Diffractive microlens with a cascade focal plane fabricated by single mask UV-photolithography and common KOH:H2O etching

A diffractive microlens with a cascade focal plane along the main optical axis of the device is fabricated using a low-cost technique mainly including single mask ultraviolet (UV) photolithography and dual-step KOH:H2O etching. Based on the evolutionary behavior of converse pyramid-shaped microholes (CPSMs) preshaped over a {100}-oriented silicon wafer in KOH etchant, the first-step KOH etching is performed to transfer initial square micro-openings in a SiO2 film grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and patterned by single mask UV-photolithography, into CPSMs with needed dimension. After completely removing a thinned SiO2 mask, basic annular phase steps with a relatively steep sidewall and scheduled height can be shaped in the overlapped etching region between the neighboring silicon concave-arc microstructures evolved from CPSMs through the second-step KOH etching. Morphological measurements demonstrate a desirable surface of the silicon microlens with a roughness in nanometer scale and the feature height of the phase steps formed in the submicrometer range. Conventional optics measurements of the plastic diffractive microlens obtained by further hot embossing the fine microrelief phase map over the nickel mask made through a common electrochemical method indicate a highly efficient cascaded focusing performance.

长白山阔叶红松林与大气间CO2及H2O交换的过程与模拟

在全球变化背景下，森林生态系统CO2和H2O交换过程已经成为国际研究的前沿问题。本研究以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象，利用基于生理生态学过程的多层模型，考虑了混交林中不同树种的生物量、冠层高度和厚度，对冠层及生态系统尺度的碳水通量进行了详细模拟及分析，同时用涡动相关实测数据对模拟结果进行检验，并模拟和预测了阔叶红松林生态系统碳水收支对气候变化的响应，以期为我国研究区域甚至更大尺度碳水平衡的时间和空间格局特征提供模型储备。本文的主要结论如下： 1）长白山阔叶红松林主要优势树种红松、紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭和蒙古栎的生理生态学参数（初始量子效率α、光饱和时的最大净光合作用速率Pmax、最大Rubisco催化反应速率Vcmax、CO2饱和时的最大净光合作用速率Jmax）有着明显且不同的季节变化。6、8月的α值较大，Pmax、Vcmax和Jmax的最大值也出现在6—8月，而5、9月的各项参数值均较小。 2）对阔叶红松林冠层结构的观测，发现各树种在冠层中所处位置有明显差异。假设各树种水平分布均匀，以各树种的冠高、冠厚和叶片生物量为依据，将冠层垂直分为20层，模拟出各层各树种的CO2和H2O通量。这与传统的假设各树种垂直均匀分布相比，更加符合阔叶红松林的实际群落结构。 3）长白山阔叶红松林的能量平衡比EBR为0.800，居于国际同类观测的中上水平，涡相关观测数据较为可靠。CO2和H2O通量有明显日变化，夜间值较小且变化平缓，白天值呈单峰形的日变化。对2003—2007年生长季的模拟结果分析表明，CO2和H2O通量模拟值与涡相关实测值的回归线斜率分别为0.935和0.875，截距为-0.0136 mg•m-2•s-1和13.7 W•m-2，相关系数为0.655和0.622（n=30107）；CO2通量模拟和实测的平均值分别为-0.138和-0.134 mg•m-2•s-1，模型高估了2.99%；H2O通量模拟和实测的平均值分别为88.5和85.4 W•m-2，模型高估了3.63%，模拟效果较好。从季节变化来看，生长季初、末期（5月和9月）CO2和H2O通量较小，生长旺盛期（6—8月）通量值较高。CO2和H2O通量受环境因子的综合影响，其中，辐射和气温是主要限制因子。 4）对模型的主要参数和环境因子的敏感性分析表明，CO2通量对a1 (气孔导度的参数)、Vcmax、Ca (大气CO2浓度)变化的响应较强，而H2O通量对a1、LAI (叶面积指数)、Ta (气温)变化的响应较强。CO2通量对Ca的变化最为敏感，而H2O通量对其它环境因子的响应程度均高于CO2通量。与将冠层分为20层的方法相比，5层方法（Gaussion五点积分法）得到的碳吸收量和蒸发散量分别低估了25.3%和11.1%。这两种分层方法产生的差异，主要来自于不同层的辐射吸收和权重分配。

TDLAS测量甲烷/空气预混平面火焰温度和H2O浓度

基于可调谐二极管激光器吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)建立了温度和H2O浓度测量系统，利用光谱数据库Hitran2004在1393nm附近选择了在500-1300K有很高测温灵敏度两条水吸收线:7168.437 cm-1,7185.597 cm-1。在1KHz的扫描频率下，利用直接吸收-扫描波长法对甲烷/空气预混平面火焰进行测量，并进行边界层修正，与热电偶的对比结果显示，在温度区间1100-1350K，两者最大相差80K(6.7%);水蒸气组分浓度与计算值平均相差小于0.02(10%)。

Selective formation of aromatic amines by selenium-catalyzed reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with CO/H2O under atmospheric pressure

An efficient method for the catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding aromatic amines is reported. In the presence of selenium as a catalyst, the aromatic nitro compounds are quantitively reduced by CO/H2O to form the corresponding amines under atmospheric pressure. The reduction occurs in high selectivity regardless of other reducible functionalities present on the aromatic ring. There exists a phase transfer process of the catalyst selenium in the reaction. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.