Estimating specific yield and transmissivity with magnetic resonance sounding in an unconfined sandstone aquifer (Niger)

The unconfined aquifer of the Continental Terminal in Niger was investigated by magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) and by 14 pumping tests in order to improve calibration of MRS outputs at field scale. The reliability of the standard relationship used for estimating aquifer transmissivity by MRS was checked; it was found that the parametric factor can be estimated with an uncertainty a parts per thousand currency sign150% by a single point of calibration. The MRS water content (theta (MRS)) was shown to be positively correlated with the specific yield (Sy), and theta (MRS) always displayed higher values than Sy. A conceptual model was subsequently developed, based on estimated changes of the total porosity, Sy, and the specific retention Sr as a function of the median grain size. The resulting relationship between theta (MRS) and Sy showed a reasonably good fit with the experimental dataset, considering the inherent heterogeneity of the aquifer matrix (residual error is similar to 60%). Interpreted in terms of aquifer parameters, MRS data suggest a log-normal distribution of the permeability and a one-sided Gaussian distribution of Sy. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the MRS method for fast and low-cost prospection of hydraulic parameters for large unconfined aquifers.

Contribution of geophysical surveys to groundwater modelling of a porous aquifer in semiarid Niger: An overview

Subsurface geophysical surveys were carried out using a large range of methods in an unconfined sandstone aquifer in semiarid south-western Niger for improving both the conceptual model of water flow through the unsaturated zone and the parameterization of numerical a groundwater model of the aquifer. Methods included: electromagnetic mapping, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), resistivity logging, time domain electromagnetic sounding (TDEM), and magnetic resonance sounding (MRS). Analyses of electrical conductivities, complemented by geochemical measurements, allowed us to identify preferential pathways for infiltration and drainage beneath gullies and alluvial fans. The mean water content estimated by MRS (13%) was used for computing the regional groundwater recharge from long-term change in the water table. The ranges in permeability and water content obtained with MRS allowed a reduction of the degree of freedom of aquifer parameters used in groundwater modelling.

Mathematical modelling of groundwater pollution in a small heterogeneous aquifer at Kärkölä, southern Finland

Yhteenveto: Kärkölän likaantuneen pohjavesialueen matemaattinen mallinnus

Analysis of an Aquifer-water table aquitard system

The problem of pumping an aquifer in an aquifer-water table aquitard system is considered, accounting for the elastic properties of both the aquifer and the aquitard, the gravity drainage in the aquitard and treating the water table as an unknown boundary. The coupled partial differential equations are nondimensionalised, yielding three principal parameters governing the problem. The numerical solution of these equations is obtained for a wide range of parameter values. Type curves are generated and their use is illustrated through a field application.

Analysis of flow near a dug well in an unconfined aquifer

A numerical analysis of flow to a dug well in an unconfined aquifer is made, taking into account well storage, elastic storage release, gravity drainage, anisotropy, partial penetration, vertical flow and seepage surface at the well face, and treating the water table in the aquifer and water level in the well as unknown boundaries. The pumped discharge is maintained constant. The solution is obtained by a two-level iterative scheme. The effects of governing parameters on the drawdown, development of seepage surface and contribution from aquifer flow to the total discharge are discussed. The degree of anisotropy and partial penetration are found to be the parameters which affect the flow characteristics most significantly. The effect of anisotropy on the development of seepage surface is very pronounced.

Estimation of groundwater recharge of shallow aquifer on humid environment in Yaounde, Cameroon using hybrid water-fluctuation and hydrochemistry methods

A study of environmental chloride and groundwater balance has been carried out in order to estimate their relative value for measuring average groundwater recharge under a humid climatic environment with a relatively shallow water table. The hybrid water fluctuation method allowed the split of the hydrologic year into two seasons of recharge (wet season) and no recharge (dry season) to appraise specific yield during the dry season and, second, to estimate recharge from the water table rise during the wet season. This well elaborated and suitable method has then been used as a standard to assess the effectiveness of the chloride method under forest humid climatic environment. Effective specific yield of 0.08 was obtained for the study area. It reflects an effective basin-wide process and is insensitive to local heterogeneities in the aquifer system. The hybrid water fluctuation method gives an average recharge value of 87.14 mm/year at the basin scale, which represents 5.7% of the annual rainfall. Recharge value estimated based on the chloride method varies between 16.24 and 236.95 mm/year with an average value of 108.45 mm/year. It represents 7% of the mean annual precipitation. The discrepancy observed between recharge value estimated by the hybrid water fluctuation and the chloride mass balance methods appears to be very important, which could imply the ineffectiveness of the chloride mass balance method for this present humid environment.

Constraining complex aquifer geometry with geophysics (2-D ERT and MRS measurements) for stochastic modelling of groundwater flow

Stochastic modelling is a useful way of simulating complex hard-rock aquifers as hydrological properties (permeability, porosity etc.) can be described using random variables with known statistics. However, very few studies have assessed the influence of topological uncertainty (i.e. the variability of thickness of conductive zones in the aquifer), probably because it is not easy to retrieve accurate statistics of the aquifer geometry, especially in hard rock context. In this paper, we assessed the potential of using geophysical surveys to describe the geometry of a hard rock-aquifer in a stochastic modelling framework. The study site was a small experimental watershed in South India, where the aquifer consisted of a clayey to loamy-sandy zone (regolith) underlain by a conductive fissured rock layer (protolith) and the unweathered gneiss (bedrock) at the bottom. The spatial variability of the thickness of the regolith and fissured layers was estimated by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles, which were performed along a few cross sections in the watershed. For stochastic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation, the generated random layer thickness was made conditional to the available data from the geophysics. In order to simulate steady state flow in the irregular domain with variable geometry, we used an isoparametric finite element method to discretize the flow equation over an unstructured grid with irregular hexahedral elements. The results indicated that the spatial variability of the layer thickness had a significant effect on reducing the simulated effective steady seepage flux and that using the conditional simulations reduced the uncertainty of the simulated seepage flux. As a conclusion, combining information on the aquifer geometry obtained from geophysical surveys with stochastic modelling is a promising methodology to improve the simulation of groundwater flow in complex hard-rock aquifers. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of the sediments overlying the Floridan aquifer system in Alachua County, Florida

The primary purpose of this project is to attempt to improve the existing hydrogeologic information through lithologic and hydrogeologic characterizations of the sediments overlying the Floridan aquifer system in Alachua County. These sediments locally comprise both the intermediate aquifer system and associated confining beds and the surficial aquifer system. (PDF has 119 pages.)

A luta da comunidade indígena Guarani-Kaiowá

Relatório final da Comissão Externa destinada a acompanhar a luta da comunidade indígena Guarani-Kaiowá, do Mato Grosso do Sul, para permanecer às margens do Rio Hovy, próximo ao território tradicional Pyelyto Kue/Mbarakay

Biscayne aquifer in Dade and Broward Counties, Florida

The Biscayne Aquifer is the principal source of water for the heavily populated area in the vicinity of West Palm Beach and Miami. The publication of this data is timely and will assist in the intelligent development of the water resources of the area.(PDF has 64 pages)

Memórias ancestrais, traços contemporâneos e aspectos comunais na arte cerâmica Mbyá-Guarani

A análise acadêmica ora apresentada reflete a pesquisa vivencial que, como investigador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (em sua linha de estudos em Arte, Cultura e Cognição), aferi em aldeias Mbyá-Guarani nas cidades de Niterói e Maricá desde o ano de 2012 a respeito de sua arte em barro. Com aportes etnohistóricos da sua cerâmica ancestral, esta ação foi assim realizada por levantamento de dados tanto pré-históricos quanto históricos focados sobre si. Porém, reconhecendo a escassez de seu fabrico entre aqueles Mbyá e, paradoxalmente, que ainda existam em seu meio mostras de que os artefatos de barro permanecem memorialmente sendo importantes para esse povo, tal exame não se restringiu a conhecer apenas a morfologia desses objetos, mas procurou vislumbrar um tanto de sua simbologia e recuperar essa ocorrência prática por meio de atividades artístico-pedagógicas junto às crianças dali. Portanto, através da pesquisa-ação e do método educativo de Célestin Freinet se buscou apontar oportunidades de revitalização dentro da sociedade Mbyá dessa memória do exercício de construção oleiro e de seu devido valor às suas crianças

Saberes velados: a prática educativa entre os professores indígenas Guarani no estado do Rio de Janeiro.

A presente dissertação discute o desenvolvimento da educação escolar indígenano estado do Rio de Janeiro a partir de estudo de caso realizado junto aos professores indígenas Guarani Mbyá presentes na região de Angra dos Reis e Paraty (RJ). A pesquisa procura analisar os desafios de um professor indígena que se confronta com as especificidades de um contexto de uma educação escolar estadualizada no contexto fluminense. Para realização da pesquisa foi necessário partir de dois âmbitos: 1) revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos históricos, social, econômico e cultural dos Guarani do estado do Rio de Janeiro e sua luta por uma escola intercultural bilíngue específica e diferenciada; 2) trabalho de campo na escola e no interior da aldeia, onde foram realizadas entrevistas aos professores indígenas e observações sobre o cotidiano comunitário escolar. Nesta pesquisa apresentamos informações gerais sobre a educação escolar entre os Guarani Mbyá do Rio de Janeiro, aspectos específicos sobre sua organização política, social e cultural e apontamos indícios e aproximações sobre a prática docente nesta comunidade e os desafios que estão presentes na relação deles com a Secretaria Estadual de Educação do Rio de Janeiro.

Efeito de sistemas de cultivo com cana-de-açúcar sobre a lixiviação dos herbicidas do grupo das triazinas em região de recarga do Aqüífero Guarani.

Algumas práticas agrícolas como o plantio direto pode afetar a lixiviação. Para estudar os efeitos desta prática, foi instalado um experimento de campo na área do Núcleo de Agronomia da Alta Mogiana, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas/Ribeirão Preto, de onde foram coletadas amostras de solos e água para estudos de herbicidas do grupo das triazinas: atrazina, simazina e ametrina. Foi instalado um experimento em área de cana colhida mecanicamente plantada com amendoim em diferentes sistemas de cultivo (plantio direto e plantio convencional) nas quais a cada 10 cm. foram retiradas amostras de solos até atingir 90 cm. Determinaram-se os seguintes parâmetros em laboratório: a) Densidade do solo, b) Porosidade total c) Microporosidade e d) Macroporosidade. Amostras de água coletada a cada três meses em poços da Prefeitura Municipal de Ribeirão Preto foram analisadas por GC-MS (cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa). Não houve efeito dos sistemas de plantio na macro, micro e porosidade total. Houve apenas diferença significativa na densidade, sendo maior na camada superficial nos solos com plantio direto. Em todas as amostras de poços coletadas não foram detectados resíduos de triazinas, no limite de quantificação de 10 mg/L. Foram também reconstituídos os solos em colunas em laboratório e observou-se o movimento de atrazina e simazina no máximo até 20cm de profundidade. Não foi encontrado nenhum herbicida abaixo dos 20 cm. Para melhor entender os resultados, foi utilizado o simulador CMLS-94 "Chemical Movement in Layered Soils" e observou-se também que praticamente não houve diferença entre os resultados obtidos pelas simulações realizadas para plantios direto e convencional com relação à lixiviação das triazinas e que os valores de simulação indicaram que os produtos alcançam profundidades máximas de um metro, bem mais do que o encontrado nas colunas em laboratório.