Produção do híbrido Momotaro de tomateiro, em função da enxertia e do estádio das mudas no plantio

O experimento desenvolveu-se em ambiente protegido, de outubro de 1997 a julho de 1998, na Fazenda São Manuel da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O solo no local foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo fase arenosa. O tomateiro, híbrido Momotaro T-93, foi cultivado em pé franco e sobre dois porta-enxertos (híbridos Anchor T e Kaguemusha), com objetivo de determinar o desenvolvimento da muda para o transplante, no estádio de 5 a 6 folhas definitivas, de plena floração e de início da frutificação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 3 x 3, num total de 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram avaliados o peso médio, diâmetro e produção total em kg por planta de frutos. O estádio de desenvolvimento de mudas de pé franco, transplantadas com 5 a 6 folhas definitivas, apresentou as melhores médias para produção, diâmetro e peso médio de frutos. Para mudas enxertadas não houve diferença na produtividade e qualidade final, do estádio de desenvolvimento de 5 a 6 folhas definitivas até o estádio de plena floração, sendo os melhores desempenhos obtidos pelo porta-enxerto 'Anchor T'.

Leaf nutritional levels in peach and nectarine grown in subtropical climate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Basal temperature and thermal sum in phenological phases of nectarine and peach cultivars

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a temperatura basal, a soma térmica acumulada em diferentes fases fenológicas, a duração das fenofases, a produtividade e a sazonalidade do ciclo de uma cultivar de nectarina e de 14 cultivares de pêssego, entre 2006 e 2009. As fases fenológicas consideradas foram: poda-brotação; brotação-florescimento, da gema inchada até a flor aberta; florescimento-frutificação, da queda das pétalas até o fruto médio; e maturação. As temperaturas basais mínimas obtidas foram: poda-brotação, 8°C, independentemente das cultivares avaliadas; brotação-florescimento, 10°C, com exceção de 'Cascata 968', que necessitou de Tb de 8°C; florescimento-frutificação, 12°C, exceto 'Oro Azteca', que necessitou de Tb de 14°C; maturação, 14°C, com exceção de 'Sunblaze', 'Diamante Mejorado' e 'Precocinho', com Tb de 12°C. Para a maioria das cultivares, as temperaturas basais máximas foram de 30, 34, 34 e 28ºC, nas fases poda-brotação, brotação-florescimento, florescimento-frutificação e maturação, respectivamente. 'Turmalina', 'Marli' e 'Tropic Beauty' apresentaram produtividade média de 3.945,0, 3.969,3 e 3.954,0 kg ha-1, em 2009, respectivamente, enquanto a nectarineira 'Sunblaze' produziu em torno de 3.900 kg ha-1 em 2008 e 2009. As cultivares diferiram quanto ao ciclo total e quanto às somas térmicas acumuladas que variaram, respectivamente, de 245 dias e 1.881,4 graus-dia em 'Oro Azteca', a 144 dias e 1.455,7 graus-dia em 'Precocinho'.

Isolation and mycelial growth of Diehliomyces microsporus: effect of culture medium and incubation temperature

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção e sazonalidade de pessegueiro e nectarineira sob florescimento espontâneo e com cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mineral supplementation and productivity of the Shiitake mushroom on eucalyptus logs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fenologia da figueira-da-índia em Selvíria - MS

A figueira-da-índia é uma cactácea de origem mexicana, com grande potencial produtivo para as condições edafoclimáticas do Brasil, porém a falta de conhecimento faz com que a cultura seja pouco cultivada. Com o objetivo de avaliar a fenologia da figueira-da-índia, o presente trabalho foi realizado em plantas com 4 anos de idade, no espaçamento de 1,0 x 2,5 m, na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria - MS, de agosto de 2006 a janeiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições, com uma planta por parcela experimental, ocasião em que foram avaliados a fenologia e o crescimento dos frutos. O período de emissão das gemas concentrou-se nos meses de setembro e outubro. O florescimento, ocorreu 30 dias após a emissão da gema florífera. Os frutos atingiram a maturidade fisiológica (ponto de colheita) aos 66 dias após o florescimento e aos 72 dias apresentavam-se maduros, aptos para o consumo. O período de desenvolvimento dos frutos, desde a emissão da gema florífera até a maturidade fisiológica, foi de 96 dias. A curva de crescimento dos frutos foi do tipo quadrática. A cultura da figueira-da-índia pode tornar-se uma alternativa principalmente para pequenos produtores, visto que não exige grandes investimentos para sua implantação e condução, além de se adaptar bem às condições ambientais de nosso País. Seus frutos possuem excelentes preços tanto no mercado nacional como no internacional, e o aproveitamento na forma de doces e geleias pode incrementar a renda dos produtores.

Nutritional and chemical composition of culinary-medicinal Royal Sun Agaricus (the Himematsutake mushroom) Agaricus brasiliensis S. Wasser et al. (agaricomycetideae)

The objective of the study was to determine the nutritional and chemical composition (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, calcium, and iron), water and ash content, and the caloric value of powdered fruiting bodies from six strains and from a mixture of strains of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric and multiple comparisons tests and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used, with a 5% significance level. First, the results showed that strain 99/30 had a similar nutritional composition to the mixed sample. Second, when comparing strain nutrients to the mixture nutrients, the highest levels of carbohydrates, proteins, and calcium were in strain 99/25, and the highest levels of lipids were in strains 97/11, 99/28, and 99/30. Strain 99/30 was highest both in caloric value and moisture content. Finally, the mixture was established as a good source of macronutrients and micronutrients, and strain 99/30 was the closest to the mixture in nutritional composition.

Ovary peltate trichomes of Zeyheria montana (Bignoniaceae): Developmental ultrastructure and secretion in relation to function

center dot Background and Aims Nectar production in the Bignoniaceae species lacking a nectariferous functional disc is ascribed to trichomatic glands around the ovary base and/or on the inner corolla wall. Nevertheless, knowledge about the secretion and function of these glands is very incomplete. The purpose of this paper is to study, from a developmental viewpoint, the ultrastructure, histochemistry and secretory process of the peltate trichomes on the ovary of Zeyheria montana, a species in the Bignoniaceae which has a rudimentary disc.center dot Methods Samples of the gynoecium at various developmental stages were fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Histochemistry and cytochemistry tests were performed to examine the chemical composition of exudates. Thin layer chromatography was used to determine the presence of alkaloids and terpenes in gynoecium and fruit extracts, and in fresh nectar stored in the nectar chamber.center dot Key Results Peltate trichomes at different developmental stages appear side by side from floral budding up to pre-dispersal fruit. Large plastids with an extensive internal membrane system consisting of tubules filled with lipophilic material, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, few Golgi bodies, lipophilic deposits in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and scattered cytoplasmic oil droplets are the main characteristics of mature head cells. The secretion which accumulates in the subcuticular space stains positively for hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, with lipids prevailing for fully peltate trichomes. Histochemistry and thin layer chromatography detected terpenes and alkaloids. Fehling's test to detect of sugars in the secretion was negative.center dot Conclusions the continuous presence and activity of peltate trichomes on the ovary of Z. montana from early budding through to flowering and fruiting set, and its main chemical components, alkaloids and terpenes, suggest that they serve a protective function and are not related to the floral nectar source or to improving nectar quality.

Produção de tomateiro, híbrido momotaro, em função do estádio das mudas e da enxertia

This work was carried out in a protected environment at São Paulo State University (UNESP) Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, College of Agronomical Sciences, Sao Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The local soil was red-yellow sandy-phase latosol. The following development stages for transplanting were evaluated: seedlings presenting 5 to 6 definitive leaves, in full flowering and beginning of fruiting. Momotaro T-93 hybrid tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown on two rootstocks, the hybrids Anchor T and Kaguemusha, and in non-grafted ones. Evaluations included leaf area, seedling length, seedling dry matter at the moment of the transplant, total number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry matter of leaves below the third inflorescence, fruit classification according to diameter, and total fruit production until the eighth bunch. Non-grafted plants transplanted when they presented 5 to 6 definitive leaves had the highest mean fruit production and diameter. As regards grafted plants, no difference was detected concerning productivity and final quality when seedlings were in the stages from 5 to 6 definitive leaves until full flowering, and the rootstock Anchor T presented the best development.

Sazonalidade e dieta frugívora do saí-andorinha Tersina viridis (Illiger, 1911) em reflorestamento da mata ciliar do Rio Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo, Brasil

Segundo a literatura, Tersina viridis (Illiger, 1911) possui hábito gregário sazonal em deslocamentos locais. Os reais motivos desses deslocamentos ainda são poucos conhecidos. em reflorestamento de mata ciliar do rio Mogi-Guaçu, SP, foi possível quantificar a variação sazonal mensal na densidade populacional durante um ano. O número de indivíduos aumentou substancialmente durante a estação seca e ausência durante a estação chuvosa, assim, caracterizando um comportamento fortemente sazonal de ocorrência nesse local. Provavelmente T. viridis possui algumas rotas de deslocamentos quando aparecem em grandes agregados no período mais seco na região do interior do estado de São Paulo e vizinhanças. A grande abundância de algumas espécies de plantas ornitocóricas pode ser alguns dos motivos que determinam a rota desses deslocamentos na região estudada, e não o padrão geral da fenologia da frutificação das espécies ornitocóricas.

Evaluation of the antigenotoxicity of polysaccharides and beta-glucans from Agaricus blazei, a model study with the single cell gel electrophoresis/Hep G2 assay

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reproductive phenology of Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) along a gradient in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil

The palm Euterpe edulis Mart. is one of the dominant tree species in the Atlantic rainforest and considered a key resource for many frugivorous birds. We compared the reproductive phenology of E. edulis in three types of Atlantic rainforest (two lowland forests, restinga and coastal-plain, and a premontane forest) on Cardoso Island (Cananeia, São Paulo, Brazil), aiming to answer the following questions: (i) whether the reproduction of E. edulis is annual and seasonal across the years in the three forest types studied; (ii) what are the environmental factors influencing the reproductive phenology of E. edulis; and (iii) how does the timing of fruiting and fruit production of E. edulis vary among the three forest types? We evaluated the presence of flowers and fruits (immature, unripe and ripe) from August 2001 to July 2004 in 150 individuals (50 per forest), and estimated the number of infructescences with ripe fruits and the production of fruits and seeds by collecting them on the forest floor in the three forest types. Flowering and fruiting of E. edulis were annual and significantly seasonal in the three forest types, with a high synchrony of flowering and medium to low synchrony of fruiting. Flowering peaked in November and December, and immature and unripe fruits peaked in January and March, all during the rainy season. Immature and unripe fruit phases were correlated with the daylength, precipitation and temperature, important factors for fruits development. Ripe fruits peaked in April and May, in the less rainy season, with significant differences in the mean dates among forests. The number of infructescences with ripe fruits and the biomass of fruits and seeds collected on the ground also differed significantly among the forest types, being greater in the restinga and coastal plain forests, respectively. Differences in productivity were related to palm density in each area and the soil fertility. The complementary fruiting pattern of E. edulis in the forests studied may affect the distribution and abundance of certain frugivorous bird species that feed on their fruits.

Frugivory and habitat use by fruit-eating birds in a fragmented landscape of southeast Brazil

To investigate the movement of seeds transported by fruit-eating birds in an agricultural, fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil, I asked which bird species are the main seed dispersers in such environment, and how they use the available habitats (small forest fragments, forest thickets, live fences, isolated trees, and active pastures) where they are most likely to drop the seeds they swallow the relative importance of fruit-eating birds as seed vectors was evaluated based on the number of fruit species eaten, the number of visits, and visitation rate to fruiting plants. Habitat use was accessed by recording the habitats where birds were seen or heard during walks conducted throughout the study area. Sixteen plant species were observed during 308.3 plant-hours. Forty-one bird species were observed eating fruits in a total of 830 visits to fruiting plants. Sayaca Tanagers (Thraupis sayaca) and Pale-breasted Thrushes (Turdus leucomelas) ate the greatest number of fruit species, were the most frequent plant visitors in terms of number and rate of visits, and had a broad range of habitat use. These two species and the Rusty-margined Guan (Penelope superciliaris), which is able to swallow large fruits with large seeds that smaller bird species cannot cat, likely have a great contribution to the movement of seeds throughout this highly degraded landscape.

Variações interanuais na fenologia de uma comunidade arbórea de floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)