Ciclo de vida de duas espécies de Goeldichironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Duas espécies de Goeldichironomus foram criadas em condições de laboratório (21ºC -26ºC), com alimento para peixes do tipo TetraMin® e alimento para aves Avemicina Purina®, para se obter informações bionômicas e analisar a viabilidade de cultivo para fins de bioensaios. As massas ovígeras das duas espécies, foram mantidas em placas de Petri até a eclosão das lárvulas. A duração média do desenvolvimento larval até a emergência dos adultos foi de 28 (23-34) dias para Goeldichironomus maculatus Strixino & Strixino, 1991 e 20 (18-22) dias para Goeldichironomus luridus Trivinho-Strixino & Strixino, 2005. Os estádios larvais para as duas espécies foram determinados através da relação entre o tamanho da cabeça e o tamanho do corpo. Essas medidas foram usadas para determinar as curvas de crescimento e estimar a taxa de crescimento diário das duas espécies. As criações ocorreram de forma satisfatória, com rápido crescimento larval e baixa taxa de mortalidade, mas, não houve acasalamento em condições de laboratório.

Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Forensic Entomology research has been concentrated in only a few localities of the "Cerrado" vegetation, the Brazilian Savannah. The present study had, as its objective, an examination of the diversity of arthropod fauna associated with the carcasses of Sus scrofa (Linnaeus) in this biome. The study was conducted during the dry and humid periods in two Cerrado vegetation profiles of the State of Minas Gerais. The decaying process was slower and greater quantities of arthropods were collected during the dry period. Insects represented 99% of 161,116 arthropods collected. The majority of these were Diptera (80.2%) and Coleoptera (8.8%). The entomofauna belong to 85 families and at least 212 species. Diptera were represented by 31 families and at least 132 species. Sarcophagidae (Diptera) and Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) were the richest groups. Oxysarcodexia (Sarcophagidae) presented the largest number of attracted species, however none of these species bred in the carcasses. The Coleoptera collected belong to at least 50 species of 21 families. Among these species, Dermestes maculatus and Necrobia rufipes were observed breeding in the carcasses. This study showed species with potential importance for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI), indicative of seasonal and environmental type located.

Alguno cambos en la ictiofauna y sus relaciones troficas durante el fenómeno El Niño en la bahía de Ancón

Los ambientes someros presentan un gran número de especies de peces, muchas de ellas de importancia para la pesca artesanal y posibles alternativas durante años con fenómeno «El Niño» (EN); sin embargo, existe muy poca información acerca del impacto de este fenómeno sobre dichos ambientes. En el presente trabajo se compara la distribución, abundancia y contenido estomacal de la ictiofauna durante un período anterior a EN y durante EN. Se seleccionó en la Bahía de Ancón un área de 1,2 km de longitud de playa, hasta los tres metros de profundidad, donde se realizaron pescas quincenales desde junio de 1981 a junio de 1982 y mensuales de febrero a junio de 1983. En el período anterior a EN la ictiofauna estuvo constituida por cuarenta especies, de las cuales trece fueron residentes, diez estacionales y diecisiete ocasionales. Durante EN se observó una marcada disminución en la diversidad de especies, pero no relacionada con la temperatura. El análisis mostró diversas especies de peces foráneas al área ( Scamberamarus maculatus sierra , Brevaartia maculata chilcae, Scamber japanicus peruanus, Hippacampus ingens) ; la desaparición de algunas especies antes residentes ( Rhinabatas planiceps, Syngnathus acicularis ) ; un significativo incremento en la abundancia de algunas especies ( Trachinatus paiten­ sis, Sciaena gilberti ) , y una disminución en otras ( Stellifer minar , Sciaena fasciata, Galeichthys peruvia­ nus, Dasyatis brevis). En el aspecto trófico, destaca un incremento en el porcentaje de bentófagos de fondo blando y planctófagos.

Preliminary study of insects associated to indoor body decay in Colombia

Preliminary study of insects associated to indoor body decay in Colombia. This is the first report studying insects associated to indoor body decay process of a white pig (Sus scrofa) (Artiodactyla, Suidae) in a controlled indoor environment in an urban area of Florencia city, Amazonia Piedmont, Colombia. For a period of 54 days, 9,220 individuals (immature and adults), distributed in 3 orders, 5 families, 10 genera, and 10 species were collected using entomological nets and tweezers. Five decaying stages are described (fresh, bloated, active decay, advanced decay and remains). During the fresh stage we recorded Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830), Oxysarcodexia sp., Lepidodexia sp. and Lasiophanes sp.; during the bloating stage C. macellaria, C. albiceps, Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819), Hemilucillia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, O. aenescens, Oxysarcodexia sp., Lepidodexia sp., Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774 and Lasiphanes sp.; during the active decay C. macellaria, C. albiceps, L. eximia, M. domestica, O. aenescens, Lepidodexia sp. D. maculatus and Lasiophanes sp.; during the advanced decay C. macellaria, C. albiceps, M. domestica, Lepidodexia sp. and Lasiophanes sp.; and during the remains stage C. albiceps, D. maculatus and Lasiophanes sp. The insects were sorted out in 3 ecological categories; necrophagous, predators and parasites and sarco-saprophagous. According to Chao and Jack estimators, total richness was observed on day 20, with 100% of the expected species.

Resistência de genótipos de caupi ao caruncho

A utilização de resistência genética ao ataque de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) tem sido alvo de investigação científica, especialmente no que diz respeito à identificação de fontes de resistência. O presente trabalho objetivou incorporar, ao grupo de caracteres desejáveis para o cultivo de caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), resistência genética ao caruncho (C. maculatus). Foram realizadas hibridações dos genótipos IT81D-1045 e IT81D-1064 (portadores de resistência ao inseto) com CNCx 252-1E/FB, CNCx 187-22D-1 e BR 1-Poty (capazes de transferir resistência a viroses, tolerância à seca, formação de grãos com padrão comercial, elevado potencial de produção e adaptabilidade a diferentes condições ambientais). Populações segregantes obtidas destes cruzamentos foram conduzidas pelo método SPD (descendência de uma única vagem), e na geração F5 foram realizadas seleções individuais. As linhagens obtidas foram avaliadas em conjunto com materiais de origens diferentes, utilizando-se parâmetros associados à infestação da praga. Foi constatado que os genótipos avaliados apresentaram variabilidade quanto à preferência à postura, número de insetos emergidos e número de sementes danificadas; as linhas EVx 37-15E e EVx 37-2E foram as que sofreram menor dano causado pelo caruncho; as variáveis número de ovos, número de insetos emergidos e número de sementes danificadas mostraram-se positiva e significativamente correlacionadas entre si; o grupo das linhagens que descendem de genitores resistentes apresenta valores significativamente inferiores aos obtidos pelas demais, o que indica que a resistência ao inseto se transmite geneticamente.

Feeding habits of Ophichthus rufus (Anguilliformes, Ophichthidae) in the western Mediterranean

Ophichthus Rufus is a Mediterranean benthic fish with nocturnal habits. It lives in sand or mud bottoms at depths between 50 and 150m. Until now, nothing about its feeding habits was known. Stomach contents of 689 individuals, collected between 1985 and 1987, were analysed. The diet is basically composed of benthic organisms, among which the decapods processa canaliculata and Alpheus glaber and the teleost fish Callionymus maculatus are prominent. Young of both sexes and adult males have a euryphagic carnivorous diet, whereas adult females are closer to a stenophagic piscivorous diet

Insecticidal and antifungic proteins of the latex from Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.

Analysis of the latex from Manihot glaziovii showed the presence of various enzymatic and inhibitory activities. The latex also presented an inhibitory effect on the development of cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) in an artificial seed system and on the development, in an in vitro assay, of phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. These results suggest the presence of substances, some of them of protein nature, involved in plant defense mechanisms in this exudation product.

Mercúrio total em pescado de água-doce

O mercúrio total foi quantificado em 11 espécies de peixes de água-doce, originárias de diferentes procedências comerciais. O mercúrio vem sendo utilizado na agricultura, indústria, mineração, etc., e isso tem provocado drástico aumento desse metal no meio ambiente, atingindo em conseqüência a cadeia trófica. Nesse contexto, o homem, através do consumo de alimentos, principalmente pescado, torna-se vulnerável à ação tóxica do mercúrio. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies mandi - Pimelodus maculatus, tilápia - Tilapia sp, sagüiru - Cyphocharax modestus, lambari - Astyanax sp, sardela - Triportheus sp, traíra - Hoplias sp, curimbatá - Prochilodus sp e dourado - Salminus sp, comercializadas em São Paulo - SP, e para o jaraqui - Semaprochilodus insignis, curimatã - Prochilodus nigricans e matrinchã - Brycon sp, procedentes da Amazônia brasileira, variaram de 0,01 a 0,39mgHg/Kg. Os resultados observados, sob o ponto-de-vista de Saúde Pública, estão abaixo dos limites de tolerância brasileiros, de 0,5 e 1,0mgHg/Kg, para espécies não-predadoras e predadoras, respectivamente. Nas espécies de hábito alimentar carnívoro (traíra e dourado) os teores de mercúrio foram de 0,26 a 0,39mgHg/Kg. A expectativa de ocorrência de espécies excessivamente contaminadas não se confirmou.

Variation of some chemical and functional properties of Bambara groundnut (Voandzeia Subterranean L. Thouars) during sort time storage

Abstract The storage susceptibility of Bambara groundnut (B. G.) (Voandzeia Subterranean (L.) Thouars) to Callosobruchus maculatus and chemical and functional properties of 11 varieties form Far-North of Cameroon were investigate using standard analytical methods. Storage susceptibility shown that, after five months within treatment, C. maculatus destroy 10 to 50% of grains. The chemical characteristics of none attack grains of 11 varieties were range to 18.64 at 21.08%, 6.85 at 7.44%, 49.75 at 52.68% and to 6.05 at 7.55% respectively for protein, fat, starch and free carbohydrate. These chemical characteristics significantly (p < 0.05) decreases form attacks varieties. For the functional parameters, the none attacks grains was range of 130 at 135%, 19.15 at 20.91%, 18.20 at 21.13%, 2.76 at 3.21% and of 8.54 at 10.14% respectively for water capacity absorption, solubility index, gel length, ash and humidity. The results of this study indicated that storage susceptibility, chemical and functional properties of B. G. be dependant to the varieties.

Parasite distribution and histopathological studies on certain commercially important fishes of cochin area

In order to check the damage caused by the parasites, even though it is difficult in open waters, a proper understanding of the seasonal variation in the distribution of the parasite and other factors like age of the host, sex of the host, which affect distribution of parasite is a must. Although several workers have carried out investigations on the taxonomy of metazoan parasites of marine and brackish water Fishes of India, very little attempt is made to correlate such investigations with the host and the environment. In this thesis such an attempt is made by the researcher. In chapter one the literature related to the prevalence, mean intensity of infection, and histopathological changes caused by the metazoan parasites, in particular by helminths, copepods and isopods, was reviewed. Chapter two contains observations on the distribution pattern of parasites in relation to the season, sex, and size of the host. It was found that the prevalence rate of radiorynchus_indicus infecting the alimentary canal of Tachysurugs mgacuglatus, Ergasilus sp. infecting the gills of T maculatus, and Lernaeeniicus ramosus found on the body surface of Qeimgipteirfugs jagonicus was higher during monsoon season. But agarna malayi found in the opercular chamber and Ehilometra cephalus infecting the gonads of valamugil speiglari showed a higher prevalence rate during the postmonsoon season. This was discussed on the basis of the hydrographical characteristics prevailing in the study area during the three different seasons. It was also observed that the sex of the host did not influence significantly the distribution pattern of the parasites. The reasons for this were also discussed. Invariably, the size of the host was found to influence the parasite distribution pattern. It was observed that the prevalence rate showed an increase with increase in size of the fish. This was discussed on the basis of food habits of the host, along with other aspects An attempt was made in chapter three to study the histopathological effects of‘ the various parasites on their respective sites of attachments on host Fishes. It was found that except Rhadinorhyhchugs indicus, all other parasites produced damages of varying intensity, in the form of hypertrophy, rhyperplasia, haemorrhage, tissue disruption and ulcers. Interestingly, E. indicus, an acantho— cephalid with a powerful proboscis for attachment was found not to cause any serious damage to the intestine of the host Fish. All these aspects are included in the third and final chapter of the thesis.

Current status and biodiversity modification in the coastal wetland ecosystems of India with objectives for its sustainable management

The South West (S.W.) coast of India is blessed with a series of wetland systems popularly referred to as backwaters covering a total area of 46128.94 ha. These backwaters are internationally renowned for their aesthetic and scientific values including being a repository for several species fish and shell fishes. This is more significant in that three wetlands (Vembanad, Sasthamcotta and Ashtamudi) have recently been designated as Ramsar sites of international importance. Thirty major backwaters forming the crux of the coastal wetlands form an abode for over 200 resident or migratory fish and shellfish species. The fishing activities in these water bodies provide the livelihood to about 200,000 fishers and also provide full-time employment to over 50,000 fishermen. This paper describes the changes on the environmental and biodiversity status of selected wetlands, during 1994-2005 period. The pH was generally near neutral to alkaline in range. The salinity values indicated mixohaline condition ranging from 5.20-32.38 ppt. in the 12 wetlands. The productivity values were generally low in most of the wetlands during the study, where the gross production varied from 0.22 gC/m3/day in Kadinamkulam to 1.10 gC/m3/day in the Kayamkulam. The diversity of plankton and benthos was more during the pre-monsoon compared to the monsoon and post-monsoon periods in most of the wetlands. The diversity of plankton and benthos was more during the pre-monsoon compared to the monsoon and post-monsoon periods in most of the wetlands. The average fish yield per ha. varied from 246 kg. in Valapattanam to 2747.3 kg. in Azhikode wetland. Retting of coconut husk in most of the wetlands led to acidic pH conditions with anoxia resulting in the production of high amounts of sulphide, coupled with high carbon dioxide values leading to drastic reduction in the incidence and abundance of plankton, benthic fauna and the fishery resources. The major fish species recorded from the investigation were Etroplus suratensis, E. maculatus, Channa marulius, Labeo dussumieri, Puntius sp. Lutianus argentimaculatus, Mystus sp., Tachysurus sp. and Hemiramphus sp. The majority of these backwaters are highly stressed, especially during the pre monsoon period when the retting activity is at its peak. The study has clearly reflected that a more restrained and cautious approach is needed to manage and preserve the unique backwater ecosystems of South-west India

Descobreix l'univers amb Pipo: diverteix-te i aprèn viatjant per l'espai. 'Descubre el universo con Pipo : diviértete y aprende viajando por el espacio'.

Este número de la colección de Pipo, destinado a los niños entre 5 y 12 años, contiene juegos y actividades relacionados con el espacio y el universo: el sistema solar, los cometas, las naves espaciales, el Sol y la Luna, la tierra, las galaxias, la Vía Láctea, los planetas y las constelaciones. Edición realizada con apoyo de la Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Esports del Govern Balear.

Descubre el universo con Pipo : diviértete y aprende viajando por el espacio.

Este número de la colección de Pipo, destinado a los niños entre 5 y 12 años, contiene juegos y actividades relacionados con el espacio y el universo: el sistema solar, los cometas, las naves espaciales, el Sol y la Luna, la tierra, las galaxias, la Vía Láctea, los planetas y las constelaciones. Edición realizada con apoyo de la Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Esports del Govern Balear.

Globalización Homogenización o fragmentación.

El origen del auge económico de 1983 a 1989 se encuentra en el mecanismo de déficit del tesoro norteamericano, que alcanzó la cifra de 134 billones de dólares en 1982; 230,8 billones en 1983, manteniéndose en este escalón hasta 1989 (237.8 billones); este déficit se habían elevado en la década de los 70 en torno a los 50 billones de dólares anuales, lo que llevó a un amplio movimiento por la contención de los gastos o por el aumento de los impuestos en el país. Reagan eliminó la segunda hipótesis (llegando inclusive a reducir los impuestos sobre el capital y las rentas elevadas) y realizó cortes en los presupuestos, solamente de los gastos sociales, bajo la presión del establishment de investigación y desarrollo militar dedicado a la tecnología; aumentaron drásticamente los gastos militares y en particular aquellos relacionados con investigaciones de las tecnologías de punta que se sintetizaron en la iniciativa de la defensa estratégica, la ridícula guerra de las galaxias que se convirtió en objeto de crítica de las mayores autoridades científicas del país por su inviabilidad y por el desperdicio de recursos que representaba y aún representa. De alguna manera, podemos comparar la guerra de las galaxias con el papel económico que Keynes atribuía a las pirámides egipcias: un enorme gasto estatal para generar empleo y renta y permitir así el funcionamiento de la economía. El diagnóstico neoliberal coincide en que una de las causas inmediatas de la crisis económica de América latina se encuentra en la recesión internacional de los años ochenta, en especial por la combinación de caídas acentuadas en los precios de las exportaciones y agudas alzas en la tasas de interés reales en el mercado internacional, lo que provocó un cuantioso déficit en las cuentas externas de la región. La actual corriente de pensamiento denominada neoestructuralismo afirma, en lo fundamental, que los problemas económicos principales y la condición de subdesarrollados que aún prevalece en los países latinoamericanos no se debe tanto a distorsiones inducidas por la política económica sino que, más bien, son de origen histórico y de índole endógena y estructural. A juicio de Rosales (1988), una muestra palpable de esta * Economista, profesor investigador del Grupo de realidad subyace en tres características cruciales de la economía latinoamericana de fines de los años ochenta: a) la vigencia de un patrón de inserción externa que, dadas las tendencias del comercio y el sistema financiero internacional, conduce a una especificación empobrecedora; b)el predominio de factor productivo desarticulado, vulnerable y muy heterogéneo y concentrador del progreso técnico, incapaz de absorber productivamente el aumento de la fuerza de trabajo; y c) la persistencia de una distribución de ingreso muy concentrada y excluyente, que evidencia la incapacidad del sistema para disminuir la pobreza. El presente documento se presenta en tres partes, iniciando por un acercamiento al modelo que hoy conocemos como neoliberal; para posteriormente hacer un intento de comparar el modelo neoestructuralista con el modelo neoliberal, teniendo como hecho presente que este intento está enmarcado en los años noventa; y finalmente se esboza un marco teórico en cuanto a la posición del neoestructuralismo frente a los problemas del desarrollo latinoamericano; este documento solamente intenta dar una breve mirada al neoliberalismo en América latina, sin desestimar los alcances del mismo dentro y fuera de nuestras latitudes. 

La música en el cinema d'aventures. 'La música en el cine de aventuras'.

Esta actividad se basa en la audición y visualización de fragmentos seleccionados de música y de imágenes de películas. Como por ejemplo 'La Guerra de las Galaxias', entre otras. Esta partitura ofrece las mismas características que otras composiciones escénicas como la ópera, que evolucionan a partir de bases comunes.