Luxembourg and Portions of Belgium, Germany, and France, 1705 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Le Duché de Luxembourg divisé en Quartier Walon, et Allemand : dans chacun desquels sont diviséz, les Seigneuries, Prevostés et Comtés. Le Duché de Bouillon ; le Comté de Namur et le Pays entre Sambre et Meuse, Dedié au Roy par son tres-humble, tres-obeissant, tres-fidele sujet et serviteur Hubert Jaillot, Geographe du Roy. It was published by chez l'auteur, joignant les grands Augustins, aux deux Globes, avec privilége du roy in 1705. Scale [ca. 1:143,370]. Covers Luxembourg and portions of Belgium, Germany, and France. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial and administrative boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Luxembourg and Portions of Belgium, Germany, and France, 1705 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Le Duché de Luxembourg divisé en Quartier Walon, et Allemand : dans chacun desquels sont diviséz, les Seigneuries, Prevostés et Comtés. Le Duché de Bouillon ; le Comté de Namur et le Pays entre Sambre et Meuse, Dedié au Roy par son tres-humble, tres-obeissant, tres-fidele sujet et serviteur Hubert Jaillot, Geographe du Roy. It was published by chez l'auteur, joignant les grands Augustins, aux deux Globes, avec privilége du roy in 1705. Scale [ca. 1:143,370]. Covers Luxembourg and portions of Belgium, Germany, and France. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial and administrative boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Luxembourg and Portions of Belgium, Germany, and France, 1705 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Le Duché de Luxembourg divisé en Quartier Walon, et Allemand : dans chacun desquels sont diviséz, les Seigneuries, Prevostés et Comtés. Le Duché de Bouillon ; le Comté de Namur et le Pays entre Sambre et Meuse, Dedié au Roy par son tres-humble, tres-obeissant, tres-fidele sujet et serviteur Hubert Jaillot, Geographe du Roy. It was published by chez l'auteur, joignant les grands Augustins, aux deux Globes, avec privilége du roy in 1705. Scale [ca. 1:143,370]. Covers Luxembourg and portions of Belgium, Germany, and France. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial and administrative boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Luxembourg and Portions of Belgium, Germany, and France, 1705 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Le Duché de Luxembourg divisé en Quartier Walon, et Allemand : dans chacun desquels sont diviséz, les Seigneuries, Prevostés et Comtés. Le Duché de Bouillon ; le Comté de Namur et le Pays entre Sambre et Meuse, Dedié au Roy par son tres-humble, tres-obeissant, tres-fidele sujet et serviteur Hubert Jaillot, Geographe du Roy. It was published by chez l'auteur, joignant les grands Augustins, aux deux Globes, avec privilége du roy in 1705. Scale [ca. 1:143,370]. Covers Luxembourg and portions of Belgium, Germany, and France. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, fortifications, territorial and administrative boundaries, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Poland and Greece - two contrasting EU enlargement experiences. ZEI Discussion Paper C213, 2012

The aim of this contribution is a comparative analysis of the challenges Poland and Greece (and more broadly – CEE-10 and GIPS countries) had to face in the past as latecomers to the European Union and are facing now, in the aftermath of the world financial and economic crisis of 2008-09. The main underlying message conveyed in this text is two-fold. Firstly, the author is going to argue that the breadth and complexity of the challenges Poland and other CEE-10 countries had to face while entering the road of systemic transformation was by far greater compared to past and in particular – current problems of Greece (and the remaining GIPS countries) in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-09. Secondly, a resilience of Poland and other CEE-10 economies, relative to Greece and other GIPS, to the recent crisis was due to a comparatively higher level of institutional development of the former group at the time of their EU accession and at present. The ensuing discussion is organized as follows. Section 2 below provides comparative background information on the two reference groups. In Section 3 we discuss the most salient features of the design of the command economy and its legacy, as a key determinant of the initial conditions of systemic transformation. Next, in Section 4 we overview the basic indicators of growth performance and institutional reforms in CEE-10 countries between 1990 and 2011. Section 5 offers a picture of economic growth and real economic convergence in Greece and the remaining GIPS countries. In Section 6 we embark on comparative analysis of the institutional quality of Greece and Poland against a broader background of GIPS, CEE-10 and the remaining EU member countries. Section 7 concludes with a summary of major findings.

De Gaulle and Europe: Historical Revision and Social Science Theory. Program for the Study of Germany and Europe Working Paper Series 8.5

The thousands of books and articles on Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration, whether written by historians, social scientists, or commentators, universally accord primary explanatory importance to the General's distinctive geopolitical ideology. In explaining his motivations, only secondary significance, if any at all, is attached to commercial considerations. This paper seeks to reverse this historiographical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration during de Gaulle's presidency: the decisions to remain in the Common Market in 1958, to propose the Foucher Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the EC, and to provoke the "empty chair" crisis in 1965-1966, resulting in the "Luxembourg Compromise." In each case, the overwhelming bulk of the primary evidence-speeches, memoirs, or government documents-suggests that de Gaulle's primary motivation was economic, not geopolitical or ideological. Like his predecessors and successors, de Gaulle sought to promote French industry and agriculture by establishing protected markets for their export products. This empirical finding has three broader implications: (1) For those interesred in the European Union, it suggests that regional integration has been driven primarily by economic, not geopolitical considerations--even in the "least likely" case. (2) For those interested in the role of ideas in foreign policy, it suggests that strong interest groups in a democracy limit the impact of a leader's geopolitical ideology--even where the executive has very broad institutional autonomy. De Gaulle was a democratic statesman first and an ideological visionary second. (3) For those who employ qualitative case-study methods, it suggests that even a broad, representative sample of secondary sources does not create a firm basis for causal inference. For political scientists, as for historians, there is in many cases no reliable alternative to primary-source research.