Les représentations de l’infirmière chez les étudiantes nouvellement inscrites au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières

Certains chercheurs affirment que la principale raison qui pousserait une personne à devenir infirmière serait attribuable aux aspects vocationnels et non pas du désir d'exercer une profession qui requiert des connaissances et compétences inhérentes à la complexité des soins (Prater et McEwen, 2006; Price, McGillis Hall, Angus et Peter, 2013). Un des motifs principal d’attrition des étudiantes aux programmes de formation en sciences infirmières serait d’ailleurs la dissonance entre la représentation initiale qu’elles se font de l’infirmière et les exigences de la profession (AIIC, 2004). Une étude exploratoire a donc été réalisée auprès d’étudiantes nouvellement inscrites au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières (N=11), afin de mieux comprendre comment elles se représentent l’infirmière et quelles sont leurs attentes quant à la profession. Le cadre de référence de la théorie des représentations sociales de Moscovici (1961) soutient cette recherche. L’analyse qualitative de ces entretiens semi-dirigés nous renseigne à l’idée que les étudiantes québécoises se représentent le rôle de l’infirmière d’abord comme celui d’une personne qui aide, autant les bénéficiaires que les médecins. Les nouvelles étudiantes s’attendent à devoir faire face à des études exigeantes et à un travail difficile. Elles sont par contre prêtes à s’y engager par désir d’aider autrui et parce qu’elles se reconnaissent dans les qualités qu’elles jugent nécessaires à l’exercice de la profession infirmière, c’est-à-dire les habiletés relationnelles comme l’écoute, l’empathie et la patience. Ce constat laisse donc croire que le contexte historique dans lequel a évolué la profession infirmière au Québec, en plus des médias qui ne semblent pas actualiser l’image qu’ils projettent de l’infirmière, pourraient avoir une influence sur les représentations de l’infirmière de ces nouvelles étudiantes. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient permettre de circonscrire des angles de recherche future afin de comprendre davantage l’implication des représentations de l’infirmière dans le phénomène d’attrition des étudiantes, tout en ayant aussi des retombées pour la pratique infirmière au niveau des politiques et de la formation.

Les représentations de l’infirmière chez les étudiantes nouvellement inscrites au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières

Certains chercheurs affirment que la principale raison qui pousserait une personne à devenir infirmière serait attribuable aux aspects vocationnels et non pas du désir d'exercer une profession qui requiert des connaissances et compétences inhérentes à la complexité des soins (Prater et McEwen, 2006; Price, McGillis Hall, Angus et Peter, 2013). Un des motifs principal d’attrition des étudiantes aux programmes de formation en sciences infirmières serait d’ailleurs la dissonance entre la représentation initiale qu’elles se font de l’infirmière et les exigences de la profession (AIIC, 2004). Une étude exploratoire a donc été réalisée auprès d’étudiantes nouvellement inscrites au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières (N=11), afin de mieux comprendre comment elles se représentent l’infirmière et quelles sont leurs attentes quant à la profession. Le cadre de référence de la théorie des représentations sociales de Moscovici (1961) soutient cette recherche. L’analyse qualitative de ces entretiens semi-dirigés nous renseigne à l’idée que les étudiantes québécoises se représentent le rôle de l’infirmière d’abord comme celui d’une personne qui aide, autant les bénéficiaires que les médecins. Les nouvelles étudiantes s’attendent à devoir faire face à des études exigeantes et à un travail difficile. Elles sont par contre prêtes à s’y engager par désir d’aider autrui et parce qu’elles se reconnaissent dans les qualités qu’elles jugent nécessaires à l’exercice de la profession infirmière, c’est-à-dire les habiletés relationnelles comme l’écoute, l’empathie et la patience. Ce constat laisse donc croire que le contexte historique dans lequel a évolué la profession infirmière au Québec, en plus des médias qui ne semblent pas actualiser l’image qu’ils projettent de l’infirmière, pourraient avoir une influence sur les représentations de l’infirmière de ces nouvelles étudiantes. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient permettre de circonscrire des angles de recherche future afin de comprendre davantage l’implication des représentations de l’infirmière dans le phénomène d’attrition des étudiantes, tout en ayant aussi des retombées pour la pratique infirmière au niveau des politiques et de la formation.

A review of the pharmacobiotic regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation by probiotics, commensal bacteria and prebiotics.

The idea that microbes induce disease has steered medical research toward the discovery of antibacterial products for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections. The twentieth century saw increasing dependency on antimicrobials as mainline therapy accentuating the notion that bacterial interactions with humans were to be avoided or desirably controlled. The last two decades, though, have seen a refocusing of thinking and research effort directed towards elucidating the critical inter-relationships between the gut microbiome and its host that control health/wellness or disease. This research has redefined the interactions between gut microbes and vertebrates, now recognizing that the microbial active cohort and its mammalian host have shared co-evolutionary metabolic interactions that span millennia. Microbial interactions in the gastrointestinal tract provide the necessary cues for the development of regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory signals that promotes immunological tolerance, metabolic regulation and other factors which may then control local and extra-intestinal inflammation. Pharmacobiotics, using nutritional and functional food additives to regulate the gut microbiome, will be an exciting growth area of therapeutics, developing alongside an increased scientific understanding of gut-microbiome symbiosis in health and disease.

S-allylmercaptocysteine reduces carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative stress and necroinflammation via nuclear factor kappa B-dependent pathways in mice.

Purpose To study the protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of SAMC on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in the mouse model. Methods Mice were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 (50 μl/kg; single dose) to induce acute hepatotoxicity with or without a 2-h pre-treatment of SAMC intraperitoneal injection (200 mg/kg; single dose). After 8 h, the blood serum and liver samples of mice were collected and subjected to measurements of histological and molecular parameters of hepatotoxicity. Results SAMC reduced CCl4-triggered cellular necrosis and inflammation in the liver under histological analysis. Since co-treatment of SAMC and CCl4 enhanced the expressions of antioxidant enzymes, reduced the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent oxidative stress, and inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. SAMC played an essential antioxidative role during CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Administration of SAMC also ameliorated hepatic inflammation induced by CCl4 via inhibiting the activity of NF-κB subunits p50 and p65, thus reducing the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mediators, and chemokines, as well as promoting pro-regenerative factors at both transcriptional and translational levels. Conclusions Our results indicate that SAMC mitigates cellular damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity mouse model through regulation of NF-κB. Garlic or garlic derivatives may therefore be a potential food supplement in the prevention of liver damage.

Transferring a successful strategy for supporting accelerated nursing students from a small to a large cohort

In 2009 and 2010, withdrawal rates from a Pharmacology unit of accelerated QUT nursing students in the first year of their degree, were higher than for continuing students. The cohort of 216 accelerated students in 2011 had university or non-university qualification or equivalent experience and included domestic and international students. A previously tested intervention was introduced in 2011 to improve retention rates and support all Pharmacology students in their first year of nursing. The intervention involved a community website, on-line tutors and an “O week” workshop comprising information about library resources, effective learning strategies and learning tips from a previous student as well as review anatomy, physiology and microbiology lectures. Withdrawal rates for accelerated students in the Pharmacology unit improved and all students found the workshop and review lectures to be informative and valuable. The intervention was therefore successfully transferred to a large, diverse cohort of accelerated nursing students.

Person centred nursing care in radiation oncology : a case study

Purpose The aim of this case study is to describe clinical staff perceptions of implementing a person-centred model of nursing in an outpatient radiotherapy treatment department, using a Primary Nursing/Collaborative Practice framework. The questions are: 1) what are the nursing and radiotherapy staff perspectives of the changed model of care, 2) what factors impacted on aspects of the evolving model?, and 3) how was interdisciplinary collaboration influenced by the new model? Methods An instrumental case study addressed the multiple perspectives of several radiotherapy health professionals, within a qualitative approach, to assess the new model of nursing care. Interview data were obtained from thirteen clinical staff over a six month period approximately one year after the model was implemented. Results The new model supports nurses to work more closely with the individual patient, with some perceived positive patient outcomes. Nurses reported increased satisfaction with their work, more autonomy and responsibility, and improved working relationships with medical staff. They also became more aware of the holistic approach to support positive patient outcomes. However, this study acknowledged that education was required for nurses to provide holistic care, especially in the context of complex interdisciplinary relationships. Conclusions A person-centred nursing approach in radiotherapy represents a radical change to the functional approach, providing some benefits for patients. However, the challenges of providing holistic care in the context of complex interdisciplinary relationships are evident, and this study acknowledges the importance of a team approach to addressing changes in practice in the future.

Can ginger ameliorate chemotherapy-induced nausea? Protocol of a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Preliminary research shows ginger may be an effective adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting but significant limitations need to be addressed before recommendations for clinical practice can be made. Methods/Design In a double–blinded randomised-controlled trial, chemotherapy-naïve patients will be randomly allocated to receive either 1.2 g of a standardised ginger extract or placebo per day. The study medication will be administrated as an adjuvant treatment to standard anti-emetic therapy and will be divided into four capsules per day, to be consumed approximately every 4 hours (300 mg per capsule administered q.i.d) for five days during the first three cycles of chemotherapy. Acute, delayed, and anticipatory symptoms of nausea and vomiting will be assessed over this time frame using a valid and reliable questionnaire, with nausea symptoms being the primary outcome. Quality of life, nutritional status, adverse effects, patient adherence, cancer-related fatigue, and CINV-specific prognostic factors will also be assessed. Discussion Previous trials in this area have noted limitations. These include the inconsistent use of standardized ginger formulations and valid questionnaires, lack of control for anticipatory nausea and prognostic factors that may influence individual CINV response, and the use of suboptimal dosing regimens. This trial is the first to address these issues by incorporating multiple unique additions to the study design including controlling for CINV-specific prognostic factors by recruiting only chemotherapy-naïve patients, implementing a dosing schedule consistent with the pharmacokinetics of oral ginger supplements, and independently analysing ginger supplements before and after recruitment to ensure potency. Our trial will also be the first to assess the effect of ginger supplementation on cancer-related fatigue and nutritional status. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms experienced by oncology patients; this trial will address the significant limitations within the current literature and in doing so, will investigate the effect of ginger supplementation as an adjuvant treatment in modulating nausea and vomiting symptoms. Trial registration

Is Australia ready for biosimilars?

The biosimilars market is potentially the single fastest growing pharmaceutical sector with an estimated worth of US$67bn in global sales by 2020. This market generally refers to larger molecule, biological, protein-based pharmaceuticals which have lost its patent. This has stimulated the emergence of non-conventional pharmaceutical investors such as Fujifilm and Samsung as well as host countries such as Brazil, Mexico, China, India, South Korea, Turkey and Russia, which view biosimilars as a key macroeconomic driver of growth. Internationally, the European Medicines Agency has led the regulation of the quality, safety and efficacy of biosimilars; however, many countries have developed their own biosimilar regulatory frameworks. Despite the similarity of these with European guidelines, differences do exist across jurisdictions and have implications for cross-jurisdictional registration and regulation. The consideration of biosimilar regulation, however, demands attention beyond quality, safety and efficacy. The potential implications of extended patent protection, international trade and globalisation require a congruent policy approach to their regulation. Notwithstanding the fact that Australia is a relatively small pharmaceutical market and that there are only 14 biosimilar products currently approved for use, Australia’s geographical proximity to pharm-emerging countries and its trade relation with the major pharmaceutical markets have positioned Australia in a unique position to influence international development and regulation of biosimilars. Australia’s National Medicines Policy (2000) potentially provides the foundation for a partnership approach to biosimilar regulation, minimise duplication of regulatory efforts while at the same time fostering a viable pharmaceutical industry.

Development of an electronic role-play assessment initiative in bioscience for nursing students

Devising authentic assessments for subjects with large enrolments is a challenge. This study describes an electronic role-play assessment for approximately 600 first-year nursing students to learn and apply pathophysiology (bioscience) concepts to nursing practice. Students used Microsoft Office PowerPoint® to prepare electronic role-plays both between a nurse and patient, and between two nurses, thus simulating workplace scenarios. Student feedback demonstrated that respondents found this assessment useful for learning pathophysiology, and for applying pathophysiology to a nursing clinical setting. This electronic presentation circumvented issues associated with a traditional oral presentation such as embarrassment and logistics of scheduling groups, and rated well with students of non-English speaking background. The electronic role-play assessment initiative encouraged students to apply their bioscience knowledge to a clinical setting, and allowed students to conceptualise the importance of bioscience within both the nursing degree and the profession.

Development of an online role-play assessment initiative for nursing students in their bioscience studies

Devising assessment tasks for large units that embrace academic goals of authenticity and assessment variety can be a challenge. We developed an online Role-Play Assessment Initiative for first year nursing students in bioscience. Students responded to a case study by preparing two role-play dialogues: as a nurse with the patient, and between two nurses. The aims were to assess whether the students could: 1) understand the underlying disease process (pathophysiology) and relate it to clinical practice; 2) use language appropriate for lay and medical conversation; and 3) apply information using active learning. We conducted a student survey using quantitative questions (Likert scale: 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree), and qualitative questions. 65 completed surveys were received. 80% of respondents agreed (includes agree or strongly agree) that it was a useful way to learn and understand pathophysiology of the case study. 86% agreed that it was useful to apply pathophysiology from lectures to a clinical setting. Overall, students found it enjoyable, which is beneficial for enhanced student engagement, and agreed that it allowed them to work well in a group (74% and 85%, respectively). Most qualitative suggestions for improvement related to group work, despite the encouraging response to group work in quantitative questions. Most positive comments surrounded different communication with a nurse compared with a patient. These results demonstrate that students developed deeper understanding of pathophysiology through active learning and were able to expand their nursing career skills during the role-play. Learning using role-play to simulate the workforce has fostered active learning.