Influência da expectativa do consumidor sobre a aceitação de suco tropical e de cachaça

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise do sistema de distribuição de medicamentos em hospital oncológico do Estado de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR

A importância de Scotus na concepção de história de Arendt

The objective of this study is to discuss the notion of history in Arendt, from the importance that needs the thought of Duns Scotus, particularly with regard to the primacy of the will. For the author, Scotus was a medieval thinkers to emphasize the role of free will as power in the face of intellect attached to the natural activity. The freedom to get an act featuring a world ruled by contingency. Now, for Arendt, that freedom is consistent with your idea of authentic political, and base a public space, defined by word and action of individuals. The history, which takes place from political activity, received various treatments, from Greek antiquity to the modern conception of process. It joined the idealistic conceptions, establishing universal ways of defining the future. However, if freedom is to characterize the vita activa, the history must seek the meaning of the facts to scrutinize their singular aspects, which fell to the continuo of universal explanation of the official history. It is, therefore, to approach the history from the perspective of singular narrative, from the spectators, those who founded the public space. Hence the importance of bipolar concepts such as nature and freedom, necessity and contingency, will and intellect, as Scotus.

Livre-arbítrio e a relação mente e cérebro em Benjamin Libet

My purpose is to reflect critically on how Benjamin Libet interprets his experiments, which are focused primarily on the question of free will. These experiments have often been considered as scientific evidence against free will, to the extent that they would have shown that the intention and will result from conscious brain processes, which are unconscious and precedents. But that is not the position of Libet, which distinguishes intention and conscious will, arguing that only the first results from previous and unconscious brain processes, while the second is autonomous and able to act causally on brain. Thus, Libet choose to ignore the suggestion of its initial experiments, that is, that all mental events result of specific brain processes. I argue that Libet ignores it because he is not able to understand how mental events, being essentially separated and at the same time the result of brain activity, could act causally on the brain.

A large Cervidae Holocene accumulation in Eastern Brazil: an example of extreme taphonomical control in a cave environment

A remarkable cervid bone accumulation occurs at a single passage (named Cervid Passage; CP) at Lapa Nova, a maze cave in eastern Brazil. CP lies away from cave entrances, is a typical pitfall passage and contains bone remains of at least 121 cervids, besides few bats, peccaries and rodents remains. There is no evidence of water (or sediment) flow at the site and in general bones lack post depositional alterations and display anatomical proximity, suggesting that the majority of the remains found inside CP (mainly cervids) are due to animals that after entering the cave got trapped in the site. Observations suggest that two entrances could have provided access to cervids (and the few other animals, besides bats), either by falling inside the cave or by entering by their own free will. Once inside the cave, the maze pattern would make route finding difficult, and of all passage intersections, only the one leading to CP would result in a non-return situation, starving the animal to death. Radiocarbon dates suggest that animal entrapment occurred during at least 5 thousand years, during the Holocene. The reasons why mainly cervids were found are unknown but they are probably related to the biology of this group coupled with the fact that caves provide several specific taphonomic processes that may account for a strong bias in bone accumulation. Indeed, the frequent occurrence of Cervidae in both the fossil and sub-fossil record in Brazilian caves may be related to an overall high faunal abundance or may suggest that these animals were especially prone to enter caves, perhaps in search of nutrients (as cave saltpetre) or water.

Approaching Migrant Youth Marginalization through the Capabilities Approach: Methodological Proposals

Adopting the capabilities approach and the terminology that has been respectively developed, we could assume that Amartya Sen’s “capabilities” consist in the actual living that people manage to achieve (“functionings”) as a result of actual free will. Sen’s freedom does not “only [depend on the] mere degree of the presence or absence of coercion or interference (from others)” (Otto and Ziegler 2006) but also on “the range of options a person has in deciding what kind of life to lead” (Dreze and Sen 1995, 10). In his book, Identity and Violence, Sen, without explicitly connecting the capabilities approach with his views on “genuine multiculturalis” (Sen 2007), in fact, introduces this extended conception of freedom in the way we examine identity matters. Since freedom becomes perceptible as the range of options a person has, concerning the kind of life he wishes to live, cultural freedom can be defined through the concept of the multiplicity of belonging. In other words, cultural freedom constitutes itself a capability, which is realized when nothing and no one, not even myself, can tie me down to a kind of cultural rigidity that tends to exclude and marginalize me. This latent connection of “capabilities” with “multiple identities” (Sen 2007) challenges us to search for the contribution Sen’s approach could have in the understanding and confrontation of issues concerning migrants, away from theoretical patterns that overemphasize the cultural otherness as an impediment to inclusion. Besides, Sen himself, without of course focusing exclusively on migrants, has already approached the matter of social exclusion with terms of his capabilities approach (Sen 2000).

Límites de ductilidad y de servicio al cálculo en carga última de estructuras de hormigón armado y de fábrica

En este trabajo se aborda una cuestión central en el diseño en carga última de estructuras de hormigón armado y de fábrica: la posibilidad efectiva de que las deformaciones plásticas necesarias para verificar un estado de rotura puedan ser alcanzadas por las regiones de la estructura que deban desarrollar su capacidad última para verificar tal estado. Así, se parte de las decisiones de diseño que mediante mera estática aseguran un equilibrio de la estructura para las cargas últimas que deba resistir, pero determinando directamente el valor de las deformaciones necesarias para llegar a tal estado. Por tanto, no se acude a los teoremas de rotura sin más, sino que se formula el problema desde un punto de vista elastoplástico. Es decir, no se obvia el recorrido que la estructura deba realizar en un proceso de carga incremental monótono, de modo que las regiones no plastificadas contribuyen a coaccionar las libres deformaciones plásticas que, en la teoría de rotura, se suponen. En términos de trabajo y energía, se introduce en el balance del trabajo de las fuerzas externas y en el de la energía de deformación, aquella parte del sistema que no ha plastificado. Establecido así el balance energético como potencial del sistema es cuando la condición de estacionariedad del mismo hace determinados los campos de desplazamientos y, por tanto, el de las deformaciones plásticas también. En definitiva, se trata de un modo de verificar si la ductilidad de los diseños previstos es suficiente, y en qué medida, para verificar el estado de rotura previsto, para unas determinadas cargas impuestas. Dentro del desarrollo teórico del problema, se encuentran ciertas precisiones importantes. Entre ellas, la verificación de que el estado de rotura a que se llega de manera determinada mediante el balance energético elasto-plástico satisface las condiciones de la solución de rotura que los teoremas de carga última predicen, asegurando, por tanto, que la solución determinada -unicidad del problema elásticocoincide con el teorema de unicidad de la carga de rotura, acotando además cuál es el sistema de equilibrio y cuál es la deformada de colapso, aspectos que los teoremas de rotura no pueden asegurar, sino sólo el valor de la carga última a verificar. Otra precisión se basa en la particularidad de los casos en que el sistema presenta una superficie de rotura plana, haciendo infinitas las posibilidades de equilibrio para una misma deformada de colapso determinada, lo que está en la base de, aparentemente, poder plastificar a antojo en vigas y arcos. Desde el planteamiento anterior, se encuentra entonces que existe una condición inherente a cualquier sistema, definidas unas leyes constitutivas internas, que permite al mismo llegar al inicio del estado de rotura sin demandar deformación plástica alguna, produciéndose la plastificación simultánea de todas las regiones que hayan llegado a su solicitación de rotura. En cierto modo, se daría un colapso de apariencia frágil. En tal caso, el sistema conserva plenamente hasta el final su capacidad dúctil y tal estado actúa como representante canónico de cualquier otra solución de equilibrio que con idéntico criterio de diseño interno se prevea para tal estructura. En la medida que el diseño se acerque o aleje de la solución canónica, la demanda de ductilidad del sistema para verificar la carga última será menor o mayor. Las soluciones que se aparten en exceso de la solución canónica, no verificarán el estado de rotura previsto por falta de ductilidad: la demanda de deformación plástica de alguna región plastificada estará más allá de la capacidad de la misma, revelándose una carga de rotura por falta de ductilidad menor que la que se preveía por mero equilibrio. Para la determinación de las deformaciones plásticas de las rótulas, se ha tomado un modelo formulado mediante el Método de los Elementos de Contorno, que proporciona un campo continuo de desplazamientos -y, por ende, de deformaciones y de tensiones- incluso en presencia de fisuras en el contorno. Importante cuestión es que se formula la diferencia, nada desdeñable, de la capacidad de rotación plástica de las secciones de hormigón armado en presencia de cortante y en su ausencia. Para las rótulas de fábrica, la diferencia se establece para las condiciones de la excentricidad -asociadas al valor relativo de la compresión-, donde las diferencias entres las regiones plastificadas con esfuerzo normal relativo alto o bajo son reseñables. Por otro lado, si bien de manera un tanto secundaria, las condiciones de servicio también imponen un límite al diseño previo en carga última deseado. La plastificación lleva asociadas deformaciones considerables, sean locales como globales. Tal cosa impone que, en estado de servicio, si la plastificación de alguna región lleva asociadas fisuraciones excesivas para el ambiente del entorno, la solución sea inviable por ello. Asimismo, las deformaciones de las estructuras suponen un límite severo a las posibilidades de su diseño. Especialmente en edificación, las deformaciones activas son un factor crítico a la hora de decidirse por una u otra solución. Por tanto, al límite que se impone por razón de ductilidad, se debe añadir el que se imponga por razón de las condiciones de servicio. Del modo anterior, considerando las condiciones de ductilidad y de servicio en cada caso, se puede tasar cada decisión de diseño con la previsión de cuáles serán las consecuencias en su estado de carga última y de servicio. Es decir, conocidos los límites, podemos acotar cuáles son los diseños a priori que podrán satisfacer seguro las condiciones de ductilidad y de servicio previstas, y en qué medida. Y, en caso de no poderse satisfacer, qué correcciones debieran realizarse sobre el diseño previo para poderlas cumplir. Por último, de las consecuencias que se extraen de lo estudiado, se proponen ciertas líneas de estudio y de experimentación para poder llegar a completar o expandir de manera práctica los resultados obtenidos. ABSTRACT This work deals with a main issue for the ultimate load design in reinforced concrete and masonry structures: the actual possibility that needed yield strains to reach a ultimate state could be reached by yielded regions on the structure that should develop their ultimate capacity to fulfill such a state. Thus, some statically determined design decisions are posed as a start for prescribed ultimate loads to be counteracted, but finding out the determined value of the strains needed to reach the ultimate load state. Therefore, ultimate load theorems are not taken as they are, but a full elasto-plastic formulation point of view is used. As a result, the path the structure must develop in a monotonus increasing loading procedure is not neglected, leading to the fact that non yielded regions will restrict the supposed totally free yield strains under a pure ultimate load theory. In work and energy terms, in the overall account of external forces work and internal strain energy, those domains in the body not reaching their ultimate state are considered. Once thus established the energy balance of the system as its potential, by imposing on it the stationary condition, both displacements and yield strains appear as determined values. Consequently, what proposed is a means for verifying whether the ductility of prescribed designs is enough and the extent to which they are so, for known imposed loads. On the way for the theoretical development of the proposal, some important aspects have been found. Among these, the verification that the conditions for the ultimate state reached under the elastoplastic energy balance fulfills the conditions prescribed for the ultimate load state predicted through the ultimate load theorems, assuring, therefore, that the determinate solution -unicity of the elastic problemcoincides with the unicity ultimate load theorem, determining as well which equilibrium system and which collapse shape are linked to it, being these two last aspects unaffordable by the ultimate load theorems, that make sure only which is the value of the ultimate load leading to collapse. Another aspect is based on the particular case in which the yield surface of the system is flat -i.e. expressed under a linear expression-, turning out infinite the equilibrium possibilities for one determined collapse shape, which is the basis of, apparently, deciding at own free will the yield distribution in beams and arches. From the foresaid approach, is then found that there is an inherent condition in any system, once defined internal constitutive laws, which allows it arrive at the beginning of the ultimate state or collapse without any yield strain demand, reaching the collapse simultaneously for all regions that have come to their ultimate strength. In a certain way, it would appear to be a fragile collapse. In such a case case, the system fully keeps until the end its ductility, and such a state acts as a canonical representative of any other statically determined solution having the same internal design criteria that could be posed for the that same structure. The extent to which a design is closer to or farther from the canonical solution, the ductility demand of the system to verify the ultimate load will be higher or lower. The solutions being far in excess from the canonical solution, will not verify the ultimate state due to lack of ductility: the demand for yield strains of any yielded region will be beyond its capacity, and a shortcoming ultimate load by lack of ductility will appear, lower than the expected by mere equilibrium. For determining the yield strains of plastic hinges, a Boundary Element Method based model has been used, leading to a continuous displacement field -therefore, for strains and stresses as well- even if cracks on the boundary are present. An important aspect is that a remarkable difference is found in the rotation capacity between plastic hinges in reinforced concrete with or without shear. For masonry hinges, such difference appears when dealing with the eccentricity of axial forces -related to their relative value of compression- on the section, where differences between yield regions under high or low relative compressions are remarkable. On the other hand, although in a certain secondary manner, serviceability conditions impose limits to the previous ultimate load stated wanted too. Yield means always big strains and deformations, locally and globally. Such a thing imposes, for serviceability states, that if a yielded region is associated with too large cracking for the environmental conditions, the predicted design will be unsuitable due to this. Furthermore, displacements must be restricted under certain severe limits that restrain the possibilities for a free design. Especially in building structures, active displacements are a critical factor when chosing one or another solution. Then, to the limits due to ductility reasons, other limits dealing with serviceability conditions shoud be added. In the foresaid way, both considering ductility and serviceability conditions in every case, the results for ultimate load and serviceability to which every design decision will lead can be bounded. This means that, once the limits are known, it is possible to bound which a priori designs will fulfill for sure the prescribed ductility and serviceability conditions, and the extent to wich they will be fulfilled, And, in case they were not, which corrections must be performed in the previous design so that it will. Finally, from the consequences derived through what studied, several study and experimental fields are proposed, in order to achieve a completeness and practical expansion of the obtained results.

A Mea Culpa for The Felix Culpa? A Greater Goods Response to the Problems of Evil and Hell

In this paper I want to develop a particular kind of greater-good response to the problems of evil and hell, one which hence can serve as a backup plan should the free will defense not satisfy. Ultimately, this response will appear to belong to several traditions in theodicy. Like all greater-goods views, this one relies on explaining the existence of evil in terms of the greater goods that come out of it. Among these goods are the greater goods of Incarnation and Atonement, their respective goodness consisting in large part in the higher-order divine good of glorifying God through the display of divine virtue.

Prisão preventiva: direito à razoável duração e necessidade de prazo legal máximo

O direito à razoável duração do processo, inserido expressamente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir do advento da Emenda Constitucional 45/2004, já poderia ser inferido desde a incorporação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, bem como ser considerado um corolário da garantia do devido processo legal. Todo indivíduo tem o direito a um processo sem dilações indevidas, em especial aquele que se encontre submetido a uma prisão preventiva, medida cautelar pessoal de extrema gravosidade. Nesse contexto, exsurge o direito que o indivíduo preso preventivamente tem de que o seu processo seja julgado em um prazo razoável ou de que ele seja desencarcerado, caso preso além da necessidade fática contida no caso concreto. Entretanto, a interpretação da garantia não pode restar somente à livre vontade dos aplicadores do direito, sendo necessária uma regulamentação legal efetiva da duração da prisão preventiva, por meio de prazos concretos nos quais o sujeito deverá ser posto em liberdade, ante a desídia estatal. Incorporando experiências estrangeiras, deve o legislador pátrio adotar marcos temporais legais, em que a prisão preventiva deverá cessar, caso excessivamente prolongada. Muito embora no ano de 2011 tenha sido reformada a tutela das medidas cautelares pessoais no Código de Processo Penal, o legislador ordinário não aprovou a imposição de limites de duração da prisão preventiva, permanecendo ao livre arbítrio das autoridades judiciárias a interpretação da garantia em referência. Assim, o Projeto de Lei do Novo Código de Processo Penal, atualmente em trâmite no Congresso Nacional, ao prever limites máximos de duração da prisão preventiva, dá uma efetiva regulamentação à garantia da duração razoável do imputado preso, devendo ser, espera-se, mantido no eventual texto final aprovado.

Doct. Francisci Suarez Granatensis, ex Societate Iesu, Tractatus theologicus, de vera intelligentia auxilii efficacis, eiúque concordia, cum libero arbitrio : opys posthumum, ad stabiliendas definitiones fidei, à S.D.N. Innocentio X. contra Iansenium eiéusque partiarios, editas, accommodatum : prodit nunc primum.

Errors in pagination: nos. 201, 265-266, and 414 numbered respectively 191, 267-268, and 408; nos. 276-277 omitted.

Doctoris Francisci Suarez Granatensis, de Societate Iesu ... Varia opuscula theologica : 1. De concursu, motione, & auxilio Dei. lib. III. 2. De scientia Dei futurorum contingentium. lib. II. 3. De auxilio efficaci. Breuis resolutio. 4. De libertate diuinae voluntatis. Relectio prior. 5. De reuiuiscentia meritorum. Relectio altera. 6. De iustitia Dei . Disputatio. : cum indice gemino, vno locorum sacræ Scripturæ altero rerum.

Includes index.

Essays on the philosophy of theism /

Spine title: The philosophy of theism.

The Alternative : a study in psychology.

Photocopy.

The philosophy of spiritual activity; a modern philosophy of life developed by scientific methods,

"Edited by H. Collison."