Methodische Grundlagen zur Bewahrung und Wiederherstellung großräumig funktionsfähiger ökologischer Beziehungen in der räumlichen Umweltplanung

Mit der Verwirklichung ,Ökologischer Netzwerke‘ werden Hoffnungen zum Stopp des Verlustes der biologischen Vielfalt verknüpft. Sowohl auf gesamteuropäischer Ebene (Pan-European Ecological Network - PEEN) als auch in den einzelnen Staaten entstehen Pläne zum Aufbau von Verbundsystemen. Im föderalen Deutschland werden kleinmaßstäbliche Biotopverbundplanungen auf Landesebene aufgestellt; zum nationalen Biotopverbund bestehen erste Konzepte. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist auf diese überörtlichen, strategisch vorbereitenden Planungsebenen ausgerichtet. Ziele des Verbunds sind der Erhalt von Populationen insbesondere der gefährdeten Arten sowie die Ermöglichung von Ausbreitung und Wanderung. Aufgrund fehlender Datengrundlagen zu den Arten und Populationen ist es nicht ohne weiteres möglich, die Konzepte und Modelle der Populationsökologie in die überörtlichen Planungsebenen zu übertragen. Gemäß der o.g. Zielstellungen sollte sich aber die Planung von Verbundsystemen an den Ansprüchen der auf Verbund angewiesenen Arten orientieren. Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer praktikablen GIS-gestützten Planungshilfe zur größtmöglichen Integration ökologischen Wissens unter der Bedingung eingeschränkter Informationsverfügbarkeit. Als Grundlagen dazu werden in Übersichtsform zunächst die globalen, europäisch-internationalen und nationalen Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen bezüglich des Aufbaus von Verbundsystemen zusammengestellt. Hier sind die Strategien zum PEEN hervorzuheben, die eine Integration ökologischer Inhalte insbesondere durch die Berücksichtigung räumlich-funktionaler Beziehungen fordern. Eine umfassende Analyse der landesweiten Biotopverbundplanungen der BRD zeigte die teilweise erheblichen Unterschiede zwischen den Länderplanungen auf, die es aktuell nicht ermöglichen, ein schlüssiges nationales Konzept zusammenzufügen. Nicht alle Länder haben landesweite Biotopverbundplanungen und Landeskonzepte, bei denen dem geplanten Verbund die Ansprüche von Arten zugrunde gelegt werden, gibt es nur ansatzweise. Weiterhin wurde eine zielgerichtete Eignungsprüfung bestehender GIS-basierter Modelle und Konzepte zum Verbund unter Berücksichtigung der regelmäßig in Deutschland verfügbaren Datengrundlagen durchgeführt. Da keine integrativen regelorientierten Ansätze vorhanden waren, wurde der vektorbasierte Algorithmus HABITAT-NET entwickelt. Er arbeitet mit ,Anspruchstypen‘ hinsichtlich des Habitatverbunds, die stellvertretend für unterschiedliche ökologische Gruppen von (Ziel-) Arten mit terrestrischer Ausbreitung stehen. Kombiniert wird die Fähigkeit zur Ausbreitung mit einer Grobtypisierung der Biotopbindung. Die wichtigsten Grundlagendaten bilden die jeweiligen (potenziellen) Habitate von Arten eines Anspruchstyps sowie die umgebende Landnutzung. Bei der Bildung von ,Lebensraumnetzwerken‘ (Teil I) werden gestufte ,Funktions- und Verbindungsräume‘ generiert, die zu einem räumlichen System verknüpft sind. Anschließend kann die aktuelle Zerschneidung der Netzwerke durch Verkehrstrassen aufgezeigt werden, um darauf aufbauend prioritäre Abschnitte zur Wiedervernetzung zu ermitteln (Teil II). Begleitend wird das Konzept der unzerschnittenen Funktionsräume (UFR) entworfen, mit dem die Indikation von Habitatzerschneidung auf Landschaftsebene möglich ist. Diskutiert werden schließlich die Eignung der Ergebnisse als kleinmaßstäblicher Zielrahmen, Tests zur Validierung, Vergleiche mit Verbundplanungen und verschiedene Setzungen im GIS-Algorithmus. Erläuterungen zu den Einsatzmöglichkeiten erfolgen beispielsweise für die Bereiche Biotopverbund- und Landschaftsplanung, Raumordnung, Strategische Umweltprüfung, Verkehrswegeplanung, Unterstützung des Konzeptes der Lebensraumkorridore, Kohärenz im Schutzgebietssystem NATURA 2000 und Aufbau von Umweltinformationssystemen. Schließlich wird ein Rück- und Ausblick mit der Formulierung des weiteren Forschungsbedarfs verknüpft.

Effects of plant diversity on bioenergy parameters in grassland biomass

Extensive grassland biomass for bioenergy production has long been subject of scientific research. The possibility of combining nature conservation goals with a profitable management while reducing competition with food production has created a strong interest in this topic. However, the botanical composition will play a key role for solid fuel quality of grassland biomass and will have effects on the combustion process by potentially causing corrosion, emission and slagging. On the other hand, botanical composition will affect anaerobic digestibility and thereby the biogas potential. In this thesis aboveground biomass from the Jena-Experiment plots was harvested in 2008 and 2009 and analysed for the most relevant chemical constituents effecting fuel quality and anaerobic digestibility. Regarding combustion, the following parameters were of main focus: higher heating value (HHV), gross energy yield (GE), ash content, ash softening temperature (AST), K, Ca, Mg, N, Cl and S content. For biogas production the following parameters were investigated: substrate specific methane yield (CH4 sub), area specific methane yield (CH4 area), crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL) and nitrogen-free extract (NfE). Furthermore, an improvement of the fuel quality was investigated through applying the Integrated generation of solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) procedure. Through the specific setup of the Jena-Experiment it was possible to outline the changes of these parameters along two diversity gradients: (i) species richness (SR; 1 to 60 species) and (ii) functional group (grasses, legumes, small herbs and tall herbs) presence. This was a novel approach on investigating the bioenergy characteristic of extensive grassland biomass and gave detailed insight in the sward-composition¬ - bioenergy relations such as: (i) the most relevant SR effect was the increase of energy yield for both combustion (annual GE increased by 26% from SR8→16 and by 65% from SR8→60) and anaerobic digestion (annual CH4 area increased by 22% from SR8→16 and by 49% from SR8→60) through a strong interaction of SR with biomass yield; (ii) legumes play a key role for the utilization of grassland biomass for energy production as they increase the energy content of the substrate (HHV and CH4 sub) and the energy yield (GE and CH4 area); (iii) combustion is the conversion technique that will yield the highest energy output but requires an improvement of the solid fuel quality in order to reduce the risk of corrosion, emission and slagging related problems. This was achieved through applying the IFBB-procedure, with reductions in ash (by 23%), N (28%), K (85%), Cl (56%) and S (59%) and equal levels of concentrations along the SR gradient.

Los supuestos de aplicación del administrador de hecho: un análisis del caso español a propósito de la sociedad por acciones simplificada

El régimen de responsabilidad patrimonial de los administradores en el ordenamiento jurídicocolombiano se caracterizó, antes de la irrupción de la sas, por un carácter marcadamenteformalista. No obstante, la Ley 1258 de 2008 amplió el ámbito subjetivo de aplicación delaludido régimen, al incorporar la figura del administrador societario de hecho. En este sentido,el estudio de la responsabilidad de los administradores recibe con la Ley SAS un nuevoimpulso, con el fin de que juegue un papel aún más representativo en Colombia. Así las cosas,en el presente artículo, se estudian los diferentes supuestos o circunstancias para la aplicaciónde la figura del administrador de hecho en el caso español, con miras a su aplicación en elentorno societario colombiano.

Análisis de la competitividad del sub sector lechero de los pequeños y medianos productores frente al TLC con la Unión Europea

A través de los años y en busca de ser partícipes del fenómeno de la globalización y de la integración económica entre países, Colombia ha buscado establecer acuerdos comerciales estratégicamente adecuados para transformar la economía interna, expandirse a nivel internacional e intercambiar productos en los que no se es especializado. Ante esto, Colombia firmó el Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea en Junio del 2012, que entró en vigencia en Agosto del 2013, y hasta el momento la situación del sector lechero ha sido crítica, pues carece del nivel de competitividad suficiente para garantizar la perdurabilidad de los pequeños y medianos productores de leche. El diagnóstico del sector lechero colombiano permite tener una visión más clara sobre las principales características de los sistemas de producción del país, es aquí donde se conocen las falencias que se presentan en el sector, pues la productividad es baja, los costos de producción son altos y los precios tienen una tendencia al alza, colocando a los productos nacionales en desventaja frente a la gran oferta internacional que invade el mercado interno con precios reducidos y con mejor calidad. Además, se identifica también que gran parte de los productores de leche son informales y por lo tanto es difícil consolidar la información referente al sector y convertirla en conocimiento para efectuar planes de cambio y transformación para mejorar la situación. Del lado contrario y actuando como principal competidor en este caso de estudio, se encuentra la Unión Europea. Su diagnóstico ubica esta zona geográfica en una posición indudablemente privilegiada: precios bajos, mejor calidad, alta productividad, entre otras características que hacen de la UE una verdadera amenaza para los pequeños y medianos productores colombianos. La sobreproducción que se presencia en esta asociación económica y política crea la necesidad de explorar otros mercados para poner a disposición dicha producción, y el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Colombia es una opción para compensar esa oferta con una demanda insatisfecha. Con el fin de conocer profundamente las implicaciones del TLC con la Unión Europea y cómo afecta este acuerdo a los pequeños y medianos productores de leche en Colombia, fue necesario abordar algunos puntos clave en la negociación establecida y a partir de estos determinar si este tratado es realmente una oportunidad para el campesino informal que se dedica a la producción de leche para el autoconsumo y/o la comercialización en veredas y pueblos, o por el contrario, es una plataforma que afecta negativamente a las 450 mil familias que viven de este oficio y que no tienen los niveles de competitividad exigidos para enfrentar una competencia extranjera tan fuerte como lo es la Unión Europea. Por último, el análisis DOFA permite crear estrategias coherentes y viables relacionando las fortalezas y debilidades de Colombia con las oportunidades y amenazas que implica tener un acuerdo de libre comercio con la Unión Europea. Estas estrategias contribuyen a mejorar la competitividad del sector en busca de garantizar una mayor perdurabilidad de los pequeños y medianos productores de leche, y de esta manera se logrará no sólo aprovechar este acuerdo comercial, si no también conquistar otros mercados internacionales con un producto de mejor calidad.

Training for museums and the National Charter for museum professions in Italy: a new prospective for development

Traditionally Italian universities have trained researchers and professionals in conservation: archaeologists, art historians and architects. It is only with the reform of the universities, from 1999, that the teaching of museology and museography have also been expanded.Italian museums are for the most part public museums, depending on local bodies or the national ministry; they lack autonomy and do not possess specific professional figures. The task of conservation has predominated over the other roles of museums, but with the reform of the conservation law in 2004 the definition of „museum‟ has been introduced in Italy as well, and regulations regarding the development of heritage have been issued; in addition the Regions have also taken on a more active role for museums belonging to local bodies and for the development of their territory.Museum professions are not officially recognised, but the museum community, through the various associations and ICOM Italia, has put together a document to act as a general reference, the National Charter of Museum Professions, which has been followed by the Manual of Museum Professions in Europe. Now there is a need to plan the content and outlines ofvocational training courses for museum professionals, together withthe universities, the regions and the museums themselves, alongwith the associations and ICOM – ICTOP, utilising the mostinnovative Master‟s courses which offer an interdisciplinaryapproach, a methodology which combines theory and practice, andan element of hands-on experimentation in museums, or withmuseums.

Predictive vegetation mapping in the Mediterranean context: Considerations and methodological issues

The need to map vegetation communities over large areas for nature conservation and to predict the impact of environmental change on vegetation distributions, has stimulated the development of techniques for predictive vegetation mapping. Predictive vegetation studies start with the development of a model relating vegetation units and mapped physical data, followed by the application of that model to a geographic database and over a wide range of spatial scales. This field is particularly important for identifying sites for rare and endangered species and locations of high biodiversity such as many areas of the Mediterranean Basin. The potential of the approach is illustrated with a mapping exercise in the alti-meditterranean zone of Lefka Ori in Crete. The study established the nature of the relationship between vegetation communities and physical data including altitude, slope and geomorphology. In this way the knowledge of community distribution was improved enabling a GIS-based model capable of predicting community distribution to be constructed. The paper describes the development of the spatial model and the methodological problems of predictive mapping for monitoring Mediterranean ecosystems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of predictive vegetation mapping and other spatial techniques, such as fuzzy mapping and geostatistics, for improving our understanding of the dynamics of Mediterranean ecosystems and for practical management in a region that is under increasing pressure from human impact.

On wave action and phase in the non-canonical Hamiltonian formulation

The long time–evolution of disturbances to slowly–varying solutions of partial differential equations is subject to the adiabatic invariance of the wave action. Generally, this approximate conservation law is obtained under the assumption that the partial differential equations are derived from a variational principle or have a canonical Hamiltonian structure. Here, the wave action conservation is examined for equations that possess a non–canonical (Poisson) Hamiltonian structure. The linear evolution of disturbances in the form of slowly varying wavetrains is studied using a WKB expansion. The properties of the original Hamiltonian system strongly constrain the linear equations that are derived, and this is shown to lead to the adiabatic invariance of a wave action. The connection between this (approximate) invariance and the (exact) conservation laws of pseudo–energy and pseudomomentum that exist when the basic solution is exactly time and space independent is discussed. An evolution equation for the slowly varying phase of the wavetrain is also derived and related to Berry's phase.

Nonlinear saturation of baroclinic instability: part III: bounds on the energy

Rigorous upper bounds are derived on the saturation amplitude of baroclinic instability in the two-layer model. The bounds apply to the eddy energy and are obtained by appealing to a finite amplitude conservation law for the disturbance pseudoenergy. These bounds are to be distinguished from those derived in Part I of this study, which employed a pseudomomentum conservation law and provided bounds on the eddy potential enstrophy. The bounds apply to conservative (inviscid, unforced) flow, as well as to forced-dissipative flow when the dissipation is proportional to the potential vorticity. Bounds on the eddy energy are worked out for a general class of unstable westerly jets. In the special case of the Phillips model of baroclinic instability, and in the limit of infinitesimal initial eddy amplitude, the bound states that the eddy energy cannot exceed ϵβ2/6F where ϵ = (U − Ucrit)/Ucrit is the relative supercriticality. This bound captures the essential dynamical scalings (i.e., the dependence on ϵ, β, and F) of the saturation amplitudes predicted by weakly nonlinear theory, as well as exhibiting remarkable quantitative agreement with those predictions, and is also consistent with heuristic baroclinic adjustment estimates.

The slowly evolving background state of the atmosphere

The theory of wave–mean flow interaction requires a partition of the atmospheric flow into a notional background state and perturbations to it. Here, a background state, known as the Modified Lagrangian Mean (MLM), is defined as the zonally symmetric state obtained by requiring that every potential vorticity (PV) contour lying within an isentropic layer encloses the same mass and circulation as in the full flow. For adiabatic and frictionless flow, these two integral properties are time-invariant and the MLM state is a steady solution of the primitive equations. The time dependence in the adiabatic flow is put into the perturbations, which can be described by a wave-activity conservation law that is exact even at large amplitude. Furthermore, the effects of non-conservative processes on wave activity can be calculated from the conservation law. A new method to calculate the MLM state is introduced, where the position of the lower boundary is obtained as part of the solution. The results are illustrated using Northern Hemisphere ERA-Interim data. The MLM state evolves slowly, implying that the net non-conservative effects are weak. Although ‘adiabatic eddy fluxes’ cannot affect the MLM state, the effects of Rossby-wave breaking, PV filamentation and subsequent dissipation result in sharpening of the polar vortex edge and meridional shifts in the MLM zonal flow, both at tropopause level and on the winter stratospheric vortex. The rate of downward migration of wave activity during stratospheric sudden warmings is shown to be given by the vertical scale associated with polar vortex tilt divided by the time-scale for wave dissipation estimated from the wave-activity conservation law. Aspects of troposphere–stratosphere interaction are discussed. The new framework is suitable to examine the climate and its interactions with disturbances, such as midlatitude storm tracks, and makes a clean partition between adiabatic and non-conservative processes.

Empreendedorismo ambiental e preservacionismo compensatório: o turismo e as unidades de conservação Parque Estadual das Dunas e Área de Proteção Ambiental Jenipabu-RN

This doctoral thesis addresses the environmental issues and its vinculum with the tourism through the protected natural areas, in particular the conservation units, which consists in territorial areas created and demarcated by the government in order to protect ecosystems that have a high ecological and scenic-landscaped representativeness designed to the contemplation and controlled public visitation. In regard to its use for the touristic activities, are conceived while socio-environmental and symbolic materiality built around an imagery view of a nature-show, designed to attract visitors, aiming ensure the maintenance and reproduction of the capital in an entrepreneurial and preservationist way in the Metropolitan Region of Natal. It s a study about the Dunes State Park Jornalista José Maria Alves and the Jenipabu Environmental Protected Area, both created with the purpose of favor the implantation and empowerment of the touristic area through the State intervention as the main articulator agent of a new process of urbanization that uses the city marketing and the ideological discuss of environmental sustainability to recreate the imaginary of lost paradise and incorporate into the daily universe of tourists visiting the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The unveiling of this empirical reality made possible the construction and defense of the terms environmental entrepreneurship and compensatory preservationism, to explain how the formatting and idealization of this paradisiacal scenarios produce the commoditization of nature in an efficient and competitive way

Criação da matéria em cosmologias com velocidade da luz variável e eletrônico não-linear

In this work we obtain the cosmological solutions and investigate the thermodynamics of matter creation in two diferent contexts. In the first we propose a cosmological model with a time varying speed of light c. We consider two diferent time dependence of c for a at Friedmann-Robertson- Walker (FRW) universe. We write the energy conservation law arising from Einstein equations and study how particles are created as c decreases with cosmic epoch. The variation of c is coupled to a cosmological Λ term and both singular and non-singular solutions are possible. We calculate the "adiabatic" particle creation rate and the total number of particles as a function of time and find the constrains imposed by the second law of thermodynamics upon the models. In the second scenario, we study the nonlinearity of the electrodynamics as a source of matter creation in the cosmological models with at FRW geometry. We write the energy conservation law arising from Einstein field equations with cosmological term Λ, solve the field equations and study how particles are created as the magnetic field B changes with cosmic epoch. We obtain solutions for the adiabatic particle creation rate, the total number of particles and the scale factor as a function of time in three cases: Λ = 0, Λ = constant and Λ α H2 (cosmological term proportional to the Hubble parameter). In all cases, the second law of thermodynamics demands that the universe is not contracting (H ≥ 0). The first two solutions are non-singular and exhibit in ationary periods. The third case studied allows an always in ationary universe for a suficiently large cosmological term

Conservação dos invertebrados em área de proteção ambiental litorânea no nordeste do Brasil: contribuições da educação ambiental para a sustentabilidade

Today's society is in a real collapse of an environmental nature. The populations are lost due to a dream of development without thinking of the consequences that said development can bring to human populations. Thus, it is necessary that strategies be developed for the purpose of protecting the flora and fauna that is at risk from suffering the pressure to achieve this development. Thus important issues involving the need to conserve nature and the creation of protected areas as these strategies are increasingly being developed in research, whether in the biological and / or social. In this sense, the aim of this research through environmental perception social actors for the formation of significant elements for understanding the relationship between man and nature, and from there to provide actions for sensitization. As well as changing attitudes towards environmental issues, to thereby provide analysis based on Environmental Education in order to provide the production of environmental knowledge as a tool that provides value shift. This area of research was to study the Environmental Protection Area Jenipabu - APA Jenipabu, located in northeastern Brazil. Where, from the environmental perception of students from schools within and around this Nature Conservation Unit notes were made regarding the value and meaning given by students, and how this, the feeling of belonging to these groups. This dissertation is composed of two chapters, the first is titled Environmental perception and feeling of belonging in the area of environmental protection in coastal RN - Brazil, where it makes a diagnosis of how these groups understands and realizes the Unity of Nature Conservation. The second, which is titled Construction of environmental knowledge and conservation of invertebrates in the Environmental Protection Area in the northeast coast of Brazil, specifically developed in the school from within the APA Jenipabu, in order to promote a sense of belonging for those students who become multipliers, in order to realize the importance and necessity of having this unit for Nature Conservation. Looking to the degree of importance of environmental education as a tool to raise awareness on conservation of invertebrates and is all the fauna and flora exists, whether in a conservation of nature or not

The impact of soybean expansion on mammal and bird, in the Balsas region, north Brasilian Cerrado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Projeto urbanístico para o Vale do Rio Jahu (perímetro urbano do município de Jahu): projeto paisagístico

Em 1974 a Prefeitura Municipal de Jahu interessada na urbanização do vale do Rio Jahu no trecho urbano propôs a abertura de avenidas marginais, conforme previa o plano diretor. Os autores preocupados com as potencialidades de uso do vale, sugeriram que se afastasse as avenidas do rio e se desse a oportunidade da criação de um parque às margens do rio. Esse parque teria a função de integrar o rio à paisagem urbana, compatibilizando, ao mesmo tempo, os interesses sociais da população com as necessidades da conservação da natureza.