Morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of Pasteuria parasitic on Meloidogyne ardenensis

A species of the hyper-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria was isolated from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ardenensis infecting the roots of ash (Fraxinus excelsior). It is morphologically different from some other Pasteuria pathogens of nematodes in that the spores lack a basal ring on the ventral side of the spore and have a unique clumping nature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the clumps of spores are not random aggregates but result from the disintegration of the suicide cells of the thalli. Sporulation within each vegetative mycelium was shown to be asynchronous. In addition to the novel morphological features 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed this to be a new species of Pasteuria which we have called P. hartismeri. Spores of P. hartismeri attach to juveniles of root-knot nematodes infecting a wide range of plants such as mint (Meloidogyne hapla), rye grass (unidentified Meloidogyne sp.) and potato (Meloidogyne fallax). (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Recent patterns of change in vegetation structure and tree composition of British broadleaved woodland: evidence from large-scale surveys

Evidence is presented of widespread changes in structure and species composition between the 1980s and 2003–2004 from surveys of 249 British broadleaved woodlands. Structural components examined include canopy cover, vertical vegetation profiles, field-layer cover and deadwood abundance. Woods were located in 13 geographical localities and the patterns of change were examined for each locality as well as across all woods. Changes were not uniform throughout the localities; overall, there were significant decreases in canopy cover and increases in sub-canopy (2–10 m) cover. Changes in 0.5–2 m vegetation cover showed strong geographic patterns, increasing in western localities, but declining or showing no change in eastern localities. There were significant increases in canopy ash Fraxinus excelsior and decreases in oak Quercus robur/petraea. Shrub layer ash and honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum increased while birch Betula spp. hawthorn Crataegus monogyna and hazel Corylus avellana declined. Within the field layer, both bracken Pteridium aquilinum and herbs increased. Overall, deadwood generally increased. Changes were consistent with reductions in active woodland management and changes in grazing and browsing pressure. These findings have important implications for sustainable active management of British broadleaved woodlands to meet silvicultural and biodiversity objectives.

Periódicos educacionais da Escola Normal de São Carlos: educação moral, civismo e higiene (1911-1923)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A configuração do habitus professoral para o aluno-mestre: a escola normal secundária de São Carlos (1911-1929)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

As associações de alunos das escolas normais do Brasil e de Portugal: apropriação e representação (1906-1927)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência do método de processamento, sinterização convencional ou injeção a vácuo, na resistência à flexão e dureza de porcelanas feldspáticas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influence of human impact and bedrock differences on the vegetational history of the Insubrian Southern Alps

Vegetation history for the study region is reconstructed on the basis of pollen, charcoal and AMS14C investigations of lake sediments from Lago del Segrino (calcareous bedrock) and Lago di Muzzano (siliceous bedrock). Late-glacial forests were characterised byBetula andPinus sylvestris. At the beginning of the Holocene they were replaced by temperate continental forest and shrub communities. A special type of temperate lowland forest, withAbies alba as the most important tree, was present in the period 8300 to 4500 B.P. Subsequently,Fagus, Quercus andAlnus glutinosa were the main forest components andA. alba ceased to be of importance.Castanea sativa andJuglans regia were probably introduced after forest clearance by fire during the first century A.D. On soils derived from siliceous bedrock,C. sativa was already dominant at ca. A.D. 200 (A.D. dates are in calendar years). In limestone areas, however,C. sativa failed to achieve a dominant role. After the introduction ofC. sativa, the main trees were initially oak (Quercus spp.) and later the walnut (Juglans regia). Ostrya carpinifolia became the dominant tree around Lago del Segrino only in the last 100–200 years though it had spread into the area at ca. 5000 cal. B.C. This recent expansion ofOstrya is confirmed at other sites and appears to be controlled by human disturbances involving especially clearance. It is argued that these forests should not be regarded as climax communities. It is suggested that under undisturbed succession they would develop into mixed deciduous forests consisting ofFraxinus excelsior, Tilia, Ulmus, Quercus and Acer.

Palynostratigraphy of the last centuries in Switzerland based on 23 lake and mire deposits: chronostratigraphic pollen markers, regional patterns, and local histories

A total of 23 pollen diagrams [stored in the Alpine Palynological Data-Base (ALPADABA), Geobotanical Institute, Bern] cover the last 100 to over 1000 years. The sites include 15 lakes, seven mires, and one soil profile distributed in the Jura Mts (three sites), Swiss Plateau (two sites), northern Pre-Alps and Alps (six sites), central Alps (five sites), southern Alps (three sites), and southern Pre-Alps (four sites) in the western and southern part of Switzerland or just outside the national borders. The pollen diagrams have both a high taxonomic resolution and a high temporal resolution, with sampling distances of 0.5–3 cm, equivalent to 1 to 11 years for the last 100 years and 8 to 130 years for earlier periods. The chronology is based on absolute dating (14 sites: 210Pb 11 sites; 14C six sites; varve counting two sites) or on biostratigraphic correlation among pollen diagrams. The latter relies mainly on trends in Cannabis sativa, Ambrosia, Mercurialis annua, and Ostrya-type pollen. Individual pollen stratigraphies are discussed and sites are compared within each region. The principle of designating local, extra-local, and regional pollen signals and vegetation is exemplified by two pairs of sites lying close together. Trends in biostratigraphies shared by a major part of the pollen diagrams allow the following generalisations. Forest declined in phases since medieval times up to the late 19th century. Abies and Fagus declined consistently, whereas the behaviour of short-lived trees and trees of moist habitats differed among sites (Alnus glutinosa-type, Alnus viridis, Betula, Corylus avellana). In the present century, however, Picea and Pinus increased, followed by Fraxinus excelsior in the second half of this century. Grassland (traced by Gramineae and Plantago lanceolata-type pollen) increased, replacing much of the forest, and declined again in the second half of this century. Nitrate enrichment of the vegetation (traced by Urtica) took place in the first half of this century. These trends reflect the intensification of forest use and the expansion of grassland from medieval times up to the end of the last century, whereas subsequently parts of the grassland became used more intensively and the marginal parts were abandoned for forest regrowth. In most pollen diagrams human impact is the dominant factor in explaining inferred changes in vegetation, but climatic change plays a role at three sites.

Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland

1 Pollen and charcoal analysis at two lakes in southern Switzerland revealed that fire has had a prominent role in changing the woodland composition of this area for more than 7000 years. 2 The sediment of Lago di Origlio for the period between 5100 and 3100 bc cal. was sampled continuously with a time interval of about 10 years. Peaks of charcoal particles were significantly correlated with repeated declines in pollen of Abies, Hedera, Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus excelsior t., Fagus and Vitis and with increases in Alnus glutinosa t., shrubs (e.g. Corylus, Salix and Sambucus nigra t.) and several herbaceous species. The final disappearance of the lowland Abies alba stands at around 3150 bc cal. may be an example of a fire-caused local extinction of a fire-intolerant species. 3 Forest fires tended to diminish pollen diversity. The charcoal peaks were preceded by pollen types indicating human activity. Charcoal minima occurred during periods of cold humid climate, when fire susceptibility would be reduced. 4 An increase of forest fires at about 2100 bc cal. severely reduced the remaining fire-sensitive plants: the mixed-oak forest was replaced by a fire-tolerant alder–oak forest. The very strong increase of charcoal influx, and the marked presence of anthropogenic indicators, point to principally anthropogenic causes. 5 We suggest that without anthropogenic disturbances Abies alba would still form lowland forests together with various deciduous broadleaved tree taxa.

Evaluación de cortes de poda sobre moreras y fresnos europeos en Dorrego, Guaymallén, Mendoza

Hoy más que nunca, los árboles han de considerarse un bien primario de la humanidad, particularmente en las ciudades, donde sus funciones ornamentales e higiénicas resultan indispensables. Sin embargo, las condiciones urbanas producen limitaciones ambienta-les que dificultan la existencia de los árboles y los exponen al fenómeno del debilitamiento. Esta situación se observa en las arboledas de las diversas ciudades de la provincia de Mendoza. Las causas del deterioro del arbolado deben buscarse tanto en la función pública co-mo en el ciudadano común y en el descontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades. Entre estas causas puede reconocerse a la poda realizada de forma incorrecta, exagerada o fuera de tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la poda que se le realiza a las plantas de morera (Morus alba) y fresno europeo (Fraxinus excelsior) del arbolado de calle del distrito de Dorrego, departamento de Guaymallén-Mendoza y estudiar los procesos de cicatrización y degradación de la madera de los cortes. Para ello se recorrieron distintas calles de igual importancia en el distrito de Dorrego, a fin de evaluar 30 plantas de morera y 30 de fresno europeo del arbolado público. Los individuos estudiados fueron tomados al azar. En cada planta se contó el número de heridas de poda. En cada corte se evaluó por observación directa: diámetro aproximado, tipo de corte, porcentaje de la circunferencia de corte con teji-do cicatrizal, porcentaje de la superficie de corte cubierta por tejido cicatrizal, degradación de la madera y forma en que fue efectuado el corte. Además, se realizaron aislamientos en terreno agarizado, a partir de muestras de madera procedente de cortes de poda clasifica-dos en las categorías “no degradado", “degradado" y “muy degradado". Las cajas se conservaron en laboratorio a temperatura ambiente durante una semana. Luego se procedió a la purificación de las colonias halladas para su descripción macroscópica e identificación por medio de observación microscópica y medición de esporas. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente con el programa STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVI. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que en el distrito de Dorrego la poda no siempre es la adecuada: si bien los cortes a 45º que respetan el collar de la rama deberían ser los más frecuentes, no es lo que ocurre; los rebajes sin tirasavia no tendrían que efectuarse, pero son comunes en ambas especies estudiadas; los cortes al ras son los más realizados a pesar de que la bibliografía expresa que no deberían ejecutarse. Asimismo, se encontró gran cantidad de cortes con diámetros superiores a los 5 cm, lo cual dificulta la cicatrización. Las heridas sin cicatrizar mostraron tejidos degradados producto del desarrollo de caries de la madera. Estas se generan debido a la acción de un conjunto de microorganismos que se suceden en el tiempo y en el espacio, entre los que se hallaron hongos del género Alternaria y de la división Basidiomycota. Se sugiere corregir las prácticas de poda para favorecer la sostenibilidad y funcionalidad del arbolado.

Estudio de los procedimientos de poda utilizados en el arbolado público del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza y la cicatrización de las heridas provocadas por dicha práctica sobre fresno y morera

Los árboles en las ciudades suministran beneficios esenciales para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad, ya que son proveedores de servicios ambientales y servicios culturales importantes (Urcelay et al., 2012). A las distintas especies arbóreas que se encuentran en los centros urbanos, en dominios públicos se los denomina ‘Arbolado Público’ (Tovar Corzo, 2013). Cuando se toman decisiones inapropiadas referidas a las acciones técnicas de su manejo, sumado a las condiciones ambientales urbanas, pueden generarse consecuencias desfavorables. Esta situación se observa en las arboledas de las diversas ciudades de la Provincia de Mendoza, entendiendo que las causas del deterioro del arbolado están vinculadas tanto a la función pública como al ciudadano común y al descontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades. El estado sanitario de los árboles está muy ligado a su edad y a los factores de estrés que lo ha afectado a lo largo de su vida (S.D.A., 2010). Por ejemplo, las podas severas efectuadas de forma incorrecta o fuera de tiempo, originan heridas traumáticas importantes; dichas heridas constituyen la vía de ingreso de microorganismos causantes de enfermedades (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005; Lucero et al, 2010). En el ámbito urbano las arboledas están sometidas a factores de estrés adicionales que afectan su desarrollo y longevidad provocando su debilitamiento (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la metodología de poda utilizada en el arbolado público de la ciudad cabecera del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza sobre las plantas de fresno europeo (Fraxinus excelsior) y morera (Morus alba), además estudiar los procesos de cicatrización y degradación de la madera en las heridas provocadas por esta práctica cultural. Se registró por observación directa y fotográfica la ubicación del ejemplar, el número de cortes de poda que se han efectuado en cada planta, el diámetro aproximado de la herida, el tipo de corte, el porcentaje de la circunferencia y de superficie cubierta con tejido cicatrizal, la degradación de la madera, la exudación y la forma en que se efectuaron los cortes. Se extrajeron muestras de madera provenientes de las lesiones de poda identificadas para las cuatro categorías de degradación. Los trozos de madera se cortaron y lavaron para sembrarlos en cajas de Petri, utilizando dos medios diferentes: un sustrato selectivo para Basidiomycetes y otro de Agar Papa Glucosado (APG). Se purificaron las colonias halladas para su descripción macroscópica e identificación. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente y se utilizó el test de Kruskal-Wallis para el análisis de la varianza. Considerando el diámetro, porcentaje de cicatrización en la circunferencia del corte y en la superficie del mismo, también el estado de degradación de la lesión, como los datos más relevantes de este escrito. Los resultados demostraron que en la ciudad de Tupungato, la poda no se efectúa de manera completamente adecuada, ya que para ambas especies en estudio, la metodología más utilizada fueron cortes al ras de la rama, asimismo los cortes dejando más de 5cm o muñón, con elevado porcentaje para las dos especies en estudio. La mayoría de cortes se observaron de diámetros inferiores a los 10cm en fresno y morera. Las lesiones mostraron escasa cicatrización, pero no presentaron elevada degradación. Posiblemente se daba a las características microclimáticas de la zona en estudio. Algunos heridas de poda mostraron deterioro y se hallaron hongos de los géneros Alternaria, Peyronellaea y de la división Basidiomycotina, entre otros. Se debe efectuar un manejo técnico adecuado para la zona, promover mejoras en la funcionalidad del arbolado, como así también y conservarlo en el tiempo.

Pollen profiles from 8 sediment cores from the Degersee, Southern Germany

The discovery of a neolithic pile field in the shallow water near the eastern shore of the Degersee confirmed earlier palynological and sedimentological studies stating that early man was active in the region since more than 6000 years. The already available off-site data were freshly assessed, completed by additional data from old and new cores and the interpretations revised. A common time scale for the off-site data and the on-site data was obtained by AMS dating of terrestrial macro remains of the neolithic section of off-site core De_I+De_H. The ages can thus be parallelled with AMS ages of construction timber on-site. Pollen analyses from all cores provide a further time scale. The continuously and densely sampled pollen profile of the profundal zone embracing the entire Late glacial and Holocene serves as a reference. From the Boreal onwards the relative ages are transformed by AMS ages and varve counts into calibrated and absolute. A transect cored close to the neolithic pile field across the lake marl-platform demonstrates its geological architecture in the shallow water since the Lateglacial. Studies of the microfabric of thin sections of drilled cores and of box cores from the excavations demonstrate that neolithic settlements now at 2-3,5 m water depth had been erected on lake marl freshly fallen dry, thus indicating earlier lake levels dropped by 1.5-2 m. The neolithic section of the highly resolved off-site profile in the lake=s profundal zone has laminated and calcareous zones alternating with massive ones. Assemblages of diatoms and concentrations of trace elements changing simultaneously characterise the calcareous sections as deposits of low lake levels that lasted between some 40 and more than 300 years. The ages of discovered lake shore dwellings fall into calcareous segments with low lake levels. From the end of the Upper Atlantic period (F VII) appear Secondary Forest Cycles in the beech forest, a man-made sequence of repeated vegetational development with an identical pattern: With a decrease of beech pollen appear pollen of grasses, herbs and cultural indicators. These are suppressed by the light demanding hazel and birch, those again by ash, and finally by the shade demanding beech forming a new pollen peak. Seven main Forest Cycles are identified In the upper Neolithic period each comprising some 250, 450 or 800 years. They are subdivided into subcycles that can be broken down by very dense sampling in even shorter cycles of decadal length. Farming settlers have caused minor patchy clearances of the beech-mixed-forest with the use of fire. The phases of clearance coincide with peaks of charcoal and low stands of the lake levels. The Secondary Forest Cycles and the continuous occurrence of charcoal prove a continued occupation of the region. Together with the repeated restoration of the beech climax forest they point to pulsating occupation probably associated with dynamic demography. The synchronism of the many palynological, sedimentological and archaeological data point to an external forcing as the climate that affects comprehensively all these proxies. The fluctuations of the activity of the sun as manifested in the residual d14C go largely along with the proxies. The initial clearances at the begin of the forest cycles are linked to low lake levels and negative values of d14C that point to dry and warm phases of a more continental climate type. The subcycles exist independent from climatic changes, indicating that early man acted largely independent from external forces.

Pollen records and age determination of site Bokanjacko Blato

In summary, one may conclude that human influence in the Bokanjac area started in the Eneolithic or Earlier Bronze Age - the third to second millennia Cal. BC. Traces of agriculture are weak or missing in the pollen diagram but grazing is indicated. Chestnut and walnut were introduced by humans to the area in classical times. These findings are in general agreement with the results of earlier studies at coastal sites north-west and south-east of Bokanjacko Blato.