1000 resultados para Formiga-de-fogo
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La formiga invasora Linepithema humile (Mayr), també coneguda com la formiga argentina, és una espècie present a la península Ibèrica. En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat com afecta la presència d'aquesta espècie plaga a la comunitat de formigues autòctones y al procés de dispersió de llavors de plantes mediterrànies. L'estudi es va dur a terme en una àrea de sureda i brolla d'estepes i bruc boal situada al nord-est peninsular, prop de la línia de costa mediterrània. Un dels primers y més notables efectes de la invasió a les nostres àrees d'estudi és la dramàtica alteració de la comunitat de formigues, en forma de una reducció de la riquesa específica i de la homogeneïtat d'abundàncies. A més, a les zones envaïdes no hi queda cap espècie de formiga autòctona dispersant de llavors. A causa de la gran abundància d'obreres de la formiga argentina a les zones envaïdes, i del seu elevat ritme d'activitat, aquesta espècie efectua un intens rastreig del sòl, la qual cosa li permet localitzar els recursos en un temps menor que les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, la obertura mandibular de la comunitat de formigues esdevé molt disminuïda a les zones envaïdes a causa de la desaparició de les espècies autòctones, la majoria d'elles de mida més grossa que la formiga argentina, la qual cosa podria limitar la capacitat de manipulació de l'entorn que té la comunitat de formigues a les zones envaïdes, i podria explicar la falta de reemplaçament d'alguns dels rols que duien a terme les espècies de formigues autòctones abans de la invasió. La formiga argentina es mostra atreta per les llavors de les nou espècies vegetals estudiades (dues euforbiàcies: Euphorbia biumbellata i E. characias; dues compostes: Cirsium vulgare i Galactites tomentosa; i cinc papilionàcies: Genista linifolia, G. monspessulana, G. triflora, Sarothamnus arboreus i Ulex parviflorus), arribant a transportar i fins i tot introduir al niu algunes llavors, però amb probabilitats inferiors a les realitzades per les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, el seu comportament davant les nou espècies de llavors és variable, de manera que sembla que el seu efecte sobre la dispersió de llavors podria ser diferent per a cada espècie vegetal. L'alteració del procés de dispersió no sembla alterar l'èxit reproductiu d'una espècie concreta, Euphorbia characias, a les zones envaïdes; ni el seu reclutament, ni la distribució espacial, ni la supervivència de les plàntules són significativament diferents a les zones envaïdes que a les no envaïdes. La desaparició de les espècies de formigues granívores de les zones envaïdes pot afectar la dinàmica de les llavors de plantes no mirmecòcores. Així, les llavors de tres papilionàcies (Calicotome spinosa, Psoralea bituminosa i Spartium junceum) resulten amb un menor nivell de transports (i probablement menor depredació) a les zones envaïdes per la formiga argentina.
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La present tesi intenta obtenir noves dades referents a la biologia i ecologia de la formiga argentina que poden arribar a ser cabdals per al disseny o millora de noves metodologies de control de l'expansió de la plaga en ecosistemes naturals. Així doncs, l'estudi de l'activitat de cerca d'aliment i del seu espectre dietari en ecosistemes naturals, juntament amb el de les fluctuacions estacionals de la densitat de reines en nius naturals, obre les portes a la millora de mètodes de control de la plaga mitjançant esquers tòxics d'efecte retardat i a l'aplicació de noves metodologies de control sense l'ús d'agents químics basats en l'eliminació massiva de reines. La tesi també aporta noves dades sobre la fisiologia reproductiva de l'espècie en relació a la temperatura, la qual cosa permet la integració de l'aspecte fisiològic en models de predicció del rang potencial d'establiment de la plaga en ecosistemes naturals, aspecte fins ara pràcticament oblidat en aquest tipus de models predictius.
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O trabalho analisa o processo eleitoral do referendo sobre a proibição da comercialização de armas de fogo e munição no Brasil a partir das percepções e motivações dos eleitores. Tendo como fonte de pesquisa as cartas de leitores de três jornais de grande circulação no país, pretende identificar os principais valores, sentimentos e argumentos mencionados na justificação do voto. Para isso, apresenta algumas considerações sobre cultura política, cultura do medo, percepções da insegurança e da cidadania no Brasil.
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Mosaicos naturais de floresta e campo são freqüentes no sul do Brasil, apesar das condições climáticas em geral serem favoráveis às formações florestais. Os campos portanto têm sido considerados um tipo de vegetação relictual de um clima mais frio e seco. Dados paleopalinológicos têm confirmado a hipótese de expansão florestal proposta por Lindman e Rambo com base em evidências fitogeográficas. Porém, fogo e pastejo têm sido utilizados no manejo dos campos, limitando o estabelecimento de árvores em áreas de campo, e parecem ser essenciais para a existência dos campos num clima úmido. Mudanças na intensidade ou freqüência do fogo ou do pastejo podem permitir o adensamento de espécies lenhosas em comunidades campestres. Todavia, os processos envolvidos são influenciados pelas condições locais e tipo de espécies pioneiras. Esta tese aborda padrões espaciais de transição da floresta ao campo, na ausência de pastejo, porém sob diferentes condições locais relacionadas à exposição do relevo (norte, sul, sudoeste) e ao fogo. Os dados abrangem arbustos e árvores pela composição de espécies e tipos funcionais de plantas (plant functional types, PFTs), e variáveis do solo em bordas de floresta-campo, sob diferentes períodos de tempo transcorrido desde a última queimada nas áreas de campo. Dados sobre composição, diversidade, categoria de plantas (que rebrotam e não rebrotam) e PFTs foram analisados de acordo com o período de tempo sem fogo em dois levantamentos realizados em anos consecutivos. O objetivo desta última análise foi descrever como reagem as plantas lenhosas em áreas de campo freqüentemente queimadas, num contexto de ecótonos de floresta-campo O estudo foi conduzido no Morro Santana (30°03’ S, 51°07’ W, altitude máxima: 311m), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. A vegetação da área apresenta mosaicos de floresta-campo. Os dados foram coletados em seis pares de transecção (4,5 x 58,5 m cada) perpendiculares à borda florestacampo. Cada transecção era composta por seis quadros grandes (LP= 20,25 m²) consecutivos na floresta e sete no campo. Em cada um dos LP, foram instalados três quadros pequenos (SPs) consecutivos, a fim de medir todos os indivíduos iguais ou maiores que 10 cm de altura. Nos LPs, o critério de inclusão foi a altura mínima de 80 cm. Uma queimada experimental foi realizada nos quadros de campo, considerando sempre uma transecção de cada pa r, antes da coleta dos dados. Ao todo foram amostradas 124 espécies lenhosas de 42 famílias. Destas, 90 espécies foram amostradas nos quadros da floresta e 76 nos quadros do campo, das quais 44 foram comuns a ambas as formações (espécies típicas de borda ou pioneiras). No interior da floresta, plântulas e indivíduos jovens de árvores foram significativamente mais abundantes nos quadros próximos da borda, onde os índices de diversidade, eqüidade e riqueza também foram maiores. Os gradientes da floresta ao campo foram analisados como trajetórias de composição em um espaço de ordenação multidimensional. Diferenças nos padrões espaciais reveladas entre locais com exposição distinta foram evidenciadas. Bordas abruptas ocorreram principalmente nas transecções de exposição sul e sudoeste, enquanto transições mais graduais foram observadas no norte As condições do solo também diferiram em relação às exposições predominantes, porém os principais parâmetros variaram conforme a distância espacial do limite da floresta. Assim, apesar dos padrões de vegetação diferirem conforme a exposição predominante, o fator mais importante na explicação dos padrões foi a distância do limite florestal, não somente per se, mas por todos parâmetros correlacionados que variam no gradiente. Em relação aos dois levantamentos realizados em áreas de campo, 31 espécies arbustivas de campo e 45 florestais foram analisadas, das quais 65,8% tinham capacidade de rebrotar. A composição de espécies diferiu com o tempo após o fogo. Densidade, riqueza e diversidade foram menores nos quadros recentemente queimados, principalmente nos sítios com exposição sul. Considerando arbustos de campo, a riqueza e a densidade foram maiores nos quadros não queimados há um e dois anos do que naqueles há mais de três anos. Comparando arbustos com e sem capacidade de rebrotar, os que rebrotam tiveram sempre maior densidade Árvores com capacidade de rebrote predominaram nas áreas com exposição norte, apresentando densidades similares, independente do tempo após o fogo. Porém, árvores sem capacidade de rebrote apresentaram maior densidade nos quadros não queimados. Diferenças na dinâmica de recrutamento de arbustos ou árvores uni- ou multi-caulinares também foram detectadas. Nas análises com base em PFTs, foram identific ados nove PFTs florestais com máxima associação com a variável distância da borda. A habilidade de rebrote foi o principal atributo de plantas florestais que colonizam áreas de campo. A diversidade de PFTs foi maior nos quadros próximos da borda que no interior da floresta. Quatro PFTs foram identificados, entre espécies lenhosas florestais e campestres, com máxima associação com o tempo decorrido após o fogo nas áreas de campo. Alguns dos principais aspectos descritos no parágrafo anterior foram corroborados. Arbustos altos com base uni-caulinar predominaram nas áreas não queimadas (3-4 anos), enquanto arbustos baixos com base multi-caulinar predominaram nas áreas recentemente queimadas (3 meses a 1 ano). PFTs florestais ocorreram nos quadros da borda ou como adultos estabelecidos no campo, não sendo afetados pelo fogo. Com base nos principais resultados, as seguintes conclusões são possíveis: A alta proporção de espécies com capacidade de rebrote nas áreas de campo e a alta taxa de recrutamento das demais espécies caracterizam comunidades com distúrbios freqüentes e espécies bem adaptadas. O regime de fogo com intervalos de dois a três anos não impede o adensamento de arbustos do campo, porém retarda o avanço de espécies arbóreas florestais, exceto em sítios bastante próximos a borda ou em “ilhas” protegidas do fogo intenso PFTs lenhosos de áreas de campo, associados com os intervalos de fogo, sugerem que atributos facilmente mensurados são suficientes para avaliar a dinâmica pós-fogo em comunidades de espécies lenhosas. PFTs florestais nas áreas de campo se restringem àqueles com capacidade de rebrote, para sobreviver às queimadas recorrentes. Com base nas estratégias das plantas, nos PFTs e no padrão espacial das espécies nas bordas de floresta-campo sob influência freqüente do fogo, nós reforçamos a presença de dois mecanismos principais como formas de expansão florestal. Um deles refere-se ao adensamento gradual de espécies arbóreas junto à borda, em áreas cujo intervalo de tempo sem fogo é maior. Outro está relacionado ao recrutamento de árvores pioneiras isoladas no campo, freqüentemente próximo de matacões, onde menor biomassa de gramíneas conduz a menor intensidade do fogo. O fogo é portanto um fator de prevenção da expansão florestal sobre as áreas adjacentes de campo nas condições atuais de clima úmido. O presente regime de distúrbio permite a manutenção de uma elevada biodiversidade na paisagem dos morros de Porto Alegre pela co-ocorrência de ecossistemas ricos em espécies distintas (campos e florestas); a supressão de queimadas pode alterar o mosaico de tipos de hábitat, aumentando a proporção de áreas florestais.
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The present study aims to understand the process of Participation of the Health Council- CMS in the formularization, implementation and control of the Municipal health plan of Pedras de Fogo, through four criteria of quality of participation considered by Demo (1993): representation, legitimacy, base participation, and self-responsibility. The criteria of representation is related to the quality of politics of the representative over the representings. Legitimacy is related to the politics` quality of the process of participation based on norms and rules that stipulate the participation, the base participation is a necessary political support so that the power authorization directed to the representings can be effective and the self-responsibility refers to the capacity of being responsible when it concerns to the public service or property. Through the descriptive and exploratory study a qualitative method was adopted to consider the conditions of the participation of the twelve council members of the City council of Health of Pedras de Fogo, through a formulated Instrument based on the criteria of DEMO (1993). It was concluded that the quality of the participation of the council members of the CMS of Pedras de Fogo understands essential aspects of the criteria of quality considered by Demo (1993) but it shows fragilities as unfamiliarity with the norms that legitimize the performance of the council; unfamiliarity of its condition of being an agent and the importance of the participation of the base for the reinforcement of its participation, as well as inertia related to the check and rendering of accounts on its performance. This way it makes sense that the participation of the council in the four criteria of quality of politics considered in this paper needs to improve
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The seaweed Gracilaria domingensis is a common species in the coast of Rio Grande do Norte. This species lives in the intertidal zone, where colour strains (red, green and brown) co-occur during the whole year. Seaweeds that live in this region are exposed to daily changes and to the rhythm of the tide. During the low tide they are exposed to dissection, hiper-or hipo-osmotic shock, high temperatures and high irradiance. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the pigment and protein content of the colour strains of G. domingensis is affected by some environmental parameters in a temporal scale. The seaweeds were collected during 10 months in the seashore of Rio do Fogo (RN). The total soluble proteins and the phycobiliprotein were extracted in phosphate buffer and the carotenoids were analyzed by a standardized method through HPLC-UV. The pigments analysis showed that phycoerithrin is the most abundant pigment in the three strains. This pigment was strongly correlated with nitrogen and the photosynthetically active radiation. Chlorophyll presented higher concentrations than carotenoids during the whole, but the ratio carotenoid/chlorophyll-a was modified by incident radiation. The most abundant carotenoid was ß-carotene and zeaxanthin, which had higher concentrations in the higher radiation months. The concentration increase of zeaxanthin in this period indicated a photoprotective response of the seaweed. The three strains presented a pigment profile that indicates different radiation tolerance profile. Our results pointed that the green strain is better adapted to high irradiance levels than the red and brown strains
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The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA
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Biomass is considered the largest renewable energy source that can be used in an environmentally sustainable. From the pyrolysis of biomass is possible to obtain products with higher energy density and better use properties. The liquid resultant of this process is traditionally called bio-oil. The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with a greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macroporous ceramic bed. This paper presents a commercial infrared burner adapted with an ejector proposed able to burn a hybrid configuration of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and bio-oil diluted. The dilution of bio-oil with absolute ethanol aimed to decrease the viscosity of the fluid, and improving the stability and atomization. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two stages (low heat / high heat), and solenoid valves for fuels supply. The infrared burner has been tested, being the diluted bio-oil atomized, and evaluated its performance by conducting energy balance. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by thermocouples. The dilution reduced the viscosity of the bio-oil in 75.4% and increased by 11% the lower heating value (LHV) of the same, providing a stable combustion to the burner through the atomizing with compressed air and burns combined with LPG. Injecting the hybrid fuel there was increase in the heat transfer from the plate to the environment in 21.6% and gain useful benefit of 26.7%, due to the improved in the efficiency of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics of infrared burner
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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In northeastern Brazil, Octopus insularis is the most commercially important cephalopod species and its capture has been performed for several years by the lobster fishermen in the region. In order to obtain information about the reproductive biology, 1108 specimens were collected between November 2009 and September 2011 in the landings and fish markets of Rio do Fogo (RN). For each specimen the mantle length (CM) and total fresh weight (PT) were recorded. Gonads of 264 males and 295 females were examined macroscopically and histologically to assess sexual maturation and determine reproductive indices. Four reproductive stages were determined for males (immature, maturing, mature and post-mature) and females (immature, early maturing, late maturing and mature). The average of eggs recorded in the female s gonads was 93.820 and 39 was the average of spermatophores found in male Needham s complex. Spermathecae with sperm were found in females with 69 mm CM (immature). Males and females become sexually mature at 64.41 and 98.50 mm of CM, respectively. The weight at sexual maturity was 270 g for males and 630 g for females. The values of the size and weight at sexual maturity found in this study show that males mature at smaller sizes than females. For both sexes the maturation peaks occurred in February and November 2010 and also in September 2011. The periods of maximum reproductive activity lasted about 3 months and it seems to occur every 7 10 months. Only one spent female (stage V) was found and the number of mature females was low. Presumably, mature females migrate to deep waters with complex habitat to protect the offspring, indicating that fishery by snorkeling with maximum depth of 15 meters is not reaches this part of the stock. Finally, it is noticeable the importance of the establishment of management strategies for the exploitation of O. insularis different of the ones used for O. vulgaris, once the species have distinct biological features
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A model of a solar oven with a reflective surface composed of two mirror segments is presented, constituting a two semi-parabolic surfaces made of fiberglass, applied on a ceramic mold, intended to be used in residential and commercial cooking. The reflective surface of the semi-parable is obtained with the use of multiple plain segments of 2 mm wide mirrors. The semi-parabolic structure has visible movements that are comparable to that of the sun. The technical details of the manufacturing and assembling processes will be presented with an analysis of the viability of thermal, economic, and materials of such prototype. This prototype has important social implications and primordial aspects, which combats the ecological damages caused by the wide-scale use of firewood during cooking. It has been demonstrated that the solar oven has the capacity to cook simultaneous two meals distinct for a family of four
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This work has for objective study compared the characteristics and technological properties of ceramic bodies from the region of Seridó-RN. The region under study has identified 23 cities where they were 80 ceramics industries. To define the universe of search, there was a survey of pottery that are part of APL Seridó next to the IEL. The characteristics and operating conditions of ceramics industries of the region were identified through a socio-economic questionnaire applied locally, which addressed issues such as: profiles of companies, production process etc. The analysis of information collected from 24 companies identified in seven cities shows that the vast majority of industries is small, with family structure, obsolete equipment and labo, little qualified. Most of the pottery works with low technical knowledge, poor control of the production process and product technology. The raw collected were submitted to analysis of X ray diffraction, chemical composition, termical analysis, particle size distribution and plasticity. Then were produced five formulations and made by uniaxial pressure at 25 MPa for firing in temperatures varying from 850 to 1050 °C. The firing technological properties evaluated were: mass loss to fire, lineal shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption and flexural strength (3 points). The results indicated that the raw materials from the region have significant similarities in the composition chemical and mineralogical. Furthermore, it indicates the possibility of the use of cycles of firing faster and efficient than the current, limited to some clay mass burning of certain conditions