Composição mineral de substratos à base de resíduos de bananeira durante o cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mineral composition (macro e micronutrients) of the substrates [initial and residual (postharvest)] based on different combinations of waste (leaf, pseudo-stem and pseudostem + leaf) and banana cultivars - Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata Anã, Pelipita and Caipira) during 49 days for the cultivation of POS 09/100 strain of P. ostreatus. It was verified that all of the substrates based on different combinations of waste and banana cultivars presented satisfactory amounts of nutrients for the cultivation of P. ostreatus, both in the initial phase of cultivation and in the end.

Cultivo de Lentinula edodes e Pleurotus ostreatus em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Diversidade e prospecção de fungos endofíticos de Begonia spp. encontradas na Mata Atlântica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Produção de conídios do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae em diferentes condições de cultivo e em biorreator de bandeja

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Produção de conídios do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae em diferentes condições de cultivo e em biorreator de bandeja

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Produção e caracterização de compostos bioativos utilizando fungos endófitos

O potencial biotecnológico dos fungos endófitos é actualmente reconhecido, contudo a sua utilização à escala industrial é ainda muito limitada. Isso deve-se, sobretudo ao facto do seu crescimento e composição de metabolitos formados ser dependente e variar de acordo com as condições de crescimento e da influência e interacções com a sua planta hospedeira. É fundamental, por isso, que se criem estratégias e condições simples, mas eficazes, que possibilitem o cultivo destes fungos e consequentemente a produção de compostos biologicamente activos. É importante a par de estratégias de isolamento e caracterização de novas espécies de microrganismos endofíticos sejam também optimizadas condições de crescimento e produção dos seus metabolitos e posteriormente a sua purificação e caracterização. O trabalho experimental teve como principal objectivo optimizar as condições de crescimento e de formação de produtos com actividade antimicrobiana do fungo endófito Fusarium oxysporum isolado da oliveira. As condições estudadas e variadas foram a concentração inicial de glucose (1, 2 e 3%), pH (5,5; 6,5 e 7,5), temperatura (20, 25 e 30 ºC) e agitação (80, 160 e 240 rpm). Verificou-se que as condições que permitiram um maior crescimento do fungo Fusarium oxysporum foram 25 ºC, 30 g/L de glucose inicial, 240 rpm e pH 5,5. No entanto, não se verificou uma diferença significativa no crescimento do fungo relativamente à temperatura de 30 ºC, à concentração inicial de glucose de 20 g/L, a uma agitação de 160 rpm e ao pH 7,5. A formação de compostos com actividade antibacteriana foi favorecida quando as condições de fermentação foram 25 ºC, 10 g/L de glucose inicial, uma agitação de 80 rpm e um pH inicial de 7,5. Contudo, a concentração de compostos com poder antibacteriano presentes nos extractos fúngicos foi muito reduzida, dificultando a sua purificação e caracterização. Os resultados obtidos parecem indicar que se deveria utilizar condições de fermentação diferentes em termos de agitação e concentração inicial de glucose, quando se pretende optimizar o crescimento e a formação de compostos bioactivos, Contudo, será necessário a realização de mais experiências para se conseguir estipular as condições óptimas e um crescimento mais homogéneo dos fungos de fermentação para fermentação.

Efeitos de fungicidas alternativos em folhas de Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), potencial espécie para cultivo em agricultura familiar

The currently main development model on global society is driven by an economic rationality that endangers the environment and social justice. More and more, attention to this way of production and consumption is increasing, boosting research for sustainable development, with an environmental rationality that can harmonize nature preservation and welfare of all socioeconomic classes. One of the efforts on this sense is changing the sources supplying the energy demand, replacing fossil fuels for renewable and cleaner sources, such as biofuels. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) is an oilseed crop with potential for biodiesel production, with good oil yield and chemical profile, allied to good adaptation to climates such like the northeastern semiarid lands of Brazil. With public policies fomentation, the use of this species may be an interesting alternative for family farming. In farming in general, the use of pesticides to prevent and combat diseases and plagues is common, which is not a sustainable practice. Thus, there are researched alternative, less dangerous substances. In this study, it was aimed to assess if neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (20% m/v) and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate) have effects on safflower. It was also aimed to verify acceptance of farmers on safflower crop in Apodi, a municipality in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, in view of it being localized in the aimed region for this crop cultivation. Besides that, understanding that the farmers’ knowledge and inclination to adopt the crop is fundamental for the introduction of this species and socioeconomic growth due to its exploration. In addition, a booklet with basic information on safflower was produced. In the field experiment, the fungicides were pulverized on plants cultivated in field experimental plots, with collection of leaf samples for analysis on anatomy, cuticle, and epicuticular wax morphology, the protective layer that interfaces with the surrounding ambient. In Apodi, forty-five farmers from Potiguar Cooperative of Apiculture and Sustainable Rural Development (COOPAPI) underwent semi-structured interviews, which also addressed their assessment on currently cultivated crops and perception of pesticide uses and sustainable alternatives. After comparing using analysis of variance, it was found that there was no difference between treatments in the experiment, as well as no anatomical or morphological modifications. Safflower acceptation among farmers was wide, with 84% of interviewees believing in a perspective of good incomes. The current scenario, comprised of low crop diversity, fragile in face of droughts and plagues, can partially explain this opinion. The booklet was effective in catching people attention for the species potential. There was wide acknowledgement on the importance of alternative pesticides, justified by health security. Based on the assessed parameter in the results of this research, the treatments here utilized may be recommended as fungicides for safflower. Given the crop susceptibility to fungi in heavy rainy period, it is advised that its potential introduction on the region shall be focused on semiarid areas.

Controle biológico do ácaro rajado tetranychus urticae (koch, 1936) (acari: tetranychidae) em morangueiro em cultivo protegido.

O morango é de grande importância socioeconômica, pois gera muita mão de obra. O ácaro rajado é uma das principais pragas da cultura. Em alta população pode reduzir a produção em até 80% ou causar a morte da planta. O principal método de controle é o químico, porém em muitos casos este é ineficiente, principalmente devido ao desenvolvimento de populações do ácaro resistentes. O uso inadequado de acaricidas também contribui para o reaparecimento da praga, devido à eliminação dos inimigos naturais. Entre as alternativas de controle, destacam-se o uso de fungos entomopatogênicos, como Beuaveria bassiana e os ácaros predadores Neoseiulus californicus e Phytoseiulus macropilis. Objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica populacional dos dois ácaros predadores na presença de T. urticae em morango e comparar a eficiência de controle dos predadores com acaricida e com um inseticida biológico a base de B. bassiana. Verificou-se diferença significativa (pLSD, 5%) nas áreas abaixo das curvas da flutuação populacional da fase móvel do ácaro rajado (AACP), nos tratamentos Pm (Phytoseiulus macropilis), Nc (Neoseiulus califrnicus) e acaricida. Os tratamentos Pm+Nc (P. macropilis + N. californicus) e Beauveria bassiana não diferiram da testemunha. Na fase de ovo não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. Apesar de a população de T. urticae ter sido naturalmente reduzida observou-se que a presença dos ácaros predadores P. macropilis e N. californicus contribuíram para a redução fase móvel da praga nos primeiros 24 dias. O acaricida foi eficiente na redução inicial da população da praga, porém permitiu a reinfestação após 31 dias.

Efeito do preparo de área agrícola na densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no solo.

A associação micorrízica é uma estratégia biológica de simbiose no solo entre alguns fungos e raiz das plantas. A manutenção desses fungos pode ser alterada de acordo com o manejo do solo e resiliência do agroecossistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do preparo de área agrícola após um ano na densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), em Marapanim-Pa. O estudo foi conduzido em áreas de preparo convencional (corte e queima) e alternativo (corte e trituração). Em cada área, foram definidos quatro transectos (repetição), onde foram coletados solos nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Após um ano de implantação da área de cultivo, o corte e queima apresentou maior número de FMA nas profundidades avaliadas. Após um ano do preparo de área, o sítio em que teve a vegetação queimada apresentou maior número de esporos de FMA, estratégia biológica para manutenção desses seres em área alterada drasticamente.

Avaliação econômica da elaboração de banana-passa proveniente de cultivo orgânico e convencional

This work reports an economic evaluation of the dried banana production from an agroindustry located in Guaraqueçaba - PR State, Brazil. The conventional and the organic banana processings were evaluated by comparing the economic viability pointers. The dried organic banana is exported to the Europe and the dried conventional banana is commercialized in the region of Curitiba - PR. Both processings presented positive economic viability, however the dried organic banana presented better indices (TIR 94%, VPL R$ 486,009.39 and benefit cost relation of 2.11) than the conventional dried banana (TIR 14%, VPL R$ 34,668.00 and benefit cost relation of 1.17). The dried organic banana presented a cost of production of R$ 3.64, being 50.1% relative to the expense with insumos and 27% with labour. The dried conventional banana presented a cost of R$ 3.21, being 45.3% for insumos and 31.2% for labour.

Produção de alface hidropônica em três ambientes de cultivo

It was proposed to evaluate the hydroponic lettuce production, variety Vera, on inclined benches with channels of 100 mm, and Nutrient Film Technique, as answer to carbon dioxide application and evaporative cooling. There were five cycles of cultivation from March, 20th to April, 17th (C1); from May, 25th to June, 29th (C2); from July, 13th to August, 20th (C3); from August, 27th to October, 10th (C4); from December, 12th to January, 10th (C5). In three greenhouses were tested the following systems: (A1) without evaporative cooling air CO2 aerial injection, (A2) with CO2 aerial injection and without evaporative cooling and (A3) with CO2 aerial injection and pad-fan evaporative cooling system. The fresh and dry mass of leaves in grams, number of leaves and leaf area in square millimeter were evaluated. The completely randomized statistical analysis was used. The cycle C1 were used 48 replications, for cycles C2, C3 and C5 were used 64 replications and C5 were used 24 replications. The results showed that greenhouse with evaporative cooling system and CO2 allow better development and greater lettuce yield. It was possible to conclude that the aerial injection of CO2, in the absence of evaporative cooling system, did not lead increasing the lettuce productivity to most cycles. Bigger lettuce leaf areas were found in periods with higher temperatures.

Variabilidade espacial da textura de um latossolo sob cultivo de citros

Relief influences soil texture variability, since it contributes to the time of exposition of the materials to weathering factors. Our work was carried out in the city of Gavião Peixoto (SP), with the objective of characterizing the spatial variability of texture of a dystrophic Red Latosol cultivated with citrus. The hillside was divided into three segments: top, stocking lean and inferior lean. Soil samples were collected in a grid with regular intervals of 50 m, at the depths of 0.0-0.2 m and 0.6-0.8 m, comprising a total of 332 points in an area of 83.5 ha. The data were submitted to descriptive and geostatistics analyses (semivariogram modeling and kriging maps). The spatial behavior of the texture of oxisols is directly related to the relief forms in this study, which controls the direction of surface and subsurface water flows. The concept of homogeneity of clay distribution in the Oxisol profile is a piece of information that can be adjusted by knowing the spatial pattern of this distribution in different relief forms.

Ambientes de cultivo, recipientes e substratos na produção de biomassa foliar e radicular em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em Aquidauana - MS

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of environment, recipients, and substrate compositions in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) seedlings biomass production in Pantanal region from September to November of 2006. Experimental trials were conducted in four protected environments, in two types of containers and three different substrate compositions. The environments were: A1 (greenhouse covered with low-density, 150-microns-thick polyethylene film), A2 (monofilament black screened with mesh for 50% of shade), A3 (aluminized screened with mesh for 50% of shade) and A4 (environment covered with straw of native coconut palm); the recipients were: polyethylene bags (R1) (15 x 25 cm) and polystyrene trays (R2) (with 72 cells). There substrates were: S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, 1:1: 1 v/v), S2 (soil + organic compost + sawdust, 1:1: 1 v/v) and S3 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite + sawdust, 1:1: 1/2: 1/2 v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized statistical analysis in split-split-plot, with fifteen replications. The treatments in the plot were environments, in the subplots were pots, and subsubplots were substrates (4 x 2 x 3 = 24 treatments). Fresh and dry mass of aerial and root system parts were evaluated. Environments with screen showed better results for seedlings of yellow passion fruit biomass in polyethylene bags. Polyethylene bags promoted higher biomasses. The substrate with vermiculite showed better results for both types of containers. The substrate with a higher percentage of sawdust showed the worst result.

Antibiosis and dark-pigments secretion by the phytopathogenic and environmental fungal species after interaction in vitro with a Bacillus subtilis isolate

In this work, different reactions in vitro between an environmental bacterial isolate and fungal species were related. The Gram-positive bacteria had terminal and subterminal endospores, presented metabolic characteristics of mesophilic and acidophilic growth, halotolerance, positive to nitrate reduction and enzyme production, as caseinase and catalase. The analysis of partial sequences containing 400 to 700 bases of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene showed identity with the genus Bacillus. However, its identity as B. subtilis was confirmed after analyses of the rpoB, gyrA, and 16S rRNA near-full-length sequences. Strong inhibitory activity of environmental microorganisms, such as Penicillium sp, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, and phytopathogens, such as Colletotrichum sp, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum, was shown on co-cultures with B. subtilis strain, particularly on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and DNase media. Red and red-ochre color pigments, probably phaeomelanins, were secreted by A. alternata and A. niger respectively after seven days of co-culture.