Modeling geometric rules in object based models:an XML / GML approach

Most object-based approaches to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have concentrated on the representation of geometric properties of objects in terms of fixed geometry. In our road traffic marking application domain we have a requirement to represent the static locations of the road markings but also enforce the associated regulations, which are typically geometric in nature. For example a give way line of a pedestrian crossing in the UK must be within 1100-3000 mm of the edge of the crossing pattern. In previous studies of the application of spatial rules (often called 'business logic') in GIS emphasis has been placed on the representation of topological constraints and data integrity checks. There is very little GIS literature that describes models for geometric rules, although there are some examples in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) literature. This paper introduces some of the ideas from so called variational CAD models to the GIS application domain, and extends these using a Geography Markup Language (GML) based representation. In our application we have an additional requirement; the geometric rules are often changed and vary from country to country so should be represented in a flexible manner. In this paper we describe an elegant solution to the representation of geometric rules, such as requiring lines to be offset from other objects. The method uses a feature-property model embraced in GML 3.1 and extends the possible relationships in feature collections to permit the application of parameterized geometric constraints to sub features. We show the parametric rule model we have developed and discuss the advantage of using simple parametric expressions in the rule base. We discuss the possibilities and limitations of our approach and relate our data model to GML 3.1. © 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

INTAMAP: an interoperable automated interpolation web service

INTAMAP is a web processing service for the automatic interpolation of measured point data. Requirements were (i) using open standards for spatial data such as developed in the context of the open geospatial consortium (OGC), (ii) using a suitable environment for statistical modelling and computation, and (iii) producing an open source solution. The system couples the 52-North web processing service, accepting data in the form of an observations and measurements (O&M) document with a computing back-end realized in the R statistical environment. The probability distribution of interpolation errors is encoded with UncertML, a new markup language to encode uncertain data. Automatic interpolation needs to be useful for a wide range of applications and the algorithms have been designed to cope with anisotropies and extreme values. In the light of the INTAMAP experience, we discuss the lessons learnt.

INTAMAP: the design and implementation of an interoperable automated interpolation web service

INTAMAP is a Web Processing Service for the automatic spatial interpolation of measured point data. Requirements were (i) using open standards for spatial data such as developed in the context of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), (ii) using a suitable environment for statistical modelling and computation, and (iii) producing an integrated, open source solution. The system couples an open-source Web Processing Service (developed by 52°North), accepting data in the form of standardised XML documents (conforming to the OGC Observations and Measurements standard) with a computing back-end realised in the R statistical environment. The probability distribution of interpolation errors is encoded with UncertML, a markup language designed to encode uncertain data. Automatic interpolation needs to be useful for a wide range of applications and the algorithms have been designed to cope with anisotropy, extreme values, and data with known error distributions. Besides a fully automatic mode, the system can be used with different levels of user control over the interpolation process.

Describing and communicating uncertainty within the semantic web

The Semantic Web relies on carefully structured, well defined, data to allow machines to communicate and understand one another. In many domains (e.g. geospatial) the data being described contains some uncertainty, often due to incomplete knowledge; meaningful processing of this data requires these uncertainties to be carefully analysed and integrated into the process chain. Currently, within the SemanticWeb there is no standard mechanism for interoperable description and exchange of uncertain information, which renders the automated processing of such information implausible, particularly where error must be considered and captured as it propagates through a processing sequence. In particular we adopt a Bayesian perspective and focus on the case where the inputs / outputs are naturally treated as random variables. This paper discusses a solution to the problem in the form of the Uncertainty Markup Language (UncertML). UncertML is a conceptual model, realised as an XML schema, that allows uncertainty to be quantified in a variety of ways i.e. realisations, statistics and probability distributions. UncertML is based upon a soft-typed XML schema design that provides a generic framework from which any statistic or distribution may be created. Making extensive use of Geography Markup Language (GML) dictionaries, UncertML provides a collection of definitions for common uncertainty types. Containing both written descriptions and mathematical functions, encoded as MathML, the definitions within these dictionaries provide a robust mechanism for defining any statistic or distribution and can be easily extended. Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to introduce semantics to the soft-typed elements by linking to these dictionary definitions. The INTAMAP (INTeroperability and Automated MAPping) project provides a use case for UncertML. This paper demonstrates how observation errors can be quantified using UncertML and wrapped within an Observations & Measurements (O&M) Observation. The interpolation service uses the information within these observations to influence the prediction outcome. The output uncertainties may be encoded in a variety of UncertML types, e.g. a series of marginal Gaussian distributions, a set of statistics, such as the first three marginal moments, or a set of realisations from a Monte Carlo treatment. Quantifying and propagating uncertainty in this way allows such interpolation results to be consumed by other services. This could form part of a risk management chain or a decision support system, and ultimately paves the way for complex data processing chains in the Semantic Web.

The Experience of the Arnamagnæan Institute, Copenhagen

The Arnamagnæan Institute, principally in the form of the present writer, has been involved in a number of projects to do with the digitisation, electronic description and text-encoding of medieval manuscripts. Several of these projects were dealt with in a previous article 'The view from the North: Some Scandinavian digitisation projects', NCD review, 4 (2004), pp. 22-30. This paper looks in some depth at two others, MASTER and CHLT. The Arnamagnæan Institute is a teaching and research institute within the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Copenhagen. It is named after the Icelandic scholar and antiquarian Árni Magnússon (1663-1730), secretary of the Royal Danish Archives and Professor of Danish Antiquities at the University of Copenhagen, who in the course of his lifetime built up what is arguably the single most important collection of early Scandinavian manuscripts in the world, some 2,500 manuscript items, the earliest dating from the 12th century. The majority of these are from Iceland, but the collection also contains important Norwegian, Danish and Swedish manuscripts, along with approximately 100 manuscripts of continental provenance. In addition to the manuscripts proper, there are collections of original charters and apographa: 776 Norwegian (including Faroese, Shetlandic and Orcadian) charters and 2895 copies, 1571 Danish charters and 1372 copies, and 1345 Icelandic charters and 5942 copies. When he died in 1730, Árni Magnússon bequeathed his collection to the University of Copenhagen. The original collection has subsequently been augmented through individual purchases and gifts and the acquisition of a number of smaller collections, bringing the total to nearly 3000 manuscript items, which, with the charters and apographa, comprise over half a million pages.

Page Composition using PPML as a Link-editing Script

The advantages of a COG (Component Object Graphic) approach to the composition of PDF pages have been set out in a previous paper [1]. However, if pages are to be composed in this way then the individual graphic objects must have known bounding boxes and must be correctly placed on the page in a process that resembles the link editing of a multi-module computer program. Ideally the linker should be able to utilize all declared resource information attached to each COG. We have investigated the use of an XML application called Personalized Print Markup Language (PPML) to control the link editing process for PDF COGs. Our experiments, though successful, have shown up the shortcomings of PPML's resource handling capabilities which are currently active at the document and page levels but which cannot be elegantly applied to individual graphic objects at a sub-page level. Proposals are put forward for modifications to PPML that would make easier any COG-based approach to page composition.

Extracting reusable document components for variable data printing

Variable Data Printing (VDP) has brought new flexibility and dynamism to the printed page. Each printed instance of a specific class of document can now have different degrees of customized content within the document template. This flexibility comes at a cost. If every printed page is potentially different from all others it must be rasterized separately, which is a time-consuming process. Technologies such as PPML (Personalized Print Markup Language) attempt to address this problem by dividing the bitmapped page into components that can be cached at the raster level, thereby speeding up the generation of page instances. A large number of documents are stored in Page Description Languages at a higher level of abstraction than the bitmapped page. Much of this content could be reused within a VDP environment provided that separable document components can be identified and extracted. These components then need to be individually rasterisable so that each high-level component can be related to its low-level (bitmap) equivalent. Unfortunately, the unstructured nature of most Page Description Languages makes it difficult to extract content easily. This paper outlines the problems encountered in extracting component-based content from existing page description formats, such as PostScript, PDF and SVG, and how the differences between the formats affects the ease with which content can be extracted. The techniques are illustrated with reference to a tool called COG Extractor, which extracts content from PDF and SVG and prepares it for reuse.

Uma Introdução à Sintaxe do C++: C++03 e C++11

A interacção dos humanos com os computadores envolve uma combinação das tarefas de programação e de utilização. Nem sempre é explícita a diferença entre as duas tarefas. Introduzir comandos num programa de desenho assistido por computador é utilização ou programação numa linguagem interpretada? Modificar uma folha de cálculo com macros é utilização ou programação? Usar um “Integrated Development Environment” ou IDE para inserir dados num ficheiro é utilização (do IDE) ou programação? A escrita de um texto usando LaTeX ou HTML é utilização ou programação numa “markup language”? Recorrer a um programa de computação simbólica é utilização ou programação? Utilizar um processador de texto é utilização ou programação visual? Ao utilizador não se exige um conhecimento completo de todos os comandos, todos os menus, todos os símbolos do software que utiliza. Nem a memorização da sintaxe e de todos os pormenores de funcionamento de um programa é um atributo necessário ou sequer útil ao utilizador; a concretização desse conhecimento não assegura maior eficiência na utilização. Quando se começa, apenas algumas instruções elementares são recebidas, por vezes de um colega, de um Professor, ou obtidas recorrendo à pesquisa na Internet. Com a familiarização, o utilizador exige mais do Software que usa e de si próprio: um manual passa a ser um recurso de grande utilidade. A confiança conquistada gera, periodicamente, a necessidade de auto-exame e de aumento do âmbito do conhecimento. Desta forma, quem utiliza computadores acaba por ser confrontado com uma tarefa que, efectivamente, pode ser considerada ou requer programação. Põe-se uma questão no imediato (se ninguém decidiu por si) que é a da selecção da linguagem de programação. A abordagem multiparadigma e longa experiência de utilização do C++ tornam-no atractivo para aplicações onde a eficiência se combina com a disponibilidade de estruturas de dados e algoritmos adoptados pela indústria (o que coloquialmente se denomina STL, Standard Template Library, cf. [#breymann, #josuttis], mais geralmente biblioteca Standard). Adicionalmente, linguagens populares como o Java, C# e PHP possuem sintaxes inspiradas e em muitas partes coincidentes com as do C e C++. Por exemplo, um ciclo “for” em Java é parcialmente coincidente com o do C99, que é um sub-conjunto do “for” do C++. São os pormenores, a eficiência e as capacidades do C++ que permitem a criação de software Profissional. Todos os sistemas operativos clássicos (Unix, Microsoft Windows, Linux) dispõem de compiladores, IDE, bibliotecas e são em grande parte construídos recorrendo a C e C++. Relativamente a outras linguagens, a quantidade de ferramentas disponível e o conhecimento adquirido durante décadas é difícil de ignorar. Esse conhecimento faz com que a sintaxe do C++ pareça muito maior do que o estritamente necessário e afaste potenciais interessados. A longa evolução do C++ introduziu também uma diferença no estilo muito marcada. Código dos anos 80 e 90 do século XX é frequentemente menos legível do que o que correntemente se produz. Muitos tutoriais disponíveis online fazem parecer a linguagem menos rigorosa (e mais complexa) do que na realidade é, já que raramente é apresentado o caso geral da sintaxe. Constata-se que muitos autores ainda usam os cabeçalhos do C, quando já não são necessários. Scott Meyers afirma que o C++ é uma federação de linguagens [#scottmeyers] e por esse facto requer perspectivas de abordagem distintas de outras linguagens. Sem alguma sistematização é difícil apreciar a sua compacidade e coerência. Porém, a forma harmoniosa como as componentes sintácticas se encaixam é uma grande mais-valia do C++ só constatada com experimentação e leitura atenta. A presente monografia dirige-se a quem pretenda utilizar o C++ como ferramenta profissional de Software. Em termos de pré-requisitos Académicos, dir-se-á que um curso (1º Ciclo) de Ciência ou de Engenharia aumentará o interesse por certos aspectos mais técnicos da linguagem mas qualquer indivíduo com gosto pela experimentação tirará proveito do conteúdo. Este texto não busca a exaustividade enciclopédica na cobertura do tema. Neste texto forneço, de forma directa, uma introdução ao C++ a qual permite começar a produzir código sem os custos da dispersão de fontes e notações na recolha de informação. Antecipo assim a sua utilização nos Países de Língua Portuguesa, uma vez que os textos que encontrei são ora mais exigentes ora menos completos, frequentemente ambos.

A comunicação de informações nas instituições públicas e privadas: o caso XBRL - eXtensible Business Reporting Language no Brasil

O XBRL - eXtensible Business Report Language - é uma linguagem que está sendo implementada em vários países para divulgação das informações contábil-financeiras pela internet. Este artigo mostra o estado-da-arte do XBRL e como se deu sua evolução, bem como avalia o estágio atual do Brasil na divulgação de informações contábil-financeiras pela internet. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo survey com empresas de capital aberto no Brasil. A pesquisa revelou uma forte aceitação do meio eletrônico para divulgação de informações financeiras e também que ainda é muito pequeno o conhecimento da linguagem XBRL no país e, conseqüentemente, menor ainda o número de entidades que já iniciaram formalmente os estudos para sua implementação. Mostrou ainda a inexistência de um padrão de divulgação de informações eletrônicas, tendo predominado os formatos PDF, HTML e DOC, o que dificulta a análise e comparação de informações entre órgãos reguladores e com o público em geral.

Information access law and disclosing of information by joint-stock companies in Brazil: open data and Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) standard

The strategic management of information plays a fundamental role in the organizational management process since the decision-making process depend on the need for survival in a highly competitive market. Companies are constantly concerned about information transparency and good practices of corporate governance (CG) which, in turn, directs relations between the controlling power of the company and investors. In this context, this article presents the relationship between the disclosing of information of joint-stock companies by means of using XBRL, the open data model adopted by the Brazilian government, a model that boosted the publication of Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso à Informação), nº 12,527 of 18 November 2011. Information access should be permeated by a mediation policy in order to subsidize the knowledge construction and decision-making of investors. The XBRL is the main model for the publishing of financial information. The use of XBRL by means of new semantic standard created for Linked Data, strengthens the information dissemination, as well as creates analysis mechanisms and cross-referencing of data with different open databases available on the Internet, providing added value to the data/information accessed by civil society.

Design of an extensible metadata editor based on RDF

The content of a Learning Object is frequently characterized by metadata from several standards, such as LOM, SCORM and QTI. Specialized domains require new application profiles that further complicate the task of editing the metadata of learning object since their data models are not supported by existing authoring tools. To cope with this problem we designed a metadata editor supporting multiple metadata languages, each with its own data model. It is assumed that the supported languages have an XML binding and we use RDF to create a common metadata representation, independent from the syntax of each metadata languages. The combined data model supported by the editor is defined as an ontology. Thus, the process of extending the editor to support a new metadata language is twofold: firstly, the conversion from the XML binding of the metadata language to RDF and vice-versa; secondly, the extension of the ontology to cover the new metadata model. In this paper we describe the general architecture of the editor, we explain how a typical metadata language for learning objects is represented as an ontology, and how this formalization captures all the data required to generate the graphical user interface of the editor.

XHA: eXtensible Hyper-Automation

O objetivo geral desta dissertação é estudar as possibilidades de flexibilização da função de saída do Sistema Hyper-Automaton além das rígidas possibilidades utilizadas atualmente com a utilização direta do HTML, objetivando eliminar as limitações como execução de aplicações proprietárias, caracteres incompatíveis entre browsers, excesso de tráfego na rede, padronizar aplicações, incrementar recursos didáticos, melhorar o suporte a aplicações multimídia atuais e futuras, facilitar a manutenção, implementação e reuso, alterar o layout de saída no browser de maneira dinâmica, explorar outros recursos de links, estabelecer padrões de organização do material instrucional criado pelo professor e muitas outras. Tal sistema anteriormente desenvolvido e funcionando adequadamente, é baseado no formalismo de Autômatos Finitos com Saída como modelo estrutural para organização de hiperdocumentos instrucionais, em especial em cursos na Web, tornando o material hipermídia independente do controle da aplicação. O Sistema Hyper-Automaton, tornou-se portanto, um sistema semi-automatizado para suporte a cursos na Web. Com o desdobramento da pesquisa, esta procurou ir mais além e descreveu possibilidades de não só estudar os aspectos possíveis de formatação de saída do sistema, mas reestruturá-lo totalmente sobre uma linguagem de markup padrão, buscando atualizá-lo tecnologicamente definindo outras possibilidades para que significativos trabalhos futuros possam de maneira mais clara serem alcançados. Dessa maneira, esta dissertação centra-se no estudo da aplicação de formas de flexibilização do Sistema Hyper-Automaton, tanto na parte da estruturação de documentos que são conteúdos instrucionais armazenados, bem como, na forma desse material tornar-se-á disponível através de navegadores WWW compatíveis com as tecnologias propostas, possibilitando o incremento substancial de funcionalidades necessárias para cursos onde a Web é o principal meio. Esta pesquisa dá prosseguimento a dois trabalhos anteriormente concluídos no PPGC e do Curso de Bacharelado em Ciência da Computação da UFRGS no ano de 2000, na seqüência, Hyper-Automaton: Hipertextos e Cursos na Web Utilizando Autômatos Finitos com Saída, dissertação de mestrado de Júlio Henrique de A. P. Machado e Hyper-Automaton: Implementação e Uso, trabalho de diplomação de Leonardo Penczek.

Natural Language Checking with Program Checking Tools

Written text is an important component in the process of knowledge acquisition and communication. Poorly written text fails to deliver clear ideas to the reader no matter how revolutionary and ground-breaking these ideas are. Providing text with good writing style is essential to transfer ideas smoothly. While we have sophisticated tools to check for stylistic problems in program code, we do not apply the same techniques for written text. In this paper we present TextLint, a rule-based tool to check for common style errors in natural language. TextLint provides a structural model of written text and an extensible rule-based checking mechanism.

An overview of the ciao multiparadigm language and program development environment and its design philosophy

We describe some of the novel aspects and motivations behind the design and implementation of the Ciao multiparadigm programming system. An important aspect of Ciao is that it provides the programmer with a large number of useful features from different programming paradigms and styles, and that the use of each of these features can be turned on and off at will for each program module. Thus, a given module may be using e.g. higher order functions and constraints, while another module may be using objects, predicates, and concurrency. Furthermore, the language is designed to be extensible in a simple and modular way. Another important aspect of Ciao is its programming environment, which provides a powerful preprocessor (with an associated assertion language) capable of statically finding non-trivial bugs, verifying that programs comply with specifications, and performing many types of program optimizations. Such optimizations produce code that is highly competitive with other dynamic languages or, when the highest levéis of optimization are used, even that of static languages, all while retaining the interactive development environment of a dynamic language. The environment also includes a powerful auto-documenter. The paper provides an informal overview of the language and program development environment. It aims at illustrating the design philosophy rather than at being exhaustive, which would be impossible in the format of a paper, pointing instead to the existing literature on the system.

Influence of English language in the number of citations of articles published in Brazilian journals of Ophthalmology

PURPOSE: To determine the association between language and number of citations of ophthalmology articles published in Brazilian journals. METHODS: This study was a systematic review. Original articles were identified by review of documents published at the two Brazilian ophthalmology journals indexed at Science Citation Index Expanded - SCIE [Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia (ABO) and Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia (RBO)]. All document types (articles and reviews) listed at SCIE in English (English Group) or in Portuguese (Portuguese Group) from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009 were included, except: editorial materials; corrections; letters; and biographical items. The primary outcome was the number of citations through the end of second year after publication date. Subgroup analysis included likelihood of citation (cited at least once versus no citation), journal, and year of publication. RESULTS: The search at the web of science revealed 382 articles [107 (28%) in the English Group and 275 (72%) in the Portuguese Group]. Of those, 297 (77.7%) were published at the ABO and 85 (23.3%) at the RBO. The citation counts were statistically significantly higher (P<0.001) in the English Group (1.51 - SD 1.98 - range 0 to 11) compared with the Portuguese Group (0.57 - SD 1.06 - range 0 to 7). The likelihood citation was statistically significant higher (P<0.001) in the English Group (70/107 - 65.4%) compared with the Portuguese Group (89/275 - 32.7%). There were more articles published in English at the ABO (98/297 - 32.9%) than at the RBO (9/85 - 10.6%) [P<0.001]. There were no significant difference (P=0.967) at the proportion of articles published in English at the years 2008 (48/172 - 27.9%) and 2009 (59/210 - 28.1%). CONCLUSION: The number of citations of articles published in Portuguese at Brazilian ophthalmology journals is lower than the published in English. The results of this study suggest that the editorial boards should strongly encourage the authors to adopt English as the main language in their future articles.