Rossijskaja Karelija i karely v imperskoi politike Rossii, 1905-1917

Russian Karelians were one of the small peasant nations of the Russian Empire that began to identify themselves as nations during the late imperial period. At that historical moment Russian Karelia fell between an economically undeveloped empire and the rapidly modernizing borderland of Finland. The economic and cultural lure of Finland drew Karelians into the Finnish camp. This attraction was seen as a challenge to Russia and influenced the straggle between Russia and Finland for the Karelians. This struggle was waged from 1905 to 1917. This work is focused on the beginning stage of the struggle, its various phases, and their results. The confrontation extended into different dimensions (economic, political, ideological, church and cultural politics) and occurred on two levels: central and regional. Countermeasures against local nationalisms developed much earlier both in Russia and in other empires for use were also used in the Russian Karelian case. Economic policies were deployed to try to make relations with Russia more alluring for Karelians and to improve their economic condition. However, these efforts produced only minimal results due to the economic weakness of the empire and a lack of finances. Fear of the economic integration of the Karelians and Finns, which would have stimulated the economy of the Karelia, also hindered these attempts. The further development of the Orthodox Church, the schools and the zemstvos in Karelia yielded fewer results than expected due to the economic underdevelopment of the region and the avoidance of the Finnish language. Policizing measures were the most successfull, as all activities in Russian Karelia by the Finns were entirely halted in practice. However, the aspiration of Russian Karelians to integrate their home districts with Finland remained a latent force that just waited for an opportunity to push to the surface again. Such a chance materialized with the Russian revolution. The Karelian question was also a part of Russian domestic political confrontation. At the and of the 1800s, the Russian nationalist right had grown strong and increasingly gained the favor of the autocracy. The right political forces exploited the Karelian question in its anti-Finnish ideology and in its general resistance to the national emancipation of the minority peoples of Russia. A separate ideology was developed, focusing on the closeness of Karelians to the "great Russian people." Simultaneously, this concept found a place in the ultramonarchist myth of the particularly close connection between the people and tsar that was prominent in the era of Nicholas II. This myth assigned the Karelians a place amongst the "simple people" faithful to the tsar.

Spool valve mechanism used in a 20 K Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator and its effect on the P-V diagram

The design and fabrication of a spool valve for a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator is described. The effect of this valve on the P-V diagram and practical methods of reducing the P-V degradation are also discussed.

Tanska keisari Kaarle V:n valtakunnan intresseissä 1521-1524

The master's thesis concerns the decisions of the imperial policy-makers in their Danish foreign policy during the crisis that culminated in the dissolution of the Nordic union of Kalmar during the years 1521-24. The sources consist of printed sources that mainly are collections of letters and diplomas, and additionally, acquaintance has been made with studies treating the subject. The aim of the study was to clarify the objectives, means and execution of the imperial policy and what priorizations did they make between the different objectives. Also, the part played by Denmark in the imperial foreign policy in general was to be assessed. Particularly, the aim was to find out and state a hierarchy between the importance of the different objectives by analyzing the choices made. It was observed that the continuing of peaceful relations in the North was clearly preferred in the imperial policy, especially as their war against France drew out. A war was seen as deteriorating the freedom of action of the main ally, king Christian II, and an armed conflict was to be prevented. The conceived impossibilty to intervene with armed forces to Christian's favour forced the imperial side to postpone their objectives in the fields of dynastical and alliance policy. In comparison to these, less weight was given to maintaining the rights and position of the empire and the rights granted in its name. To the Habsburgs, maintaining the economical embargo of Sweden, run forcefully by Christian II, was the least preferred objective. In light of the results of the master's thesis, the conceived priorities of the Northern European policy adopted by the imperial side resembled their political priorities in general.

Liian huono kansalaiseksi? : Kansalaisihanne sterilisaatioasiakirjoissa v. 1935-1949

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan moderniin kansalaisuuteen sisältyneitä normeja ja ihanteita, joita analysoidaan vuoden 1935 sterilisaatiolain toteuttamisessa syntyneiden asiakirjojen kautta. Pyrkimyksenä on löytää asiakirjoihin implisiittisesti kirjatut hyvän elämän ja kansalaisuuden kriteerit. Työn laajemman kehyksen muodostaa suomalaisen modernisaation ja ns. uuden keskiluokan analyysi erityisesti lääketieteen ja huoltotoimen asiantuntijaviranomaisten avulla. Rotuhygienian tarkastelu avaa uuden väylän tutkia moderniin kansalaisuuteen liittyneitä määreitä. Rotuhygienia ja erityisesti sen käytäntöön soveltaminen sterilisaatiolain muodossa tarjoaa kansalaisuuden näkökulmalle konkreettisen ja fokusoidun tutkimuskohteen. Sterilisaatioasiakirjoissa kristallisoituu lääketieteellisin perustein tehty huonon kansalaisen määrittely. Tutkimus rakentuu kolmesta pääluvusta. Ensin käydään läpi vuoden 1935 sterilisaatiolain toteuttamista yleisesti aikaisemman tutkimuksen perusteella, minkä jälkeen tarkennetaan kuvaa otoksista saatujen tulosten avulla. Seuraavassa luvussa tarkastellaan hyvän elämän kriteerejä oikeanlaisen elämänkulun hahmottamisen avulla. Viimeinen pääluku keskittyy modernin kansalaisen muotokuvan rakentamiseen normeiksi määrittyvien fysionomisten ja seksuaalisten sekä luonne- ja älykkyysominaisuuksien palasilla. Normaali, terve kansalainen oli lapsesta asti sekä fyysisiltä että psyykkisiltä ominaisuuksiltaan normien mukaan kehittynyt. Hänessä ei ilmennyt diagnosoitavia häiriötiloja vaan hänen yksilöllinen elämänsä noudatti sisäsyntyistä "luonnollista" elämänkulkua. Fyysiseltä olemukseltaan ihannekansalainen oli sopusuhtainen, säännönmukainen ja mahdollisimman symmetrinen. Normaali kansalainen oli alistanut viettinsä rationaalin alle. Hän hallitsi tunteitaan ja elämäänsä järkevästi niitä itse tietoisesti ohjaillen. Seksuaaliviettinsä ihannekansalainen oli rajannut porvarillisen avioliiton alueelle, ja sielläkin sukupuolielämän tehtävänä oli reproduktio uusien kansalaisten tuottajana. Viettielämän hallitsemattomuus ja ylivalta suhteessa yksilön järjen tahtoon osoitti sisäsyntyistä rappiota, degeneraatiota, jolloin vajaan, epänormaalin yksilön elämä oli jäänyt lapsen tai lähes eläimen tasolle. Normaali kansalainen kulki jatkuvan yksilöllisen kehityksen polkua, jonka tarkoituksena oli saattaa atavistiset piirteet ja vietit järjen ja sivistyksen tuoman hallinnan alle.Ihannekansalaisen evolutionääriseen kehitykseen kuului valintojen tekeminen yhteneväisinä kansallisvaltion päämäärien kanssa. Hän kykeni elättämään itsensä ja perheensä mahdollisimman itsenäisesti muiden apuun turvautumatta. Hän eli kristillisten moraaliarvojen mukaisesti rehellisyydessä, säästäväisyydessä ja anteeksiannossa. Modernin ihannekansalaisen kasvatus alkoi kotona, jossa häntä oli hoidettu ja kasvatettu normien mukaisesti sekä oikeanlaisessa tunnesuhteessa äitiinsä. Indoktrinoiva kasvatus ja ohjaus ihannekansalaisuuteen jatkui koulussa. Tutkimukseni osoittaa kristilliseen opetukseen sisältyneiden arvojen ja moraalikäsitysten jatkumon objektiiviksi kutsutuissa moderneissa (luonnon-)tieteissä. Tieteen avulla perustellut käsitykset työnteosta, sukupuolimoraalista sekä auktoriteetin ylivallasta ovat verrattavissa luterilaisen opin sisältöihin. Avainsanat: Kansalainen, sterilisaatio, rotuhygienia, moderni keskiluokka, älykkyys

Nonlinear I-V characteristics of senmiconducting paints

The oxide-based high resistivity semiconducting Paints can be used on high voltage insulators for improved performance. They were found to exhibit nonlinear I-V characteristics which are reported here. The paints exhibited power law relationship and a sharp transition in merhanism of conduction at a critical voltage.

Costs assessment not an each-way bet: Radich v Kenway [2014] QDC 60

In Radich v Kenway [2014] QDC 60 McGinness DCJ considered issues relating to the assessment of costs under the Legal Profession Act 2007 (Qld). This recent costs assessment case from the District Court clearly illustrates the interplay between the relevant elements of the Legal Profession Act 2007 and Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999.

Keeping clear on costs: Geatches v Anglo Coal (Moranbah North Management Pty Ltd) [2014] QSC 106

In Geatches v Anglo Coal (Moranbah North Management Pty Ltd [2014] QSC 106, a dispute arose in the context of an assessment of costs as to the meaning to be attributed to particular terms of settlement and discharge signed by the parties. The court was required to consider the implications of those documents, and of a subsequent consent order intended to reflect the agreed settlement. Recovery of costs - terms of settlement and discharge exclude recovery of costs against one party and require other party to pay costs of claim against it - whether only subsequent consent order should be construed - implications where costs were common and mixed costs - whether costs should be apportioned

On the construction of costs: McDermott v Robinson Helicopter Company (No.2) [2014] QSC 213

The decision in McDermott v Robinson Helicopter Company (No 2) [2014] QSC 213 involves an extensive examination of authorities on the general principle relating to the awarding of costs to a successful party. The court concluded that there was a predilection in favour of distributing costs according to the outcome or 'event' of particular issues in the action.

Evidence in view: Matton Developments Pty Ltd v CGU Insurance Limited [2014] QSC 256

Rule 478 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld)(view by court) is silent as to the manner in which a court might be expected to exercise the discretion to order an inspection or demonstration under the rule and also as to the use which may be made of any inspection or demonstration ordered. The decision in Matton Developments Pty Ltd v CGU Insurance Limited [2014] QSC 256 provides guidance on both matters. This case provides some guidance on the circumstances in which a court may exercise its discretion to order a view or demonstration

Lawyers linked to litigation funding face court censure: Bolitho v Banksia Securities Limited (No.4) [2014] VSC 582

In Bolitho v Banksia Securities Limited (No 4) [2014] VSC 582 the Supreme Court of Victoria concluded that the proper administration of justice, including the appearance of justice, required that the lawyers representing the plaintiff in the group proceeding should be restrained from continuing to act for the plaintiff. This Victorian case illustrates how courts are likely to respond when lawyers attempt to circumvent the prohibition on contingency fees through litigation funding in which they have a financial interest.

An abuse of process - traditionally: Smith v Lucht [2014] QDC 302

In Smith v Lucht [2014] QDC 302 McGill DCJ considered whether in Queensland the concept of abuse of process was sufficiently broad as to encompass circumstances in which the resources of the court and the parties to be expended to determine the claim were out of all proportion to the interest at stake. Stay of proceedings - abuse of process - whether disproportionality between interest at stake and costs of litigating may amount to abuse of process - plaintiff with good cause of action entitled to pursue it.

Sequences that adopt non-B-DNA conformation in form V DNA as probed by enzymic methylation

pBR322 form V DNA is a highly torsionally strained molecule with a linking number of zero. We have used sequence- specific DNA methylases as probes for B-DNA in this molecule, exploiting the inability of methylases to methylate single-stranded DNA and Z-DNA, both of which are known to occur in form V DNA. Some sequences in form V DNA were shown to be totally in the B-form, others were totally in an altered, unmethylatable conformation, while still other sites appeared to exist partly in altered and partly in normal B-conformation. Some potential Z-forming sequences (alternating pyrimidine/purine) of less than seven base-pairs were not in the Z conformation in form V DNA, whereas others did adopt an altered structure, indicating a modulating influence of flanking sequences. Furthermore, regions of imperfect alternating pyrimidine/purine structure were sometimes capable of adopting an altered structure. In addition, some regions of altered structure had no apparent Z-forming sequences, nor were they in polypurine stretches, which have also been proposed to form left-handed DNA. These non-B-DNA conformations may represent novel left-handed helical structures or sequences that become single stranded under torsional strain. Long regions of either altered (unmethylatable) DNA or B-DNA were not always observed. In fact, one region showed three transitions between B-like DNA and altered structure within 26 base-pairs.