Katalog vystavki v pami︠a︡tʹ A. V. Kolʹt︠s︡ova v Imperatorskoĭ akademĭi nauk /

Includes bibliographies

Sobranīe stikhotvorenīĭ velikago russkago poėta samouchki Aleksi︠e︡i︠a︡ Vasilʹevicha Kolʹt︠s︡ova s bīografīeĭ ego : sto li︠e︡t so dni︠a︡ rozhdenīi︠a︡ 1809-1909 gg.

Mode of access: Internet.

A.V. Kolʹt︠s︡ov kak poėt i chelovi︠e︡k; otzyvy V.G. Bi︠e︡linskago i Val. Maĭkova, pisʹma, "Zapisnai︠a︡ knizhka" i "Sobranīe poslovit︠s︡" Kolʹt︠s︡ova. S predisl. i primi︠e︡chanīi︠a︡mi sostaviteli︠a︡.

Mode of access: Internet.

Environmental influences on helminthiasis and nutritional status among Pacific schoolchildren

This paper describes a study undertaken to: (1) determine the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections and nutritional status among Pacific Island school children; (2) identify factors influencing helminthiasis; (3) identify interventions to improve school health. A total of 3,683 children aged 5-12 years attending 27 primary schools in 13 Pacific Island countries were surveyed along with school environmental data. Stool samples were collected from 1996 children (54.2%) and analysed for ova and helminths. Total prevalence of helminthiasis was 32.8%. Anaemia prevalence was 12.4%. Children with helminthiasis and anaemia were found to be 8.7 times more likely to be stunted and 4.3 times more likely to be underweight than non-anaemic and non-infected children. Four significant environmental influences on helminthiasis were identified: (1) an inadequate water supply; (2); availability of a school canteen; (3) regular water/sanitation maintenance regimes; and (4) overcrowded classrooms. Helminthiasis was found to be strongly associated with anaemia, stunting and underweight and environmental influences identified. Although mass anti-helminthic drug administrations (MDA) have been taking place, reinfection is common as drug therapy alone is not enough. Programme effectiveness depends upon upgrading school environments to include an adequate water supply, controlled food preparation/provision, well-maintained water/sanitation facilities and class sizes of 30 students or less.

Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in a South Indian fishing village

A study of the prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection was undertaken among school children aged 5-9 years attending a primary school in the fishing village in Peda Jalaripet, Visakhapatnam, South India. One hundred and eighty nine (92.6%) of 204 children were infected with one or more soil transmitted helminth parasites. The predominant parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (prevalence of 91%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (72%) and hookworm (54%). Study of age-specific prevalence and intensity of infection revealed that the prevalence and intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was higher among younger children than older children. While aggregation of parasite infection was observed, hookworm infection was more highly aggregated than either A. lumbricoides or T. trichiura. Multivariate analysis identified parental occupation, child's age and mother's education as the potential risk factors contributing to the high intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. Children from fishing families with low levels of education of the mother had the highest intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. As the outcome of chemotherapy programs to control soil transmitted helminth infection is dependant on the dynamics of their transmission, there is a need for further studies to better define the role of specific factors that determine their prevalence, intensity and aggregation in different epidemiological settings. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Testing the energetic equivalence rule with helminth endoparasites of vertebrates

As a general test of the energetic equivalence rule, we examined macroecological relationships among abundance, density and host body mass in a comparative analysis of the assemblages of trophically transmitted endoparasitic helminths of 131 species of vertebrate hosts. Both the numbers and total volume of parasites per gram of host decreased allometrically with host body mass, with slopes roughly consistent with those expected from the allometric relationship between host basal metabolic rate and body mass. From an evolutionary perspective, large body size may therefore allow hosts to escape from the deleterious effects of parasitism.

Chapter Six – The Increase of Exotic Zoonotic Helminth Infections: The Impact of Urbanization, Climate Change and Globalization

Zoonotic parasitic diseases are increasingly impacting human populations due to the effects of globalization, urbanization and climate change. Here we review the recent literature on the most important helminth zoonoses, including reports of incidence and prevalence. We discuss those helminth diseases which are increasing in endemic areas and consider their geographical spread into new regions within the framework of globalization, urbanization and climate change to determine the effect these variables are having on disease incidence, transmission and the associated challenges presented for public health initiatives, including control and elimination.

Valoración de Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje (OVA) para la enseñanza de las matemáticas. Un instrumento para profesores

Esta investigación se desarrolla en el marco del programa de Maestría en Educación Matemática de la Universidad de Medellín. En dicha investigación se realizó una revisión de la literatura a luz de la implementación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), específi-camente en la implementación de los Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje (OVA) para la enseñanza de las matemáticas donde se plantea las características de un instrumento que permite la selec-ción de estos OVA. Basados en dicha revisión delimitamos nuestro problema de investigación el cual se formula a través de la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las características que se deben tener presentes en un instrumento que permita a los profesores discriminar y valorar OVA para la enseñanza de un contenido matemático? En particular en este estudio nos centramos en el tema de los números fraccionarios. En este sentido algunos estudios realizados sobre el tema han aportado instrumentos para la valo-ración de OVA, en gran medida estos instrumentos han sido pensados para atender a la generali-dad de los aspectos estructurales y no han profundizado en aspectos metodológicos ni han aten-dido a la particularidad intrínseca de los conocimientos propios de una disciplina, lo que sugirió la necesidad de proponer e investigar sobre la definición de las características de un instrumento de valoración, atendiendo a las particularidades de las matemáticas y de sus contenidos. Luego de consolidar el marco teórico se dio inicio a la construcción de nuestro instrumento de valoración de OVA. Se comenzó con la elaboración a nivel general (listas de chequeo, rúbricas, tablas, cuadros, etc.) y se llegó a la conclusión de que nuestro instrumento debería atender a la relación entre el contenido, la pedagogía y la tecnología y, a diferencia de los demás, un instrumento de carácter didáctico-conceptual, pues abarcó varias dimensiones y contó con unas orientaciones generales para los temas del área de matemáticas y en específico para la enseñanza de los números fraccionarios, proporcionando un espacio de participación al profesor para la construcción del instrumento como tal. El análisis de la información se realizó de manera conjunta en el grupo de investigación, se observaron instrumentos de valoración de OVA ya elaborados y con el propósito de identificar sus posibilidades, fortalezas, potencialidades, debilidades y/o vacíos, se evaluaron diferentes OVA con dichos instrumentos, lo cual posibilitó el encuentro de la necesidad manifiesta en esta investigación, referente a la falta de un instrumento para realizar valoraciones de temas específicos del área de matemáticas El instrumento de valoración fue validado en varias etapas, donde fueron partícipes profesores de matemáticas de diferentes niveles educativos, los cuales permitieron el refinamiento de las carac-terísticas del mismo y que posibilitaron la obtención de los resultados de la investigación como fue la importancia de que sea el profesor mismo el que tome un papel activo en ese proceso se-lección de OVA para contenidos específicos del área de matemáticas. Como resultado de este proceso investigativo surgió un Instrumento que denominamos “Valora-ción de Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje (OVA) para la enseñanza de los números fracciona-rios”, que pretendió llenar el vacío estructural y de contenido identificado en los demás instru-mentos existentes.

Geographical patterns of the species richness of helminth parasites of moles (Talpa spp.) in Spain: Separating the effects of sampling effort from those of other conditioning factors

We analysed the viscera of 534 moles (Ta l p a spp.) from 30 of the 47 provinces of peninsular Spain, including 255 individuals of T. europaea from eight provinces, 154 individuals of T. occidentalis from 20 provinces, and 125 unidentified Ta l p a individuals from two provinces. We identified their helminth parasites and determined parasite species richness. We related parasite species richness with sampling effort using both a linear and a logarithmic function. We then performed stepwise linear regressions to predict mole parasite species richness from a small set of selected predictor variables that included sampling effort. We applied the resulting models to forecast T. euro p a e a, T. occidentalis, and Ta l p a spp. parasite species richness in all provinces with recorded host presence, assuming different levels of sampling eff o r t . F i n a l l y, we used partial regression analysis to partition the variation explained by each of the selected variables in the models. We found that mole parasite species richness is strongly conditioned by sampling effort, but that other factors such as cropland area and environmental disturbance have significant independent effects.

Predictors of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) helminth parasite diversity in the provinces of Spain

We analysed the viscera of 321 red foxes collected over the last 30 years in 34 of the 47 provinces of peninsular Spain, and identified their helminth parasites. We measured parasite diversity in each sampled province using four diversity indices: Species richness, Marg a l e f’s species richness index, Shannon’s species diversity index, and inverse Simpson’s index. In order to find geographical, environmental, and/or human-related predictors of fox parasite diversity, we recorded 45 variables related to topography, climate, lithology, habitat heterogeneity, land use, spatial situation, human activity, sampling effort, and fox presence probability (obtained after environmental modelling of fox distribution). We then performed a stepwise linear regression of each diversity index on these variables, to find a minimal subset of statistically significant variables that account for the variation in each diversity index. We found that most parasite diversity indices increase with the mean distance to urban centres, or in other words, foxes in more rural provinces have a more diverse helminth fauna. Sampling effort and fox presence probability (probably related to fox density) also appeared as conditioning variables for some indices, as well as soil permeability (related with water availability). We then extrapolated the models to predict these fox parasite diversity indices in non-sampled provinces and have a view of their geographical trends.

Maternal immunization with ovalbumin prevents neonatal allergy development and up-regulates inhibitory receptor Fc gamma RIIB expression on B cells

Background: Preconception allergen immunization prevents neonatal allergen sensitization in mice by a complex interaction between regulatory cells/factors and antibodies. The present study assessed the influence of maternal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) on the immune response of 3 day-old and 3 week-old offspring immunized or non-immunized with OVA and evaluated the effect of IgG treatment during fetal development or neonatal period. Results: Maternal immunization with OVA showed increased levels of Fc gamma RIIb expression in splenic B cells of neonates, which were maintained for up to 3 weeks and not affected by additional postnatal OVA immunization. Maternal immunization also exerted a down-modulatory effect on both IL-4 and IFN-gamma-secreting T cells and IL-4 and IL-12-secreting B cells. Furthermore, immunized neonates from immunized mothers showed a marked inhibition of antigen-specifc IgE Ab production and lowered Th2/Th1 cytokine levels, whereas displaying enhanced Fc gamma RIIb expression on B cells. These offspring also showed reduced antigen-specific proliferative response and lowered B cell responsiveness. Moreover, in vitro evaluation revealed an impairment of B cell activation upon engagement of B cell antigen receptor by IgG from OVA-immunized mice. Finally, in vivo IgG transference during pregnancy or breastfeeding revealed that maternal Ab transference was able to increase regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, in the prenatal stage; yet only the postnatal treatment prevented neonatal sensitization. None of the IgG treatments induced immunological changes in the offspring, as it was observed for those from OVA-immunized mothers. Conclusion: Maternal immunization upregulates the inhibitory Fc gamma RIIb expression on offspring B cells, avoiding skewed Th2 response and development of allergy. These findings contribute to the advancement of prophylactic strategies to prevent allergic diseases in early life.

Recoleta uterina como estratégia para aumentar a taxa de embriões em fêmeas bovinas de corte e leite

Embryo recovery rate in superovulated cows after uterine flushing is lower than the ovulation rate, which contributes to the relative inefficiency of the conventional cervical recovery procedure. A simple and easy alternative to improve embryo recovery rate is the uterine re-flushing procedure. To evaluate the effect of re-flushing and the influence of breed and operator on bovine embryo recovery rate, 38 Nelore and 19 Jersey females were stimulated using FSH, with embryos being collected by one of two trained operators. At the end of flushing, the catheter was sealed and maintained into the uterine body, filled with flushing medium, while females were released to a paddock for 30 to 50 min, to be submitted to the re-flushing procedure by the same operator. A total of 599 structures were recovered out of 57 procedures, from which 423 (70.6%) were obtained in the first flushing and 176 (29.4%) after re-flushing. Mean recovery rates of 7.4 and 3.1 structures were obtained after the first and second flushing, respectively, for a total of 10.5 structures per cow. Structures were obtained in 73.6% ( 42 out of 57) of the re-flushing procedures. No breed effect was observed on total ova or embryo recovery, with 10.9 total ova collected from Jersey and 10.3 from Nelore females. Likewise, the embryo recovery rate obtained following uterine flushing or re-flushing did not differ either between Jersey (8.1 and 2.7) and Nelore (7.0 and 3.2) animals, or between operators A (7.5 and 3.3) and B (7.3 and 2.9), respectively. In conclusion, the uterine re-flushing procedure significantly increased the rate of embryo recovery in Jersey and Nelore females, with no operator influence being observed.

PRACTICAL USE OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN BEEF AND DAIRY ZEBU CATTLE IN BRAZIL

Selection of zebu (Bos indicus) beef and dairy cattle in Brazil and the validation process of genetic markers for growth, carcass and meat quality traits and also for milk production, fat and protein milk content are discussed as concerned to the concepts and details of their use as auxiliary tools in selection processes. It is highlighted, also, the importance of right selection of ova donor cows for production of embryos to be transferred.