exhibiting a self-similar fractal character with the dimension of about 1.48. Our findings confirm the existence of the “quasi-cleavage” fracture underpinned by tension transformation zones (TTZs) in metallic glasses.

One-electron capture with simultaneous ionization in Cq+, Oq+ (q=1-4)-Ar collisions

The ratios R-k1 of k-fold to single ionization of the target atom with simultaneous one-electron capture by the projectile have been measured for 15-480 keV/u (nu(p) = 0.8-4.4 a.u.) collisions of Cq+, Oq+ (q=1-4) with Ar, using time-of-flight techniques which allowed the simultaneous identification of the final charge state of both the low-velocity recoil ion and the high-velocity projectile for each collision event. The present ratios are similar to those for He+ and He2+ ion impact. The energy dependence of R-k1 shows a maximum at a certain energy, E-max. which approximately conforms to the q(1/2)-dependence scaling. For a fixed projectile state, the ratios R-k1 also vary strongly with outgoing reaction channels. The general behavior of the measured data can be qualitatively analyzed by a simple impact-parameter, independent-electron model. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transfer ionization of helium in collisions with Cq+ and Oq+ (q=1-3)

Cross-section ratios sigma(TI)/sigma(SC) of transfer ionization (TI) to single capture (SC) of Cq+- and Oq+-He (q = 1 - 3) collisions in the energy range of 15-440 keV/u (0.8-4.2 v(Bohr)) are experimentally determined. It is shown that sigma(TI)/sigma(SC) strongly depends on the projectile velocity, and there is a maximum for E(keV/u)/q(1/2) approximate to 150. Combining the Bohr-Lindhard model and the statistical model, a theoretical estimate is presented, in reasonable agreement with the experimental data when E(keV/u)/q(1/2) > 35.

Shape-gradient composite surfaces: Water droplets move uphill

The approach of water droplets self-running horizontally and uphill without any other forces was proposed by patterning the shape-gradient hydrophilic material (i.e., mica) to the hydrophobic matrix (i.e., wax or low-density polyethylene (LDPE)). The shape-gradient composite surface is the best one to drive water droplet self-running both at the high velocity and the maximal distance among four different geometrical mica/wax composite surfaces. The driving force for the water droplets self-running includes: (1) the great difference in wettability of surface materials, (2) the low contact angle hysteresis of surface materials, and (3) the space limitation of the shape-gradient transportation area. Furthermore, the average velocity and the maximal distance of the self-running were mainly determined by the gradient angle (alpha), the droplet volume, and the difference of the contact angle hysteresis. Theoretical analysis is in agreement with the experimental results.

Analysis on deep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai (littoral) fault zone in northeastern South China Sea

The onshore-offshore deep seismic experiment was carried out for the first time and filled the blankness of the seismic surveys in the transition area between South China and northeastern South China Sea. The seismic data were analyzed and processed. The different seismic phases were identified and their travel time arrivals were modeled by ray-tracing to study the P-wave velocity crustal structure of this area. The crustal structure of this area is the continental crust. The crust thickness is gradually decreasing southward along the on-shore-offshore seismic line. The low-velocity layer (5.5 similar to 5.9 km (.) s(-1)) exists generally in the middle crust (about 10.0 similar to 18.0km)with about 2.5 similar to 4.0 km thickness, which is also thinning seaward. No obvious high-velocity layer appears in the lower crust. The Binhai (littoral) fault zone is a low velocity zone, which is located about 35km southeast to the Nan'ao station and corresponding to the gradient belt of gravity & magnetism anomalies. The depth of the fault zone is close to the Moho discontinuity. The littoral fault zone is a boundary between the normal continental crust of South China and the thinned continental crust of the sea area.

基于解耦控制的SCARA机器人轨迹跟踪控制器设计

SCARA型机器人的控制问题由于其动力学模型中没有重力矩项的作用而得以简化,由于在实际应用中经常要求其高速运动,则对具有强耦合的哥氏力与向心力的控制就成为制约其系统性能的重要问题。提出通过线性变换对机器人系统解耦,将高阶系统转化为解耦的低阶系统进行控制的方法,并且应用极点配置对解耦的系统求解机器人控制器。该方法无需测量关节速度和加速度,只需要测量关节位置信号。所提出的控制器既能保证闭环系统全局渐进稳定,又能通过对线性化系统闭环极点的配置来获得期望的闭环系统响应性能。仿真实验证明了所提出的控制器设计方法的可行性。

多波多分量地震资料走时近似方法的研究与应用

Compared with the conventional P wave, multi-component seismic data can markedly provide more information, thus improve the quality of reservoir evaluation like formation evaluation etc. With PS wave, better imaging result can be obtained especially in areas involved with gas chimney and high velocity formation. However, the signal-to-noise of multi-component seismic data is normally lower than that of the conventional P wave seismic data, while the frequency range of converted wave is always close to that of the surface wave which adds to the difficulty of removing surface wave. To realize common reflection point data stacking from extracted common conversion point data is a hard nut to crack. The s wave static correction of common receiver point PS wave data is not easy neither. In a word, the processing of multi-component seismic data is more complicated than P wave data. This paper shows some work that has been done, addressing those problems mentioned above. (1) Based on the AVO feature of converted wave, this paper has realized the velocity spectrum of converted waves by using Sarkar’s generalized semblance method taking into account of AVO factor in velocity analysis. (2)We achieve a method of smoothly offset division normal method.Firstly we scan the stacking velocities in different offset divisions for a t0, secondly obtain some hyperbolas using these stacking velocities, then get the travel time for every trace using these hyperbolas; in the end we interpolate the normal move out between two t0 for every trace. (3) Here realize a method of stepwise offset division normal moveout.It is similar to the method of smoothly offset division normal moveout.The main difference is using quadratic curve, sixth order curve or fraction curve to fit these hyperbolas. (4)In this paper, 4 types of travel time versus distance functions in inhomogeneous media whose velocity or slowness varies with depth and vertical travel time have been discussed and used to approximate reflection travel time. The errors of ray path and travel time based on those functions in four layered models were analyzed, and it has shown that effective results of NMO in synthetic or real data can be obtained. (5) The velocity model of converted PS-wave can be considered as that of P -wave based on the ghost source theory, thus the converted wave travel time can be approximated by calculation from 4 equivalent velocity functions: velocity or slowness vary linearly with depth or vertical travel time. Then combining with P wave velocity analysis, the converted wave data can be corrected directly to the P-wave vertical travel time. The improvements were shown in Normal Move out of converted waves with numerical examples and real data. (6) This paper introduces the methods to compute conversion point location in vertical inhomogeneous media based on linear functions of velocity or slowness versus depth or vertical travel time, and introduce three ways to choose appropriate equivalent velocity methods, which are velocity fitting, travel time approximation and semblance coefficient methods.

地下水位上升造成的黄土远程滑坡形成机理与数值模拟研究

Based on field survey, laboratory testing and numerical modeling, engineering characteristics of undisturbed loess and the mechanism of long-runout loess landslides caused by underground water level rise, as well as the formation conditions and spatial distribution of landslides, are systematically studied and analyzed. Loess landslides at south Plateau of Jingyang County are mainly classified as flowslide, slide and fall. Flowslide is the main type characteristic of high velocity, long runout and multi-stages. The steep relief composed of loose structured loess-old aged soil serials and the rise of groundwater table are the predominant conditions for landslides in the study area. To study loess mechanic poperties and loess landslides mechanisims, isotropically and anisotropically consolidated undrained compression(ICU and ACU) tests and constant-deviator-drained compression (CQD) tests were carried out on undisturbed samples. The results of undrained compression tests performed at the in-situ stress level show that the soils are of consistently strain-softening in the stress-strain relations and cause high excess pore pressure. The steady-state line and the potential region of instability are obtained from ICU and ACU test results. A necessary condition for liquefaction is that the soil state initially lies in or is brought into the potential instability region. In addition, a strong strain-softening model is also formed. CQD tests demonstrate that the mobilized friction angle is far less than the steady-state angle and that the soil experiences undrained contractive failure suddenly at very small strains when its stress path during drained loading tries to cross the potential instability region，thus validates the proposed instability region. Based on the location of the region of potential instability and the stress state of slope soil, a method of static liquefaction analysis is proposed for loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table. Compared with other liquefaction analysis methods, this method overcomes the limitations inherent in conventional slope stability method and undrained brittleness index method. Triaxial tests composed of constant water content (CW) and wetting tests at constant deviator stress are performed on undisturbed unsaturated samples. The stress-strain relation of CW tests takes on strain-hardening behavior; The results of wetting tests at constant deviator stress designed to study the mechanics of failure of unsaturated loess caused by an increase in the degree of saturation (wetting) shows that a contractive failure occurs in the undisturbed samples. On the basis of the above triaxial test results, the initiation of static liquefaction is presented for long-runout loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table, that is, the loess slope soil gradually transfer from unsaturated to saturated state under the infiltration of irrigation. A contractive failure occurs in the local region at very small strain by increasing the pore-water pressure at constant deviator stresses under drained conditons. It is the contractive failrue resulting from rise of pore pressure that leads to high excess pore pressure in the neighbour soil which reduces shear resistance of soil. The neighbour soils also fail due to the rapid increase in pore-water pressure. Thus a connected failure surface is developed quickly and a flowslide occurs. Based on the saturated-unsaturated seepage theory, transient seepage is computed using the finite element method on loess slope under groundwater table rise. Pore-water pressure distribution for every time step after irrigation are obtained. The phreatic surface in the slope increases with the groundwater table. Pore-water pressure distribution within 8m above the phreatic surface changes very quickly，but the water content and pore water pressure in the region ranging from 8m above the phreatic surface up to ground surface is almost not affected and the matric suction usually is kept at 100～120 kPa. Based on the results of laboratory tests and seepage flow analysis, the development process of loess landslide is modeled considering groundwater table rise. The shearing plastic zone first occurs at the slope toe where the soil is soaked for long term during rise in groundwater table. As irrigation continues, the shearing plastic zone gradually extends to the interior soils, with the results that the tensile plastic zone occurs at the slope crown. As time goes on, both the shearing plastic zone and tensile plastic zone continue to extend. Then a connected plastic zone is formed and fowslide occurs. In comparision to laboratory test results, the results of numerical simulation quite well verify the presented mechanism of static liquefaction of long-runout loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table.

大型反倾岩体变形破坏机制及稳定性分析———以金沙江宽谷坝址龙蟠边坡为例

A large number of catastrophic accidents were aroused by the instability and destruction of anti-dip rock masses in the worldwide engineering projects, such as hydropower station, mine, railways and so on. Problems in relation to deformation and failure about anti-dip rock slopes are significant for engineering geology research. This dissertation takes the Longpan slope in the Jinsha River as a case to study the deformation mechanism of large-scale anti-dip rock masses and the slope stability analysis method. The primary conclusions are as follows. The Dale Reach of Jinsha River, from Longpan to the debouchment of Chongjiang tributary, is located in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Longpan slope is the right embankment of Dale dam, it is only 26 km to the Shigu and 18 km to Tiger Leaping Gorge. The areal geology tectonic structures here area are complicated and blurry. Base on the information of geophysical exploration (CSAMT and seismology) and engineering geological investigation, the perdue tectonic pattern of Dale Reach is put forward for the first time in this paper. Due to the reverse slip of Longpan fault and normal left-rotation of Baihanchang fault, the old faulted valley came into being. The thick riverbed sediments have layered characters of different components and corresponding causes, which attribute to the sedimentary environments according with the new tectonic movements such as periodic mountain uplifting in middle Pleistocene. Longpan slope consists of anti-dip alternate sandstone and slate stratums, and the deformable volume is 6.5×107m3 approximately. It was taken for an ancient landslide or toppling failure in the past so that Dale dam became a vexed question. Through the latest field surveying, displacement monitoring and rock masses deforming characters analyses, the geological mechanism is actually a deep-seated gravitational bending deformation. And then the discrete element method is used to simulate the deforming evolution process, the conclusion accords very well with the geo-mechanical patterns analyses. In addition strength reduction method based on DEM is introduced to evaluate the factor of safety of anti-dip rock slope, and in accordance with the expansion way of the shear yielding zones, the progressive shear failure mechanism of large-scale anti-dip rock masses is proposed for the first time. As an embankment or a close reservoir bank to the lower dam, the stability of Longpan slope especially whether or not resulting in sliding with high velocity and activating water waves is a key question for engineering design. In fact it is difficult to decide the unified slip surface of anti-dip rock slope for traditional methods. The author takes the shear yielding zones acquired form the discrete element strength reduction calculation as the potential sliding surface and then evaluates the change of excess pore pressure and factor of stability of the slope generated by rapid drawdown of ponded water. At the same time the dynamic response of the slope under seismic loading is simulated through DEM numerical modeling, the following results are obtained. Firstly the effective effect of seismic inertia force is resulting in accumulation of shear stresses. Secondly the discontinuous structures are crucial to wave transmission. Thirdly the ultimate dynamic response of slope system takes place at the initial period of seismic loading. Lastly but essentially the effect of earthquake load to bringing on deformation and failure of rock slope is the coupling effect of shear stresses and excess pore water pressure accumulation. In view of limitations in searching the critical slip surface of rock slope of the existing domestic and international software for limit equilibrium slope stability analyses, this article proposes a new method named GA-Sarma Algorithm for rock slope stability analyses. Just as its name implies, GA-Sarma Algorithm bases on Genetic Algorithm and Sarma method. GA-Sarma Algorithm assumes the morphology of slip surface to be a broken line with traceability to extend along the discontinuous surface structures, and the slice boundaries is consistent with rock mass discontinuities such as rock layers, faults, cracks, and so on. GA-Sarma Algorithm is revolutionary method that is suitable for global optimization of the critical slip surface for rock slopes. The topics and contents including in this dissertation are closely related to the difficulties in practice, the main conclusions have been authorized by the engineering design institute. The research work is very meaningful and useful for the engineering construction of Longpan hydropower station.

华北及周边地区层析成像研究

Our study deals with the high resolution body wave tomography in North china and adjacent areas(30°N-43°N，100°E-130°E), where earthquakes occurred many times in history and has a very complicated geological structure. 6870 events recorded at 273 digital seismic stations from CDSN during 1996－2002 and stations settled by Seislab of IGCAS in Bohai Bay area, including 1382 local earthquakes and 5488 teleseismic earthquakes are used in this study. In the data we used, the average number of received stations is greater than 5, the error of picking up direct arrival time is 0.1－0.5s. Before the inversion, we use Checkerboard method to confirm the reliability of result of Local events; use Restoring Resolution Test to confirm the reliability of result of teleseismic events. We also analyzed the effect of different parameters in the inversion. Based the analysis above, the model used in this paper is divided into small blocks with a dimension of 0.33°in the latitude and longitude directions and 5km、15km、30km in depth, and initial velocity model. Using pseudobending method to calculate the ray traveling path, LSQR algorithm to inverse, finally, we got the body velocity images below 25km and above 480km in this area using Joint- inversion with local events and teleseismic events. We made the conclusion at last: (1)at top zone of the south of Sichuan Basin , there exits low velocity anomalies, below 40km is the high velocity zone extend to 300km; (2) Above the 40km of Ordos block exits low velocity zone, while below 40km until 240km, the high velocity anomalies are interlaced by low velocity anomalies. Below 300km, the anomalies are unclear any more; (3) On the whole, the velocity structure below 400km on the mantle transition zone of Eastern China area shows its changes from low velocity to high velocity.

基于三重震相波形模拟研究亚洲东北部上地幔过渡带速度结构

Both the global and regional P wave tomographic studies have revealed significant deep structural heterogeneities in subduction zone regions. In particular, low-velocity anomalies have been observed beneath the descending high-velocity slabs in a number of subduction zones. The limited resolution at large depths and possible trade-off between the high and low velocities, however, make it difficult to substantiate this feature and evaluate the vertical extent of the low-velocity structure. From broadband waveform modeling of triplicated phases near the 660-km discontinuity for three deep events, we constrained both the P and SH wave velocity structures around the base of the upper mantle in northeast Asia. For the two events beneath the southern Kurile, the rays traveled through the lowermost transition zone and uppermost lower mantle under the descending Pacific slab. Our preferred models consistently suggest normal-to-lower P and significantly low SH velocities above and below the 660-km discontinuity extending to about 760-km depth compared with the global IASP91 model, corroborating previous observations for a slow structure underneath the slab. In contrast, both high P and SH velocity anomalies are shown in our preferred models for the Japan subduction zone region, likely reflecting the structural feature of a slab stagnant above the 660-km discontinuity. The velocity jumps across the 660-km discontinuity were found to be on average 4.5% and 7% for P and S waves under the south Kurile, and 3% and 6% under the Japan subduction zone. The respective velocity contrasts in the two regions are consistent with mineralogical models for colder slab interior and hotter under-slab areas. Based on mineral physics data, the depth-averaged ~1.5% P and ~2.5% SH velocity differences in the depth range of 560-760 km between the two regions could be primarily explained by a 350~450K temperature variation, although the presence of about 0.5wt%~1wt% water might also contribute to the subtle velocity variations near the base of the transition zone in the southern Kurile. From our modeling results, we speculate that the slow structure in the southern Kurile may be correlated to the low velocity zone observed previously around the 410-km discontinuity under Northern Honshu. Both are probably associated with a thermal anomaly rooted in the lower mantle beneath the subduction zone in northeast Asia.