Standardization of in-house polymerase chain reaction for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the reference tropical disease hospital in the State of Goiás, Brazil

This study compares smear, growth in Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 72 specimens from 72 patients with clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, including 70 sputum and two bronchial aspirate samples, were tested in parallel by smear, culture, and in-house PCR techniques. From these, 48 (66.6%) were negative by the 3 methods, 2 (2.8%) were smear positive and negative by culture and in-house PCR, 11 (15.3%) were both smear and culture negative, and in-house PCR positive, 7 (9.7%) were positive by the 3 methods, 2 (2.8%) were positive by smear and culture, and negative by PCR, 2 (2.8%) were positive by culture and PCR, but smear negative. After the resolution of discrepancies in PCR results, the sensitivity and specificity for in-house PCR technique to M. tuberculosis relative to the culture, were 81.8% and 81.9%, respectively. These results confirm that this method, in-house PCR, may be a sensitive and specific technique for M. tuberculosis detection, occurring in both positive and negative smear and negative cultures.

Lutzomyia longipalpis in Clorinda, Formosa province, an area of potential visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Argentina

Phlebotomine captures were performed during 2004 in Clorinda, Argentina. Clorinda is located across the branches of the Paraguay river in front of Asunción city, Paraguay. Reports of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Asunción have been increasing since 1997, however neither leishmaniasis cases nor sand flies were ever recorded from Clorinda. Light traps were located in migration paths (bridges, port), and peridomestic environments of Clorinda and surrounding localities. Lutzomyia longipalpis was found in Clorinda and Puerto Pilcomayo, first report in a potential visceral leishmaniasis transmission area for Argentina. Active surveillance is required immediately in the localities involved and the surrounding area.

Phlebotominae spatial distribution asssociated with a focus of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Las Lomitas, Formosa, Argentina, 2002

Las Lomitas, Formosa, Argentina, reported 96 cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis during 2002. The urban transmission was suggested although previous outbreaks were related with floods of the Bermejo river (BR) 50 km from the village. Phlebotomine collections were performed during March 2002 to define the spatial distribution of risk, together with satellite imaginery. The phlebotomine/trap obtained was 1679.5 in the southern BR shore, 1.1 in the periruban-rural environment and 2.3 in the northern Pilcomayo river marshes. Lutzomyia neivai was the prevalent species (91.1%) among the 2393 phlebotomine captured, and it was only found in the BR traps. The other species were L. migonei (7.9%), L. cortelezzii (0.9%), and Brumptomyia guimaraesi (0.1%). The satellite images analysis indicates that the fishing spots at the BR were significantlyoverflowed during the transmission peak, consistent with fishermen recollections. This spatial restricted flood might concentrate vectors, reservoirs, and humans in high places. Therefore, both the spatial distribution of vectors and the sensor remoting data suggests that in Las Lomitas area the higher transmission risk it is still related with the gallery forest of the BR, despite of the urban residence of the cases. The surveillance and control implications of these results are discussed.

Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, by molecular and serological procedures, 1995-2002

In this study, a total of 865 serum samples were collected between 1995 and 2002 from individuals living in Goiânia, Central Brazil, and clinically suspected of hepatitis. After exclusion of 162 samples which were positive for hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, 703 samples were tested for anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) IgM antibodies by enzyme immunoassay. In addition, 588 of these samples and 22 fecal samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-nested PCR for HAV RNA detection, with positivity indices of 13.1% (77/588) and 54.5% (12/22), respectively. A similar index of viral RNA detection in anti-HAV-IgM positive or negative samples was observed in serum samples. HAV infection is a public health problem worldwide and this study underscores the extent of HAV circulation in our region.

Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a public health problem worldwide and the virus has been classified into six genotypes. In Brazil, the only genotype that has been found is genotype I, predominately from subgenotype IA. Here, the HAV genotypes were analyzed of 18 isolates circulating between 1996-2001 in Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil. Viral RNA was extracted from 18 serum samples and amplified (RT-PCR/nested-PCR), followed by the genomic sequencing of the VP1/2A junction region of the HAV genome. Sequences of 168 nucleotides were compared and analyzed using the BLAST N, Clustal X and PAUP v. 4.10b programs. All samples were classified as genotype I, with 10 belonging to subgenotype IA and eight to subgenotype IB. The subgenotype IA isolates showed greater diversity than the subgenotype IB isolates at the nucleotide level. Elevated identity values were found between isolates obtained in this study and those from other regions of the world, including Brazil, highlighting the high conservation among different isolates of this virus. However, changes in the HAV subgenotype circulation could also be observed during the evaluated period.

Molecular characterization of G and P-types bovine rotavirus strains from Goiás, Brazil: high frequency of mixed P-type infections

In this study, 331 samples from calves less than one month old from a dairy herd in the district of Piracanjuba, state of Goiás, Brazil were tested for rotavirus. Thirty-three samples (9.9%) tested positive for rotavirus. Out of those, 31 were submitted to G and P characterization by reverse transcription followed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. Two samples were characterized as G6P[1], three as G10P[11] and five as G6P[11]. The majority of the samples (51.6%) displayed multiple P genotypes (P-genotype mixtures), including typical human genotypes P[4] and P[6M], suggesting the occurrence of co-infections and genetic reassortment. Also, the detection of human genotypes in bovine samples may be considered evidence of the zoonotic potential of rotaviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a high frequency of P genotype mixtures in bovine rotavirus samples. It also increases data on G and P rotavirus genotypes circulating in dairy herds in Brazil and can help in the development of more efficient immunization approaches, thereby controlling infection and reducing economical losses.

Clinical data and molecular analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Goiás, Brazil

Drug resistance is one of the major concerns regarding tuberculosis (TB) infection worldwide because it hampers control of the disease. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for drug resistance development is of the highest importance. To investigate clinical data from drug-resistant TB patients at the Tropical Diseases Hospital, Goiás (GO), Brazil and to evaluate the molecular basis of rifampin (R) and isoniazid (H) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug susceptibility testing was performed on 124 isolates from 100 patients and 24 isolates displayed resistance to R and/or H. Molecular analysis of drug resistance was performed by partial sequencing of the rpoB and katGgenes and analysis of the inhA promoter region. Similarity analysis of isolates was performed by 15 loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. The molecular basis of drug resistance among the 24 isolates from 16 patients was confirmed in 18 isolates. Different susceptibility profiles among the isolates from the same individual were observed in five patients; using MIRU-VNTR, we have shown that those isolates were not genetically identical, with differences in one to three loci within the 15 analysed loci. Drug-resistant TB in GO is caused by M. tuberculosis strains with mutations in previously described sites of known genes and some patients harbour a mixed phenotype infection as a consequence of a single infective event; however, further and broader investigations are needed to support our findings.

O monitoramento de processos físicos de esterilização em hospitais do interior do estado de Goiás

Estudo descritivo com o objetivo de identificar a realização de controles físicos, químicos e biológicos dos processos de esterilização pelo vapor saturado sob pressão e em estufas de Pasteur em Centros de Material e Esterilização - CME. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista ao responsável pelo CME do maior hospital de todas as cidades do interior do Estado de Goiás, com número de habitantes igual ou superior a 20.000, no período de agosto de 2005 a junho de 2006. Participaram 44 municípios. Foi utilizado o programa SPSS, para análise. Em 31 (94,0%) hospitais não havia enfermeiros exclusivos no CME, os responsáveis eram técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. A maioria não realizava os controles físicos, químicos e biológicos dos processos de esterilização e, em apenas um, esses eram realizados simultaneamente. O descumprimento da monitorização dos ciclos de esterilização, impedindo a garantia da qualidade dos processos, representa risco à população assistida.

Perceptions of representatives of a committee against dengue in the health education actions, Goiás, Brazil.

This study aimed to analyze how the educational actions of prevention and control of dengue are performed in Goiás, from the perspective of representatives of the State Mobilization Committee against Dengue. It is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, carried out in Goiânia with 43 representatives of public-private institutions, members of the State Mobilization Committee against Dengue of Goiás, in 2013. The data collection was done through questioning about the perception of health education for dengue prevention. Data were analyzed using content analysis and the WebQDA software. Three dimensions emerged from the analysis: educational aspects, management aspects, and community involvement. Respondents recognized the importance of health education for the prevention of dengue, and of the planning to strengthen the activities of the Committee.

Bat flies (Diptera, Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) in a Cerrado area of Goiás State, Brazil

A survey of bat flies was carried out in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) in the Goiás state, Brazil. We collected 227 specimens of seventeen species belonging to nine genera of Streblidae and seven specimens of four species of Basilia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903 (Nycteribiidae). Except for Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907) (Streblidae), all species are new recorded in Goiás.

Seasonality in insect abundance in the "Cerrado" of Goiás State, Brazil

Seasonality in insect abundance in the "Cerrado" of Goiás State, Brazil. Many studies have provided evidence that tropical insects undergo seasonal changes in abundance and that this is partly due to alternation between the dry and rainy seasons. In the Brazilian "Cerrado" (savannah), this season alternation is particularly evident. The purpose of this work was to study the seasonal abundance of insects in a "Cerrado" area in the municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. The insects were captured fortnightly using a light trap between September 2005 and August 2006. The insects collected were separated at the order level and counted. Faunistic analysis was performed to select the predominant insect orders, a multiple linear regression to examine the relation between climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) with the abundance of insects and a circular distribution analysis to evaluate the existence of seasonality in the abundance of insect orders. A total of 34,741 insect specimens were captured, belonging to 19 orders. The orders with the greatest number of specimens were Hymenoptera (8,022), Coleoptera (6,680), Diptera (6,394), Lepidoptera (6,223), Isoptera (2,272), Hemiptera (2,240) and Trichoptera (1,967), which represent 97.3% of all the specimens collected. All the orders, except for Diptera, Isoptera and Trichoptera, showed a relationship with the climate variables (temperature), and all the orders, except for Diptera, presented a grouped distribution, with greater abundance in the transition from the end of the dry season (September) to the start of the rainy one (October/November). A discussion about seasonality on the abundance of the insects is presented.

Taxonomic key for the genera of Elmidae (Coleoptera, Byrrhoidea) occurring in Goiás State, Brazil, including new records and distributional notes

A taxonomic key for the genera of Elmidae (Coleoptera, Byrrhoidea) occurring in Goiás State, Brazil, including new records and distributional notes. Despite their great diversity and high abundance in Neotropical aquatic environments, the fauna of Elmidae remains practically unknown in some areas and even entire biomes in this region. In this work we bring, for the first time, faunistic data for the Elmidae of central Brazil. The aim of this work was to inventory the Elmidae fauna in central, southwestern and southeastern Goiás State, Brazil and to produce a taxonomic key, at genus level, for adults from the studied region. The taxonomic key presented herein offers means for the identification of all the 13 genera known to occur in Goiás, 11 of them being new records for the State. Moreover, the number of named species registered for Goiás increased from one to nine.

Atributos biológicos indicadores da qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo na região do cerrado no sul do estado de Goiás

O estudo da quantidade e da atividade da biomassa microbiana pode fornecer subsídios importantes para o planejamento do uso correto da terra, considerando a natureza dinâmica dos microrganismos do solo. Este trabalho objetivou verificar alterações em atributos biológicos indicadores da qualidade do solo na adoção de sistemas de manejo em áreas originalmente sob cerrado nativo, e selecionar os atributos com melhor desempenho em indicar tais alterações. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em três profundidades (0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm) em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico textura argilosa no município de Morrinhos (GO). Foram selecionadas cinco propriedades agrícolas, baseadas na sua representatividade para a região com relação ao histórico de uso e às características dos sistemas de manejo adotados. Estes consistiram de: cerrado nativo, pastagem, plantio direto, plantio direto com histórico de gradagem superficial, plantio convencional de longa duração e plantio convencional recente após pastagem. O cerrado nativo foi tomado como referência, uma vez que todos os sistemas foram instalados em área originalmente de cerrado. Foram avaliados: carbono da biomassa microbiana (Cmic), respiração basal, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e relação Cmic/CO. Em adição, foram avaliados o carbono orgânico total (CO) e alguns atributos de fertilidade do solo. A adoção dos sistemas agrícolas e da pastagem reduziu os teores de Cmic na camada superficial, em relação ao cerrado nativo. Excetuando o sítio sob cerrado, o maior valor de Cmic foi observado na pastagem e o menor no plantio convencional de longa duração. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os sistemas de manejo para respiração basal e qCO2. O Cmic indicou alterações significativas na instalação de sistemas de manejo em relação ao cerrado nativo e, embora tenha apontado diferenças apenas entre dois dos cinco sistemas cultivados, foi indicativo de maior equilíbrio da microbiota do solo no cerrado.

Atributos de agregação indicadores da qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo na região dos cerrados no sul do estado de Goiás

Os Latossolos sob cerrado têm sido intensivamente incorporados ao processo produtivo agrícola. No entanto, são escassos estudos de qualidade do solo nesse ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar alterações em atributos de agregação indicadores da qualidade do solo, em decorrência da adoção de sistemas de manejo em áreas de cerrado nativo, e selecionar os atributos com melhor desempenho em indicar tais alterações. Foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Morrinhos (GO) e avaliados: diâmetro médio geométrico, percentagem de agregados maiores que 2 mm (> 2 mm), percentagem de agregados menores que 0,25 mm (< 0,25 mm), índice de floculação, carbono orgânico total e carbono da biomassa microbiana. Os sistemas de manejo consistiram de: (1) cerrado nativo; (2) pastagem; (3) plantio direto irrigado; (4) plantio direto irrigado com histórico de gradagem superficial; (5) plantio convencional irrigado; (6) plantio convencional irrigado recente após pastagem. Os sistemas plantio direto, pastagem e plantio convencional recente não alteraram os atributos de agregação avaliados em relação ao cerrado nativo, enquanto o sistema convencional de longa duração reduziu a estabilidade de agregados em água. Na camada superficial do solo, o teor de carbono orgânico total apresentou correlação positiva com o DMG (0,865*) e com a classe de agregados > 2 mm (0,852*) e negativa com a classe de agregados < 0,25 mm (-0,903**). O DMG e as percentagens de agregados > 2 mm e < 0,25 mm apresentaram bom desempenho em indicar alterações em relação ao cerrado, podendo ser sugeridos como componentes a serem utilizados na elaboração de um índice de qualidade do solo para a região.

Mineralogia e micromorfologia de solos esqueléticos do bioma cerrado, no leste de Goiás

A grande quantidade de material mineral com diâmetro maior que 2 mm de alguns solos do bioma Cerrado é uma característica de interesse em se tratando de formação, classificação, uso e manejo desses solos. Com o objetivo de contrastar atributos morfológicos, físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos desses solos, com caráter esquelético, foram estudados perfis de Plintossolos Pétricos e Cambissolos Háplicos no leste de Goiás, comparando-os, também, com outros perfis semelhantes descritos na literatura. Cada perfil de solo (seis ao todo) correspondeu a uma trincheira, que permitiu a descrição morfológica e as amostragens, realizadas em duas profundidades, totalizando 12 amostras. Os corpos de petroplintita das frações mais grosseiras da terra fina contribuem para aumentar o Fe2O3 do ataque sulfúrico dos Plintossolos. As relações Feo/Fed são, de forma generalizada, muito baixas, refletindo a elevada estabilidade das formas cristalinas de Fe. Os Plintossolos e os Cambissolos estudados apresentam valores médios de Ki e Kr relativamente baixos quando comparados com outros solos das mesmas classes e com caráter esquelético do bioma Cerrado. A ausência de hematita na fração argila dos solos estudados reflete um processo de xantização do pedoambiente mais úmido das bordas da chapada, local de ocorrência dos Plintossolos, cujo material erodido contribui para formação dos Cambissolos. A hematita só aparece na fração areia dos Plintossolos, associada aos corpos de petroplintita. Magnetita/maghemita foram identificadas nas duas classes de solos. Nos Cambissolos, a detecção de mica por difração de raios X da fração areia e de minerais com cores de interferência fortes nas lâminas delgadas, além dos maiores valores das relações Ki e Kr, realçam a presença de material menos intemperizado, relativamente aos Plintossolos. A pequena quantidade de plasma, 10 % em relação à área das lâminas delgadas, confirma o caráter esquelético dos solos estudados. Os Plintossolos apresentam estrutura granular adensada. Os Cambissolos apresentam o espaço poroso menos conectado e dominado por alvéolos e canais, com microestrutura de grãos com películas.