Developments in transgenic fish in the people's Republic of China

In the People's Republic of China, genetically modified (GM) fish are being developed primarily to produce desirable alterations to growth rates or feed-conversion efficiency. Up to the present, no transgenic fish have been commercially approved for human consumption. This review introduces advances in the People's Republic of China in transgenic fish studies, biosafety studies of fast-growth GM fish, and the regulation of GM fish.

Influence of several non-nutrient additives on nonspecific immunity and growth of juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.

The effects of three non-nutrient additives on nonspecific immunity and growth of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were studied in this feeding experiment. The five treatments are basal diet alone, basal diets containing three different additives [0.4 g kg(-1) of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), 1.3 g kg (-1) of yeast cell wall and 0.8 g kg (-1) of bile acids] individually or in combination. Two hundred and twenty-five turbots (average initial weight 151.3 +/- 11.3 g) were randomly allotted in five treatments with three replicates within each treatment in a 72-day period. Comparing with basal diet group, activities of C3, C4, phagocyte, lysozyme, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate in yeast cell wall, XOS and the combined groups was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05); however, these parameters in bile acid groups were increased slightly (P > 0.05) except for phagocyte (P < 0.05); superoxide dismutase activity in additive groups was not significantly increased (P > 0.05) except for the combined group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of yeast cell wall and XOS enhanced the nonspecific immunity of juvenile turbot. Synergistic or additive effect of the three additives was not observed.

Comparative growth performances of diploid and triploid Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) under different salinities

This study aimed at evaluating the ploidy effects on growth performances of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck, 1765) reared in different salinities under laboratory conditions. In the acute salinity experiment, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in tolerance observed in triploid and diploid shrimp due to abrupt salinity changes. The lethal salinity for 50% of the individuals in 96 h at 23-25 degrees C was about 2 g L-1 in both triploids and diploids. While for the chronic salinity experiment, statistical analyses confirmed that the differences in growth performances including the specific growth rate (SGR), the feeding rate (FR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and intermoult period (IP) between triploid and diploid were related to salinity. Diploid shrimp reared in 20 g L-1 exhibited highest SGR (P < 0.05), while triploids performed well in 20 and 30 g L-1 salinities (P < 0.05). Based on the survival and growth data, the optimal salinity for the culture of diploid F. chinensis should be 20 g L-1 and for triploids it should be between 20 and 30 g L-1.

Effects of different light sources and illumination methods on growth and body color of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei with initial body weight of 2.108 +/- 0.036 g were sampled for specific growth rates (SGR) and body color measurements for 50 days under different light sources (incandescent lamp, IL; cool-white fluorescent lamp, FL; metal halide lamp, MHL; and control without lamp) and different illumination methods (illumination only in day, IOD, and illumination day and night, IDN). Body color of L. vannamei was measured according to the free astaxanthin concentration (FAC) of shrimp. The SGR, food intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and FAC of shrimps showed significant differences among the experimental treatment groups (P < 0.05). Maximum and minimum SGR occurred under IOD by MHL and IDN by FL, respectively (difference 56.34%). The FI of shrimp for the control group did not rank lowest among treatments, confirming that shrimp primarily use scent, not vision, to search for food. FI and FCE of shrimps were both the lowest among treatment groups under IDN by FL and growth was slow, thus FL is not a preferred light source for shrimp culture. Under IOD by MHL, shrimps had the highest FCE and the third highest FI among treatment groups ensuring rapid growth. FAC of shrimp were about 3.31 +/- 0.20 mg/kg. When under IOD by MHL and IDN by FL, FAC was significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). To summarize, when illuminated by MHL, L. vannamei had not only vivid body color due to high astaxanthin concentration but also rapid growth. Therefore, MHL is an appropriate indoor light source for shrimp super-intensive culture. SGR of shrimp was in significantly negative correlation to FAC of shrimp (P < 0.05). Thus, when FAC increased, SGR did not always follow, suggesting that the purpose of astaxanthin accumulation was not for growth promotion but for protection against intense light. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Live-weight gain, apparent digestibility, and economic benefits of yaks fed different diets during winter on the Tibetan plateau

Our goal was to determine the effect of diets with different crude protein (CP) contents and metabolizable energy (W) levels on daily live-weight gain, apparent digestibility, and economic benefit of feedlot yaks on the Tibetan plateau during winter. Yaks were either 2- or 3-years old and randomly selected from the same herd. The 3-year-olds were placed into one of two experimental groups (A and B) and a control (CK1), and the two-year-olds were placed into one of three experimental groups (C, D and E) and a control (CK2) (N per group = 5). Yak in the control groups were allow graze freely, while those in the experimental groups yaks were fed diets higher in contains crude protein and metabolizable energy through a winter period inside a warming shed. Results indicated that live-weight gain of treatment groups was higher than their respective controls during experiment, and that daily live-weight gain of every 10 days among different treatments was significant difference (P < 0.05). In addition, apparent digestibility of different diets was linearly and positively related to feedlotting time, and feed conversion efficiency for A, C, D and E groups was quadratically related to feedlotting time (P < 0.01), however, feed conversion efficiency for B group was linearly and positively related to feedlotting time (P < 0.05). The economic benefit was 1.15 for A, 1.89 for B, 1.16 for C, 1.54 for D, and 4,52 for E. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Étude de l'impact de deux traitements, dont un sans antibiotiques, sur la santé digestive et les populations de Clostridium perfringens dans des élevages de poulets de chair.

Le problème grandissant de l’antibiorésistance remet en question plusieurs pratiques reliées à l’utilisation des antibiotiques, dont l’usage à grande échelle pour des fins de promotion de la croissance chez les animaux de consommation. Depuis 2006, le retrait des antibiotiques dans les élevages de poulets de chair en Europe a été associé à la résurgence d’entérite nécrotique, une maladie intestinale causée par la bactérie Clostridium perfringens. Alors que la pathogénie de la maladie semblait bien comprise, le retrait des antibiotiques a montré que peu de solutions de remplacement sont disponibles afin de prévenir cette maladie. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées à mieux caractériser la dynamique des populations de C. perfringens dans les élevages avicoles et l’effet que pouvait avoir le retrait des antibiotiques sur l’évolution de ces populations. La présente étude a évalué l’impact du remplacement des antibiotiques promoteurs de croissance et des anticoccidiens pendant une période de 14 mois, dans huit élevages commerciaux de poulets de chair au Québec. Un protocole d’élevage alternatif, combinant des stratégies telles que des produits à base d’huiles essentielles, des acides organiques et inorganique, une vaccination contre la coccidiose ainsi qu’une amélioration des conditions de démarrage des poussins, a été utilisé en remplacement des antimicrobiens. Les performances zootechniques, la santé digestive ainsi que l’occurrence d’entérite nécrotique pour les lots de poulets soumis au protocole d’élevage alternatif ont été comparées avec celles de lots de poulets de chair recevant une ration conventionnelle. Des analyses moléculaires basées sur la PCR et le PFGE ont été utilisées afin de documenter l’impact de la mise en place du protocole d’élevage alternatif sur les populations de C. perfringens. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’aucune différence entre les groupes soumis aux deux types de protocoles n'est observée en ce qui a trait à la viabilité en élevage, à l'âge d'abattage et aux taux de condamnations à l'abattoir. Toutefois, les lots soumis au traitement alternatif ont eu des performances moindres pour le poids moyen à l'abattage, le gain moyen quotidien et la conversion alimentaire. Un peu plus de 27% des lots soumis au protocole alternatif ont connu un épisode d’entérite nécrotique clinique. Les analyses ont aussi montré que l’un ou l’autre des protocoles ne semble pas exercer d’influence particulière sur la dynamique temporelle des populations de C. perfringens. Pour les lots soumis au protocole d’élevage alternatif, une forte diversité génétique pour C. perfringens a été liée à un risque augmenté de vivre un épisode d’entérite nécrotique. À l’opposé, les lots alternatifs ayant vécu des épisodes récurrents de la maladie ont montré une diminution significative de la diversité génétique, ainsi qu’une augmentation marquée du nombre de souches de C. perfringens transportant plusieurs gènes de virulence. La présente étude a permis de mieux documenter, d’un point de vue économique et scientifique, la production de poulets de chair élevés sans antibiotiques ni anticoccidiens au Québec. Cette étude est la seule du genre s’étant intéressée à la caractérisation et à la comparaison dans le temps des flores de C. perfringens retrouvées dans les deux types d’élevages. Elle a révélé que la production à grande échelle de poulets de chair élevés sans antibiotiques ni anticoccidiens est possible au Québec, mais que celle-ci présente des impacts sur les performances zootechniques des oiseaux, sur leur santé digestive et sur la dynamique des populations de C. perfringens. Mots-clés : poulets de chair, antibiotiques, huiles essentielles, acides organiques, vaccination coccidiose, performances zootechniques, santé digestive, entérite nécrotique, Clostridium perfringens, dynamique populationnelle

La texture et la granulométrie de la moulée influencent les concentrations d’acide propionique et butyrique de même que la prévalence d’Escherichia coli dans le tractus gastro-intestinal du porc d’engraissement

Certaines stratégies alimentaires sont actuellement considérées pour remplacer l’usage des antimicrobiens dans les fermes porcines. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d'évaluer l'effet de la granulométrie et de la texture des aliments sur les concentrations d'acides gras volatils intestinaux, la composition des populations pathogènes et commensales d’E. coli et sur les performances de croissance des porcs. Des porcs d'engraissement (n= 840) ont reçu l'une des six diètes suivantes: moulée texturée 500, 750 et 1250 µm et moulée cubée 500, 750 et 1250 µm. Le gain de poids a été mesuré à chaque changement de formulation de moulée. À l'abattoir, les contenus du caecum et du côlon de 165 porcs ont été échantillonnés pour le dénombrement des E. coli par PCR quantitatif (qPCR) et pour la quantification des AGV. Le gène yccT a été utilisé pour dénombrer les E. coli totaux. Une diminution du taux de conversion alimentaire a été associée avec la moulée cubée et/ou la moulée de 500 µm. Les concentrations d’acide propionique et butyrique, et ce tant au niveau du caecum que du côlon, étaient plus élevées chez les porcs recevant de la moulée texturée que chez ceux recevant de la moulée cubée. Du point de vue de la granulométrie, les concentrations caecales et du côlon d’acide butyrique étaient plus élevées chez les porcs alimentés avec de la moulée de 1250 µm que chez ceux recevant de la moulée de 500 µm. D'autre part, les niveaux intestinaux d’E. coli totaux étaient plus élevés pour les porcs nourris avec de la moulée cubée que pour ceux ayant reçu de la moulée texturée. Les résultats ont montré que la moulée texturée est associée à des performances de croissance plus faibles mais à des changements intestinaux favorables.

Probiotic effect of Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 on the survival, growth performance and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Eight hundred and eighty-¢ve strains of bacterial isolates fromvarious samples associatedwith the natural habitat ofMacrobrachiumrosenbergii were screened for their probiotic potential. Two putative probionts namely Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 isolated from the larvae and egg samples, respectively, were selected for experimental studies and were introduced to the juveniles of M. rosenbergii (0.080 0.001g) through di¡erent modes such as through feed, water and both. The probiotic potential of the above bacteria in terms of improvements inwater quality, growth, survival, speci¢c growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and immune parameters was evaluated. The treatment groups showed a signi¢cant improvement in SGR and weight gain (Po0.001). Survival among di¡erent treatment groups was better than that in the control group. There were also signi¢cant improvements in the water quality parameters such as the concentration of nitrate and ammonia in the treatment groups (Po0.05). Improvements in immune parameters such as the total haemocyte count (Po0.05), phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst were also signi¢cant (Po0.001). It is concluded that screening of the natural micro£ora of cultured ¢sh and shell¢sh for putative probionts might yield probiotic strains of bacteria that could be utilized for an environment-friendly and organic mode of aquaculture.

Probiotic effect of Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 on the survival, growth performance and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Eight hundred and eighty-¢ve strains of bacterial isolates fromvarious samples associatedwith the natural habitat ofMacrobrachiumrosenbergii were screened for their probiotic potential. Two putative probionts namely Bacillus NL110 and Vibrio NE17 isolated from the larvae and egg samples, respectively, were selected for experimental studies and were introduced to the juveniles of M. rosenbergii (0.080 0.001g) through di¡erent modes such as through feed, water and both. The probiotic potential of the above bacteria in terms of improvements inwater quality, growth, survival, speci¢c growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and immune parameters was evaluated. The treatment groups showed a signi¢cant improvement in SGR and weight gain (Po0.001). Survival among di¡erent treatment groups was better than that in the control group. There were also signi¢cant improvements in the water quality parameters such as the concentration of nitrate and ammonia in the treatment groups (Po0.05). Improvements in immune parameters such as the total haemocyte count (Po0.05), phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst were also signi¢cant (Po0.001). It is concluded that screening of the natural micro£ora of cultured ¢sh and shell¢sh for putative probionts might yield probiotic strains of bacteria that could be utilized for an environment-friendly and organic mode of aquaculture

Cassava root peel as a replacement for maize in diets for growing pigs: effects on energy and nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate cassava root peel (CRP) as diet component for fattening pigs. In the first experiment, ten male pigs were used to investigate the nutrient digestibility and the nutritive value of CRP as replacement for maize in the diet at 0 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 % and 60 %, while supplementing free amino acids (fAA). During two experimental periods, faeces were quantitatively collected and analysed for chemical composition. In the second experiment, 40 pigs received the same diets as in Experiment 1, and daily feed intake and weekly weight changes were recorded. Four pigs per diet were slaughtered at 70 kg body weight to evaluate carcass traits. Digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and gross energy were depressed (p<0.05) at 60 % CRP; digestible energy content (MJ kg^(−1) DM) was 15.4 at 0 % CRP and 12.7 at 60 % CRP. In the second experiment, CRP inclusion had only a small impact on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05) as well as on the length of the small intestine and the Longissimus dorsi muscle area. The missing correlation of daily weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio up to a CRP inclusion of 40 % indicates that negative effects of CRP on pig growth can be avoided by respecting upper feeding limits. Hence, a combined use of CRP and fAA can reduce feeding costs for small-scale pig farmers in countries where this crop-by product is available in large amounts.

Utilisation of Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) meal as protein source by laying hens

A 12-week experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of substituting Giant African snail meal for fish meal in laying hens diet. Four diets were formulated to contain snail meal as replacement for fish meal at 0 (control), 33, 67 and 100%. A total of 120 Shaver Brown pullets aged 18 weeks were allocated to the dietary treatments in a randomised design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and ten birds per replicate. Feed intake increased only for the 33% treatment as compared to the 67% replacement diet but did not differ from the other treatments. There were no significant treatment effects on egg performance parameters observed (egg production, egg weight, total egg mass, feed conversion ratio and percent shell). The overall feed cost of egg production reduced on the snail meal-based diets. The organoleptic evaluation of boiled eggs revealed no difference between the treatments. Based on these results it was concluded that total replacement of fish meal with cooked snail meat meal does not compromise laying performance or egg quality. The substitution is beneficial in terms of production cost reduction and the reduction of snails will have a beneficial impact especially where these snails are a serious agricultural pest. The manual collection and processing of snails can also become a source of rural income.

Deteção e Quantificação Precoce de Clostridium perfringens em Frangos de Crescimento Rápido e de Plumagem Branca na Região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo

Clostridium perfringens é uma bactéria anaeróbia Gram positiva, formadora de esporos e produtora de toxinas capazes de causar um amplo espectro de doenças em humanos e animais. Em frangos de crescimento rápido e de plumagem branca pode causar lesões e manifestações clínicas severas como enterite necrótica aviária (ENA), associada a uma baixa eficiência produtiva e avultadas perdas económicas. Neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar a utilização de um teste de ensaio imunocromatográfico de fluxo lateral, o Clostridium FirstTestTM, para deteção e quantificação precoce de C. perfringens em frangos de crescimento rápido e plumagem branca e posterior relação entre a presença do agente e as características dos bandos (peso médio à chegada, idade dos bandos à amostragem), fatores ambientais (densidade populacional, temperatura ambiente, humidade da cama) e os indicadores de produção (ganho médio diário, Índice de Conversão Alimentar e percentagem de mortalidade). Para tal, foram analisadas amostras fecais de trinta bandos, em dezoito explorações integradas, na Região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. De acordo com a classificação do Clostridium FirstTestTM, dos trinta bandos amostrados entre o décimo primeiro e o décimo quinto dia de vida, 30 % foram classificados como “Positivo” (n=9) e 10 % foram classificados como “Muito Positivo” (n=3); apresentando concentrações médias de C. perfringens de 0,1322 ng/ml e 0,3267 ng/ml, respectivamente. Os restantes bandos, 60% (n=18), foram considerados “Normal” e apresentaram concentrações médias de C. perfringens de 0,0283 ng/ml. As amostras fecais dos bandos classificados de “Positivo” e “Muito Positivo” foram posteriormente sujeitas a análise microbiológica apresentando ambos os grupos unidades formadoras de colónias (UFC), identificadas como C. perfringens. Verificou-se que não existe relação entre os resultados do Clostridium FirstTestTM e as características dos bandos, os fatores ambientais e os indicadores de produção. Verificou-se uma diminuição dos níveis de C. perfringens nos bandos sujeitos a tratamento.

The effect of incremental replacement of wheat with soya hulls in diets for Jersey cows on lactational performance, diet digestibility and feeding behaviour

Eight Jersey cows were used in two balanced 4 x 4 Latin Squares to investigate the effects of replacement of dietary starch with non-forage fibre on productivity, diet digestibility and feeding behaviour. Total-mixed rations consisted of maize silage, grass silage and a soyabean meal-based concentrate mixture, each at 250g/kg DM, with the remaining 250g consisting of cracked wheat/soya hulls (SH) in the ratios of 250:0, 167:83; 83:167 and 0:250 g, respectively, for treatments SH0, SH83, SH167 and SH250. Starch concentrations were 302, 248, 193 and 140g/kg DM, and NDF concentrations were 316, 355, 394 and 434g/kg DM, for treatments SHO, SH83, SH167 and SH250, respectively. Total eating time increased (p < 0.05) as SH inclusion increased, but total rumination time was unaffected. Digestibility of DM, organic matter and starch declined (p < 0.01) as SH inclusion increased, whilst digestibility of NDF and ADF increased (p < 0.01). Dry-matter intake tended to decline with increasing SH, whilst bodyweight, milk yield and fat and lactose concentrations were unaffected by treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased (p < 0.01) as SH level increased. Feed conversion efficiency improved (p < 0.05) as SH inclusion rose, but it was not possible to determine whether this was due to the increased fibre levels alone, or the favourable effect on rumen fermentation of decreasing starch levels. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Integrating woodland with pig production in the United Kingdom: an investigation of potential performance and interactions

Although silvopastoral systems involving pigs were once widespread in Britain, the practice has largely died out. However, recent changes in pig production techniques, consumer demands and the economic climate within which farmers operate, have led to renewed interest in both traditional and novel tree-pig systems. This paper describes a financial spreadsheet model (MAST) that was developed to: provide a means of determining financial performance of integrating finishing pigs with natural woodland; identify the likely importance of different as yet largely unresearched animal-tree interactions; and, determine which interactions warrant attention in research and management. Preliminary analysis suggests that the financial performance of this agroforestry enterprise could be superior to that of a pasture-based enterprise. The most important factors in determining incremental performance are identified as sales premia for ‘forest-reared’ pork, changes to feed conversion ratios arising from the provision of a heterogeneous microclimate, and the availability of cheaper land rents.

Integrating natural woodland with pig production in the United Kingdom: an investigation of potential performance and interactions

Although silvopastoral systems involving pigs were once widespread in Britain, the practice has largely died out. However, recent changes in pig production techniques, consumer demands and the economic climate within which farmers operate, have led to renewed interest in both traditional and novel tree-pig systems. This paper describes a financial spreadsheet model ( MAST) that was developed to: provide a means of determining financial performance of integrating finishing pigs with natural woodland; identify the likely importance of different as yet largely unresearched animal-tree interactions; and, determine which interactions warrant attention in research and management. Preliminary analysis suggests that the financial performance of this agroforestry enterprise could be superior to that of a pasture-based enterprise. The most important factors in determining incremental performance are identified as sales premia for 'forest-reared' pork, changes to feed conversion ratios arising from the provision of a heterogeneous microclimate, and the availability of cheaper land rents.