977 resultados para Evaluation Studies as Topic
Resumo:
Les principaux objets abords au cours de l'valuation en 2006 sont : 1. Le suivi de l'volution des nouveaux cas de VIH et des comportements dans un des groupes spcifiques, savoir les consommateurs de drogues par injection (comparaison 2000-2002-2006); 2. La poursuite du monitoring des activits des associations institu en 2005 et le suivi des recommandations mises dans le rapport 2005; 3. La rvision des indicateurs proposs dans les contrats de partenariat et la dfinition des indicateurs de processus et des objectifs viss moyen terme; 4. L'apprciation des synergies et des complmentarits du dispositif, en particulier des activits de prvention, dans le domaine des migrants, aprs les recommandations mises en 2005; 5. L'exploration des possibilits de comparer les clientles et la demande de test dans les centres de test anonyme de Checkpoint et des HUG. Dans ce rapport figure en premier lieu le bilan pidmiologique et la prsentation de l'volution des comportements dans deux groupes cible savoir les personnes sropositives et les consommateurs de drogues par injection. Les rsultats des monitorings des activits des associations sont ensuite prsents en regard des recommandations mises dans le prcdent rapport d'valuation. La collaboration dans le travail effectu auprs des migrants fait l'objet d'un chapitre en soi alors que pour les objectifs 3 et 5 un bref rsum prsente le travail effectu. [Extrait Introduction p. 5]
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L'initiative Scne Bleue (SB) se veut un espace, lieu de rencontre de jeunes adolescents gs de 10 18 ans, dans le cadre de l'dition 2001 du Festival de Jazz de Montreux. Il s'agit de proposer une srie d'animations permettant de faire la fte sans consommation de substances (lgales et/ou illgales). Ce document fait l'historique du projet et de l'valuation conduite par l'IUMSP. Cette valuation comprend trois volets, correspondant des temps diffrents : 1. Avant - documenter la perception des objectifs et les attentes des jeunes et des animateurs, avant le dmarrage du projet SB. 2. Pendant - analyser la ralisation du projet in situ et recueillir informations et ractions auprs de la clientle de la SB. 3. Aprs - examiner l'volution des perceptions des diffrents acteurs, aprs le festival. Les rsultats peuvent tre rsums comme suit : la SB a rencontr un vif succs. La dmonstration a t faite que le public concern pouvait tre attir par un lieu avec des interdits relatifs la consommation de substances : ainsi l'objectif de prvention primaire ciblant des jeunes gs de 13 ans en moyenne a t atteint. Les visiteurs plus gs, moins impliqus, ont malgr tout pu raliser que faire la fte sans alcool ni drogues tait possible. Le projet peut l'avenir tre consolid en dfinissant des objectifs et des stratgies de prvention explicites. La participation des jeunes cette entreprise collective partage avec les animateurs et les reponsables peut tre sollicite davantage, notamment pour ce qui est de l'organisation et des choix concrets relatifs aux diverses animations. [Rsum]
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Routinely collected health data, obtained for administrative and clinical purposes without specific a priori research goals, are increasingly used for research. The rapid evolution and availability of these data have revealed issues not addressed by existing reporting guidelines, such as Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely collected health Data (RECORD) statement was created to fill these gaps. RECORD was created as an extension to the STROBE statement to address reporting items specific to observational studies using routinely collected health data. RECORD consists of a checklist of 13 items related to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion section of articles, and other information required for inclusion in such research reports. This document contains the checklist and explanatory and elaboration information to enhance the use of the checklist. Examples of good reporting for each RECORD checklist item are also included herein. This document, as well as the accompanying website and message board (http://www.record-statement.org), will enhance the implementation and understanding of RECORD. Through implementation of RECORD, authors, journals editors, and peer reviewers can encourage transparency of research reporting.
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Les gouvernements mondiaux et les organismes internationaux ont plac une haute priorit dans la prvention de la transmission mre-enfant du VIH. Cependant, bien qu'il y ait eu des progrs normes rapports dans des nations industrialises, la situation dans les pays en voie de dveloppement est encore dplorable; on y constate un grand cart entre lengagement international pour rduire cette voie de transmission et l'accs aux interventions. Ceci peut tre attribu la situation conomique dplorable dans plusieurs pays en voie de dveloppement. Des interventions prioritaires en sant doivent donc tre soigneusement slectionnes afin de maximiser l'utilisation efficace des ressources limites. Lvaluation conomique est un outil efficace qui peut aider des dcideurs identifier quelles stratgies choisir. L'objectif de cette revue systmatique est de recenser toutes les tudes d'valuation conomique existantes qui ont t effectues dans les pays en voie de dveloppement sur la prvention de la transmission mre-enfant du VIH. Notre revue a retenu 16 articles qui ont rpondu aux critres d'inclusion. Nous avons conu un formulaire pour lextraction de donnes, puis nous avons soumis les articles un contrle rigoureux de qualit. Nos rsultats ont expos un certain nombre de dfauts dans la qualit des tudes choisies. Nous avons galement not une forte htrognit dans les estimations des paramtres de cot et d'efficacit de base, dans la mthodologie applique, ainsi que dans les carts utiliss dans les analyses de sensibilit. Quelques interventions comportant la thrapie la zidovudine ou la nevirapine court terme se sont avres rentables, et ont enregistr des valeurs acceptables de cot-utilit. Les rsultats des valuations conomiques analyses dans cette revue ont vari sur la base des facteurs suivants : la prvalence du VIH, la classification du pays selon le revenu, les infrastructures disponible, les cots du personnel, et finalement les cots des interventions, particulirement les prix des mdicaments.
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In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich makroskalige hydrologische Modelle als wichtige Werkzeuge etabliert um den Zustand der globalen erneuerbaren Swasserressourcen flchendeckend bewerten knnen. Sie werden heutzutage eingesetzt um eine groe Bandbreite wissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen zu beantworten, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen anthropogener Einflsse auf das natrliche Abflussregime oder der Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels und Klimawandels auf die Ressource Wasser. Diese Auswirkungen lassen sich durch verschiedenste wasserbezogene Kenngren abschtzen, wie z.B. erneuerbare (Grund-)Wasserressourcen, Hochwasserrisiko, Drren, Wasserstress und Wasserknappheit. Die Weiterentwicklung makroskaliger hydrologischer Modelle wurde insbesondere durch stetig steigende Rechenkapazitten begnstigt, aber auch durch die zunehmende Verfgbarkeit von Fernerkundungsdaten und abgeleiteten Datenprodukten, die genutzt werden knnen, um die Modelle anzutreiben und zu verbessern. Wie alle makro- bis globalskaligen Modellierungsanstze unterliegen makroskalige hydrologische Simulationen erheblichen Unsicherheiten, die (i) auf rumliche Eingabedatenstze, wie z.B. meteorologische Gren oder Landoberflchenparameter, und (ii) im Besonderen auf die (oftmals) vereinfachte Abbildung physikalischer Prozesse im Modell zurckzufhren sind. Angesichts dieser Unsicherheiten ist es unabdingbar, die tatschliche Anwendbarkeit und Prognosefhigkeit der Modelle unter diversen klimatischen und physiographischen Bedingungen zu berprfen. Bisher wurden die meisten Evaluierungsstudien jedoch lediglich in wenigen, groen Flusseinzugsgebieten durchgefhrt oder fokussierten auf kontinentalen Wasserflssen. Dies steht im Kontrast zu vielen Anwendungsstudien, deren Analysen und Aussagen auf simulierten Zustandsgren und Flssen in deutlich feinerer rumlicher Auflsung (Gridzelle) basieren. Den Kern der Dissertation bildet eine umfangreiche Evaluierung der generellen Anwendbarkeit des globalen hydrologischen Modells WaterGAP3 fr die Simulation von monatlichen Abflussregimen und Niedrig- und Hochwasserabflssen auf Basis von mehr als 2400 Durchflussmessreihen fr den Zeitraum 1958-2010. Die betrachteten Flusseinzugsgebiete reprsentieren ein breites Spektrum klimatischer und physiographischer Bedingungen, die Einzugsgebietsgre reicht von 3000 bis zu mehreren Millionen Quadratkilometern. Die Modellevaluierung hat dabei zwei Zielsetzungen: Erstens soll die erzielte Modellgte als Bezugswert dienen gegen den jegliche weiteren Modellverbesserungen verglichen werden knnen. Zweitens soll eine Methode zur diagnostischen Modellevaluierung entwickelt und getestet werden, die eindeutige Ansatzpunkte zur Modellverbesserung aufzeigen soll, falls die Modellgte unzureichend ist. Hierzu werden komplementre Modellgtemae mit neun Gebietsparametern verknpft, welche die klimatischen und physiographischen Bedingungen sowie den Grad anthropogener Beeinflussung in den einzelnen Einzugsgebieten quantifizieren. WaterGAP3 erzielt eine mittlere bis hohe Modellgte fr die Simulation von sowohl monatlichen Abflussregimen als auch Niedrig- und Hochwasserabflssen, jedoch sind fr alle betrachteten Modellgtemae deutliche rumliche Muster erkennbar. Von den neun betrachteten Gebietseigenschaften weisen insbesondere der Aridittsgrad und die mittlere Gebietsneigung einen starken Einfluss auf die Modellgte auf. Das Modell tendiert zur berschtzung des jhrlichen Abflussvolumens mit steigender Ariditt. Dieses Verhalten ist charakteristisch fr makroskalige hydrologische Modelle und ist auf die unzureichende Abbildung von Prozessen der Abflussbildung und konzentration in wasserlimitierten Gebieten zurckzufhren. In steilen Einzugsgebieten wird eine geringe Modellgte hinsichtlich der Abbildung von monatlicher Abflussvariabilitt und zeitlicher Dynamik festgestellt, die sich auch in der Gte der Niedrig- und Hochwassersimulation widerspiegelt. Diese Beobachtung weist auf notwendige Modellverbesserungen in Bezug auf (i) die Aufteilung des Gesamtabflusses in schnelle und verzgerte Abflusskomponente und (ii) die Berechnung der Fliegeschwindigkeit im Gerinne hin. Die im Rahmen der Dissertation entwickelte Methode zur diagnostischen Modellevaluierung durch Verknpfung von komplementren Modellgtemaen und Einzugsgebietseigenschaften wurde exemplarisch am Beispiel des WaterGAP3 Modells erprobt. Die Methode hat sich als effizientes Werkzeug erwiesen, um rumliche Muster in der Modellgte zu erklren und Defizite in der Modellstruktur zu identifizieren. Die entwickelte Methode ist generell fr jedes hydrologische Modell anwendbar. Sie ist jedoch insbesondere fr makroskalige Modelle und multi-basin Studien relevant, da sie das Fehlen von feldspezifischen Kenntnissen und gezielten Messkampagnen, auf die blicherweise in der Einzugsgebietsmodellierung zurckgegriffen wird, teilweise ausgleichen kann.
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Studies on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), like those of other systems of traditional medicine (TM), are very variable in their quality, content and focus, resulting in issues around their acceptability to the global scientific community. In an attempt to address these issues, an European Union funded FP7 consortium, composed of both Chinese and European scientists and named Good practice in traditional Chinese medicine (GP-TCM), has devised a series of guidelines and technical notes to facilitate good practice in collecting, assessing and publishing TCM literature as well as highlighting the scope of information that should be in future publications on TMs. This paper summarises these guidelines, together with what has been learned through GP-TCM collaborations, focusing on some common problems and proposing solutions. The recommendations also provide a template for the evaluation of other types of traditional medicine such as Ayurveda, Kampo and Unani. Materials and methods: GP-TCM provided a means by which experts in different areas relating to TCM were able to collaborate in forming a literature review good practice panel which operated through e-mail exchanges, teleconferences and focused discussions at annual meetings. The panel involved coordinators and representatives of each GP-TCM work package (WP) with the latter managing the testing and refining of such guidelines within the context of their respective WPs and providing feedback. Results: A Good Practice Handbook for Scientific Publications on TCM was drafted during the three years of the consortium, showing the value of such networks. A deliverable central questions labour division model had been established to guide the literature evaluation studies of each WP. The model investigated various scoring systems and their ability to provide consistent and reliable semi-quantitative assessments of the literature, notably in respect of the botanical ingredients involved and the scientific quality of the work described. This resulted in the compilation of (i) a robust scoring system and (ii) a set of minimum standards for publishing in the herbal medicines field, based on an analysis of the main problems identified in published TCM literature.
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It is generally accepted that the physical workplace environment affects employees satisfaction and, consequently, their perceived productivity and well-being. This study investigated whether employee satisfaction variables can predict perceived productivity, well-being and enjoyment at work, and if so, to what extent. The study also explored whether limiting employees control over their environment could save energy without compromising employees satisfaction and perceived productivity. Preoccupancy and post-occupancy evaluation studies were conducted, in terms of both energy consumption and employee perceptions, to make comparisons between a companys old and current headquarters buildings, both located in the same area of London. The results showed that employees were more satisfied with their work environment at their new HQ, in general, than with that of their previous office. Also, employees self-reported productivity, well-being and enjoyment at work improved after the move. It was revealed that the combination of employees level of satisfaction with interior use of space and physical conditions was the best predictor of their perceived productivity, while satisfaction with indoor facilities was not a good predictor. In terms of energy performance, although the new HQs energy consumption per m2 was significantly less than that of the previous building, there was still a gap between the refurbishment design target and the actual performance of the building. The findings suggest that this gap could be due to a number of factors, including an ineffective use of interior space, and occupants behaviour.
Resumo:
A ingesto de substncias custicas constitui importante situao de emergncia, tendo em vista a gravidade de suas seqelas. OBJETIVO: Estudar as alteraes morfolgicas e funcionais do esfago de coelhos submetidos infuso esofgica com soda custica (NaOH). MTODOS: 88 coelhos foram divididos em 4 grupos: G1 (n=22) foi submetido infuso esofgica com gua destilada; G2, G3 e G4 foram submetidos a infuso esofgica com NaOH a 2%, 4% e 6%, respectivamente. Alteraes morfolgicas foram estudadas em 12 animais de cada grupo e as alteraes manomtricas, nos 10 animais restantes. Foram feitas anlises do esfncter inferior do esfago (EIE), nmero e amplitude das contraes no tero distal do esfago. Estes estudos foram realizados antes (momento 1 - M1) e aos 30 minutos, 6 horas e 24 horas aps a infuso esofgica (momentos M2, M3 e M4, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: Avaliao macroscpica: G1 - sem alteraes; G2 - edema, hiperemia e descamao; G3 - aumento do calibre do esfago, lceras, descamao da mucosa; G4 - leses semelhantes as do G3, porm mais intensas, reas de extensa hemorragia. Avaliao funcional: a presso no EIE foi mais elevada em M2 no grupo 2; o nmero das contraes no tero distal do esfago foi menor em G3 e G4, e a amplitude das contraes foi menor em G4. CONCLUSES: 1) a infuso esofgica com NaOH constitui excelente modelo experimental de esofagite custica no coelho; 2) a infuso esofgica com NaOH causa leses na parede do esfago, com gravidade proporcional a concentrao da soluo; 3) a infuso causou espasmo do EIE em M2 e reduo do nmero e amplitude das contraes no tero distal do esfago.
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The bladder pressure necessary to cause vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was measured in 16 female rats. Under general anesthesia, the ureters were exposed via an abdominal incission and a pressure catheter was placed near the uterovesical junction. Values of bladder distension and bladder pressure increase to cause VUR were obtained by injecting isotonic saline in one ureter until VUR in the opposite ureter was detected as a sudden pressure increase. After 5 min the same procedure was done on the contralateral side. This procedure was repeated eight times in each rat with a 15-min intermission. The bladder pressure at which VUR occurred was measured through a uretral catheter. Two groups were studied: G1, control, and G2, administration of intravenous metoclopramide (0.007 mg/100 g body weight) four times.
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Using a questionnaire, 41 patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery were evaluated pre- and postoperatively to determine some of their psychological characteristics and treatment outcome from the patient's standpoint. Among other conclusions, the results showed that some patients may not fully understand the details of their deformity, despite a full explanation by the orthodontist and surgeon. Expectations regarding treatment outcome may be unrealistic even in patients with valid self-motivation for surgery. Social adjustment usually improves after treatment. Functional changes were noticed by over 80% of the patients and esthetic changes in over 90%.
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The aims of this study were to analyse the validity, sensitivity and specificity of the protocol of oro-facial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES) for oro-facial myofunctional disorder (OMD) diagnosis in young and adult subjects. Eighty subjects were examined. The OMES was validated against the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) protocol (criterion validity) (Spearman correlation test). The construct validity was tested by analysis of the ability of the OMES (i) to differentiate healthy subjects (n = 22) from temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients (n = 22), which frequently have OMD (MannWhitney test) and (ii) to measure the changes that occurred in a subgroup with TMD between the period before and after oro-facial myofunctional therapy (T group, n = 15) (Wilcoxon test). Two speech therapists trained with the OMES participated as examiners (E). There was a statistically significant correlation between the OMES and NOT-S protocols, which was negative because the two scales are inverse (r = -0.86, P < 0.01). There was a significant difference between the healthy and TMD subjects regarding the oro-facial myofunctional status (OMES total score, P = 0.003). After therapy, the T group showed improvement in the oro-facial myofunctional status (OMES total score, P = 0.001). Inter- and intra-examiner agreement was moderate, and the reliability coefficients ranged from good to excellent. The OMES protocol presented mean sensitivity and specificity = 0.80, positive predictive value = 0.76 and negative predictive value = 0.84. Conclusion: The OMES protocol is valid and reliable for clinical evaluation of young and adult subjects, among them patients with TMD.
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Background: Renal evaluation studies are rare in American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). The aim of this study is to investigate whether specific treatment reverts ACL-associated renal dysfunction. Methods: A prospective study was conducted with 37 patients with ACL. Urinary concentrating and acidification ability was assessed before and after treatment with pentavalent antimonial. Results: The patients mean age was 35.6 +/- 12 years and 19 were male. Before treatment, urinary concentrating defect (U/P-osm < 2.8) was identified in 27 patients (77%) and urinary acidification defect in 17 patients (46%). No significant glomerular dysfunction was observed before and after specific ACL treatment. There was no reversion of urinary concentrating defects, being observed in 77% of the patients before and in 88% after treatment (p = 0.344). Urinary acidification defect was corrected in 9 patients after treatment, reducing its prevalence from 40% before to only 16% after treament, (p = 0.012). Microalbuminuria higher than 30 mg/g was found in 35% of patients before treatment and in only 8% after treatment. Regarding fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, there was no significant difference between pre and post-treatment period. Conclusion: As previously described, urinary concentrating and acidification defects were found in an important number of patients with ACL. Present results demonstrate that only some patients recover urinary acidification capacity, while no one returned to normal urinary concentration capacity.
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Background Renal evaluation studies are rare in American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). The aim of this study is to investigate whether specific treatment reverts ACL-associated renal dysfunction. Methods A prospective study was conducted with 37 patients with ACL. Urinary concentrating and acidification ability was assessed before and after treatment with pentavalent antimonial. Results The patients mean age was 35.6 12years and 19 were male. Before treatment, urinary concentrating defect (U/Posm <2.8) was identified in 27 patients (77%) and urinary acidification defect in 17 patients (46%). No significant glomerular dysfunction was observed before and after specific ACL treatment. There was no reversion of urinary concentrating defects, being observed in 77% of the patients before and in 88% after treatment (p=0.344). Urinary acidification defect was corrected in 9 patients after treatment, reducing its prevalence from 40% before to only 16% after treament, (p=0.012). Microalbuminuria higher than 30mg/g was found in 35% of patients before treatment and in only 8% after treatment. Regarding fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, there was no significant difference between pre and post-treatment period. Conclusion As previously described, urinary concentrating and acidification defects were found in an important number of patients with ACL. Present results demonstrate that only some patients recover urinary acidification capacity, while no one returned to normal urinary concentration capacity.
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Over the past 24 years, research groups in eight different countries have conducted 28 independent evaluation studies on Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) including 1,329 schizophrenia patients. The present study examines the effectiveness of IPT under different treatment conditions by means of a meta-analytic review. The most salient results indicate favourable mean effect sizes for IPT in comparison to control groups (placebo-attention conditions, standard care). Moreover, the superiority of IPT continues to increase during an average catamnestic phase of 8.1 months. The method obtains similarly favourable effects in different functional areas (neurocognition, social behaviour, psychopathology) and different assessment formats (expert ratings, self-reports, psychological tests). The comparison of different settings of IPT and control groups shows the superiority of IPT in any given therapy or site condition. The analysis of subsamples of inpatients, outpatients, and patients in varying rehabilitation phases reveals similarly favourable effects. Comparing only high-quality studies yields comparable results. In summary, the present meta-analysis corroborates evidence that IPT is an 'empirically validated treatment' according to American Psychiatric Association guidelines.
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The issue over utilization of evaluation results has been receiving increasing attention lately. However, a continuing problem has been the lack of knowledge of the specific determinants of the utilization of evaluation results, the extent that these results are used, and the absence in the literature of empirical investigations of those determinants. The purposes of the current study were to examine the patterns of utilization of the recommendations made to an organization following an extensive evaluation, and to quantitatively examine some determinants of that utilization. During the course of the ten-month study, a number of important points regarding evaluation studies, and the utilization of their results were identified. Primary among these was the fact that a definition of utilization that requires adoption of recommendations is limited. Tremendous amounts of organizational activity may accrue from the results of an evaluation regardless of whether the results are adopted. In addition, none of the characteristics of the recommendations that were examined proved to be significant predictors of the extent of their utilization other than whether adoption was considered an authority decision or the results of staff concensus. ^
