ORÇAMENTO DOS MUNICÍPIOS DO ABC PAULISTA: uma avaliação da conformidade dos portais da transparência com as normas fiscais

As normas da transparência fiscal (LC 101/00, LC131/09, Decreto 7185/10) determinam que todos os entes da federação das três esferas de poder disponibilizem na internet, em tempo real, informações pormenorizadas sobre a execução orçamentária e financeira. O ente federativo mais próximo do cidadão é o município, onde o seu espaço de vida é constituído. A transparência das informações municipais possibilita um melhor acompanhamento das contas públicas. Dessa forma, o cidadão poderá exercer de forma mais eficaz o seu direito de accountability. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar o nível de transparência do orçamento público dos municípios do ABC Paulista, com base na conformidade com as normas legais da transparência fiscal. A pesquisa é exploratória e de natureza descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram construídos escores de conformidade para os municípios, permitindo classificá-los em quatro categorias de transparência: transparente, translúcido, diáfano e opaco. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de fevereiro a junho de 2013 por meio da observação nos portais eletrônicos da transparência de cada município. As evidências empíricas apontam que os portais não estão em total conformidade com as exigências legais. No que tange a accountability os avanços ainda são modestos, a assimetria informacional ainda persiste e o conteúdo divulgado é muito técnico.

Mechanistic Models of Anti-HIV Microbicide Drug Delivery

A new modality for preventing HIV transmission is emerging in the form of topical microbicides. Some clinical trials have shown some promising results of these methods of protection while other trials have failed to show efficacy. Due to the relatively novel nature of microbicide drug transport, a rigorous, deterministic analysis of that transport can help improve the design of microbicide vehicles and understand results from clinical trials. This type of analysis can aid microbicide product design by helping understand and organize the determinants of drug transport and the potential efficacies of candidate microbicide products.

Microbicide drug transport is modeled as a diffusion process with convection and reaction effects in appropriate compartments. This is applied here to vaginal gels and rings and a rectal enema, all delivering the microbicide drug Tenofovir. Although the focus here is on Tenofovir, the methods established in this dissertation can readily be adapted to other drugs, given knowledge of their physical and chemical properties, such as the diffusion coefficient, partition coefficient, and reaction kinetics. Other dosage forms such as tablets and fiber meshes can also be modeled using the perspective and methods developed here.

The analyses here include convective details of intravaginal flows by both ambient fluid and spreading gels with different rheological properties and applied volumes. These are input to the overall conservation equations for drug mass transport in different compartments. The results are Tenofovir concentration distributions in time and space for a variety of microbicide products and conditions. The Tenofovir concentrations in the vaginal and rectal mucosal stroma are converted, via a coupled reaction equation, to concentrations of Tenofovir diphosphate, which is the active form of the drug that functions as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor against HIV. Key model outputs are related to concentrations measured in experimental pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, e.g. concentrations in biopsies and blood. A new measure of microbicide prophylactic functionality, the Percent Protected, is calculated. This is the time dependent volume of the entire stroma (and thus fraction of host cells therein) in which Tenofovir diphosphate concentrations equal or exceed a target prophylactic value, e.g. an EC50.

Results show the prophylactic potentials of the studied microbicide vehicles against HIV infections. Key design parameters for each are addressed in application of the models. For a vaginal gel, fast spreading at small volume is more effective than slower spreading at high volume. Vaginal rings are shown to be most effective if inserted and retained as close to the fornix as possible. Because of the long half-life of Tenofovir diphosphate, temporary removal of the vaginal ring (after achieving steady state) for up to 24h does not appreciably diminish Percent Protected. However, full steady state (for the entire stromal volume) is not achieved until several days after ring insertion. Delivery of Tenofovir to the rectal mucosa by an enema is dominated by surface area of coated mucosa and whether the interiors of rectal crypts are filled with the enema fluid. For the enema 100% Percent Protected is achieved much more rapidly than for vaginal products, primarily because of the much thinner epithelial layer of the mucosa. For example, 100% Percent Protected can be achieved with a one minute enema application, and 15 minute wait time.

Results of these models have good agreement with experimental pharmacokinetic data, in animals and clinical trials. They also improve upon traditional, empirical PK modeling, and this is illustrated here. Our deterministic approach can inform design of sampling in clinical trials by indicating time periods during which significant changes in drug concentrations occur in different compartments. More fundamentally, the work here helps delineate the determinants of microbicide drug delivery. This information can be the key to improved, rational design of microbicide products and their dosage regimens.

Caracterización agromorfológica y de calidad nutricional de poblaciones locales de maíz de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina

El maíz (Zea mays L.) presenta una gran diversidad de razas que pueden agruparse según sus características y usos diferenciales. La mayor parte del maíz sembrado en la provincia de Misiones corresponde a poblaciones locales, en las cuales el abandono de las tradiciones asociadas con su uso conduce a su erosión genética. La información acerca del comportamiento agronómico y características nutricionales de estos materiales es escasa. Con el objetivo de evaluar el potencial agronómico y nutricional de poblaciones de maíz de la provincia de Misiones, aportar al conocimiento de la diversidad genética, y contribuir a su conservación, revalorización y utilización, se estudiaron 16 poblaciones locales de diferente origen y fecha de colecta y 3 testigos comerciales exógenos utilizados en la región mediante descriptores agromorfológicos, de calidad nutricional y moleculares asociados al locus Opaco-2 (se incluyeron 2 testigos QPM exógenos portadores del gen opaco-2). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron detectar la existencia de variabilidad agromorfológica, molecular y nutricional. La diversidad mostró diferencias en cuanto a su origen y momento de colecta, reflejando procesos de selección, sustitución y/o contaminación con materiales comerciales, realzando la importancia del uso de métodos que combinen la conservación de recursos genéticos in situ con aquella realizada en bancos de germoplasma. Se identificaron materiales con características sobresalientes para concentración de proteína, almidón, aceite y composición de ácidos grasos, así como poblaciones que igualaron y/o superaron el desempeño agronómico de los testigos. La detección de materiales de buen comportamiento agronómico y con características de calidad diferencial, demuestra el potencial genético presente en el germoplasma local, lo que permitirá su revalorización como recursos de uso directo por parte de las comunidades autóctonas y facilitará la selección preliminar para su utilización en programas de mejoramiento. Teniendo en cuenta que no existe información previa para estas variables en el germoplasma local, ni trabajos previos de selección para dichos caracteres, los resultados obtenidos proveen información valiosa para el diseño de estrategias de conservación y uso de los recursos genéticos locales.

La noción del aparato sonoro en la obra de tres artistas colombianos

En este trabajo se propone realizar un análisis del elemento sonoro en las prácticas de tres artistas contemporáneos colombianos -- Esta búsqueda se realiza desde una mirada filosófica que indaga sobre cómo el sonido conecta el cuerpo opaco interior del ser con el mundo exterior, tratando y se sustenta en la forma en la que los artistas utilizan el sonido en sus obras, teniendo como punto de partida esa pretensión de alcances ontológicos: sonido que define al ser y su relación con el mundo y da lugar al interrogante sobre cuál es la resonancia de ese mundo interior en la creación de la obra artística -- La idea fundamental de esta búsqueda está sustentada en la existencia de los cambios en la sensibilidad implicados en la irrupción del aparato sonoro en la cotidianidad -- El sustento referencial se acerca de manera directa a plantear la existencia de un ser sonoro, permeado desde antes de nacer por la onda vibratoria; un ser producto de fuerzas históricas moldeadas en la resonancia -- Se utiliza el concepto de acusmática para proponer un régimen de lo sonoro, allí donde de manera directa se insertan todos los dispositivos que al aparecer interrogan y jalonan la percepción

Un grato desfile de nubes

Nada es real sino hasta tanto tú lo haces existir como real. Nada se mueve si tú no le das el movimiento. Nada tiene sentido hasta que tú no le das el sentido. Nada se siente hasta que tú no lo haces sentir al que te sueña o te busca entre los bosque de rocío. Nadie conoce una ciudad sino eres tú quien se la exhibe como una ciudad de tentáculos melancólicos o inalcanzable en la irritación que te provoca. Nadie conoce un misterio sino se relaciona con quienes lo tienen o lo llevan como una visión. Y así, eso que indico, es para mí, lo que realiza y desarrolla totalmente, con una obsesión sin medida, el poeta Raúl Mejía. Y en todo este libro: Un grato desfile de nubes, es lo que leernos como tras de un cristal opaco o en una habitación en penumbra en la que solo entra la luz por el dintel de la puerta, o de un ocaso tras la calcinada hermosura que ha ocurrido o se ha sucedido desde el mediodía: Detesto que vean en mí a un modelo/De abyecciones y beatitudes/Que solo complican mi laxitud y silencio.

Efeito das variáveis laboratoriais protéticas na adesão da porcelana com ligas de níquel-cromo

The metalceramic crowns are usually used in dentistry because they provide a resistant structure due to its metallic base and its aesthetics from the porcelain that recovers this structure. To manufacture these crowns, a series of stages should be accomplished in the prosthetic laboratories, and many variables can influence its success. Changes in these variables cause alterations in the metallic alloy and in the porcelain, so, as consequence, in the adhesion between them. The composition of the metal alloy can be modified by recasting alloys, a common practice in some prosthetic laboratories. The aim of this paper is to make a systematic study investigating metalceramic crowns as well as analyzing the effect of recasting Ni-Cr alloys. Another variable which can influence the mechanism of metalceramic union is the temperature used in firing porcelain procedure. Each porcelain has to be fired in a fixed temperature which is determined by the manufacturer and its change can cause serious damages. This research simulate situations that may occur on laboratory procedures and observe their consequences in the quality of the metalceramic union. A scanning eletron microscopy and an optic microscopy were accomplish to analyse the metal-ceramic interface. No differences have been found when remelting alloys were used. The microhardness were similar in Ni-Cr alloys casted once, twice and three times. A wettability test was accomplished using a software developed at the Laboratório de Processamento de Materiais por Plasma, on the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. No differences were found in the contact angle between the solid surface (metallic substratum) and the tangencial plane to the liquid surface (opaque). To analyse if the temperature of porcelain firing procedure could influence the contact area between metal and porcelain, a variation in its final temperature was achieve from 980° to 955°C. Once more, no differences have been found

Pediatric Intussusception in Northern Iran: Comparison of Recurrent With Non-Recurrent Cases

Background: Intussusception represents as the invagination of a part of the intestine into itself and is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in infants and children between 6 months to 3-years-old. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the recurrence rate and predisposing factors of recurrent intussusception. Patients and Methods: The medical records of children aged less than 13-years-old with confirmed intussusception who underwent reduction at a tertiary academic care in northern Iran (Mazandran), from 2001 to 2013 were reviewed. Data were extracted and recurrence rate was determined. The two groups were compared by chi square, Fisher, Mann-Whitney and t-test. Diagnosed cases of intussusception consisted of 237 children. Results: Average age of the patients was 19.57 ± 19.43 months with a peak of 3 to 30 months. Male to female ratio was 1.65 and this increased by aging. Recurrence rate was 16% (38 cases). 87 (36.7%) underwent surgery. These were mainly children under one year old. In 71% (40) of episodes recurrence occurred 1 to 7 times within 6 months. The recurrence occurred in 29 (23.5%) children in whom a first reduction was achieved with barium enema (BE) and 5 (5.7%) children who had an operative reduction (P < 0.001) in the first episode. Pathological leading points (PLPs) were observed in 5 cases; 2.6% in recurrence group versus 2% in non-recurrence group (P = 0.91). Three patients had intestinal polyp, 2 patient’s lymphoma and Mackle’s diverticulum. Age (P = 0.77) and sex (P = 0.38) showed no difference between the two groups. PLPs were observed in 1.4% of children aged 3 months to 5 years. This was 13.3%, in older children (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The recurrence of intussusception was related to the method of treatment in the first episode and it was 5-fold higher in children with BE than in operative reduction. Recurrent intussusceptions were not associated with PLPs, they were more idiopathic.

Resine bio-based da oli vegetali: applicazioni industriali in prodotti vernicianti rinnovabili a basso impatto ambientale

La tesi riguarda lo studio di resine polimeriche derivanti da oli vegetali, impiegabili come leganti nei prodotti vernicianti per l’edilizia ed altri settori. I prodotti vernicianti plant-based sono stati confrontati con altri prodotti attualmente commercializzati, provenienti da fonti fossili. Considerata la produzione ingente dei prodotti vernicianti su base mondiale (8,31 kg/persona) sarebbe determinante impiegare delle fonti rinnovabili per garantirne una produzione sostenibile, diminuendo l’inquinamento, ritardando l’esaurimento del petrolio e riducendo le emissioni di CO2 e di conseguenza l’effetto serra ed il cambiamento climatico. Sono state trattate, quindi, alcune vie di sintesi “green” di leganti poliuretanici ed epossidici per prodotti vernicianti ad elevate prestazioni. Gli oli vegetali sono stati scelti come materie prime in quanto relativamente economici e disponibili in grandi quantità, risultando adatti per produzioni su scala industriale. Sono inoltre riportati i metodi di formulazione di uno smalto opaco bio-based per esterni (ad es. infissi e staccionate) e una vernice opaca per parquet (interni). Le formulazioni sperimentali sono state poi caratterizzate e confrontate con altri prodotti fossil-based presenti in commercio. I prodotti vernicianti sono stati sottoposti a test di brillantezza (gloss), adesione, presa di sporco, durezza, resistenza all’abrasione e resistenza chimica.