P53 and Cancer-Associated Sialylated Glycans Are Surrogate Markers of Cancerization of the Bladder Associated with Schistosoma haematobium Infection

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a significant health problem in rural areas of Africa and the Middle East where Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent, supporting an association between malignant transformation and infection by this blood fluke. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms linking these events are poorly understood. Bladder cancers in infected populations are generally diagnosed at a late stage since there is a lack of non-invasive diagnostic tools, hence enforcing the need for early carcinogenesis markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Forty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bladder biopsies of S. haematobium-infected patients, consisting of bladder tumours, tumour adjacent mucosa and pre-malignant/malignant urothelial lesions, were screened for bladder cancer biomarkers. These included the oncoprotein p53, the tumour proliferation rate (Ki-67>17%), cell-surface cancer-associated glycan sialyl-Tn (sTn) and sialyl-Lewisa/x (sLea/sLex), involved in immune escape and metastasis. Bladder tumours of non-S. haematobium etiology and normal urothelium were used as controls. S. haematobium-associated benign/pre-malignant lesions present alterations in p53 and sLex that were also found in bladder tumors. Similar results were observed in non-S. haematobium associated tumours, irrespectively of their histological nature, denoting some common molecular pathways. In addition, most benign/pre-malignant lesions also expressed sLea. However, proliferative phenotypes were more prevalent in lesions adjacent to bladder tumors while sLea was characteristic of sole benign/pre-malignant lesions, suggesting it may be a biomarker of early carcionogenesis associated with the parasite. A correlation was observed between the frequency of the biomarkers in the tumor and adjacent mucosa, with the exception of Ki-67. Most S. haematobium eggs embedded in the urothelium were also positive for sLea and sLex. Reinforcing the pathologic nature of the studied biomarkers, none was observed in the healthy urothelium. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This preliminary study suggests that p53 and sialylated glycans are surrogate biomarkers of bladder cancerization associated with S. haematobium, highlighting a missing link between infection and cancer development. Eggs of S. haematobium express sLea and sLex antigens in mimicry of human leukocytes glycosylation, which may play a role in the colonization and disease dissemination. These observations may help the early identification of infected patients at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer and guide the future development of non-invasive diagnostic tests.

Liquid crystal mobility and PDLC memory effects

Dissertation presented at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa to obtain the Degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Efeito da reticulação no desempenho de PDLC´s

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Efeito da velocidade de polimerização na eficiência de PDLCs

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obter o Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Selective synthesis under microwave irradiation of new monomers for potential applications in PDLC films

Dissertation to obtain the degree of master in Bioorganic

Smart windows with permanent memory effect

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Novas matrizes para PDLCs com efeito de memória

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver novas matrizes para PDLCs de modo a otimizar o par “matriz-cristal líquido”, diminuindo a ancoragem do cristal líquido na matriz para que este apresente maior efeito de memória permanente. Para tal, introduziram-se tensioativos a um dos sistemas estudados. No decorrer deste trabalho produziram-se filmes de cristal líquido disperso numa matriz polimérica (PDLC). Os filmes foram preparados a partir de uma mistura homogénea de cristal líquido comercializado pela MERCK e monómeros, nomeadamente dimetacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=15 (BAEDMA n=15), diacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=2 (BAEDA n=2) e diacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=4 (BAEDA n=4) cuja polimerização foi realizada termicamente, utilizando o iniciador AIBN. Estudou-se ainda a opacidade/transparência dos filmes de PDLC, medindo-se a tensão elétrica necessária para a comutação entre os estados OFF/ON. Fizeram-se estudos eletro-óticos de modo a se determinar o efeito de memória permanente que os PDLCs apresentavam. Através desses estudos concluiu-se que o sistema BAEDA n=4/E7 (20/80) com 5% de TX100, possui um efeito de memória permanente de 99% e um E90 de 4 V/μm e o sistema BAEDA n=4/E7 (20/80) com 5% de TX45 possui um efeito de memória permanente de 85% e um E90 de 4V/μm. Os PDLCs produzidos caraterizaram-se através de Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (SEM) com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia da rede polimérica, Microscopia de Luz Polarizada (POM) que permitiu observar a distribuição do cristal líquido na matriz, antes e depois de aplicar um campo elétrico e a Calorimetria Diferencial de Varrimento (DSC) a fim de determinar a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) dos monómeros e dos polímeros.

Efeito de memória na gravação de informação em PDLCs

Neste trabalho, para a preparação de filmes de PDLC, utilizou-se o cristal líquido E7 comercializado pela Merck, dois oligómeros e um monómero, comercializados pela Sigma-Aldrich (PPGA, PPGMA e DTMP4A) e um monómero sintetizado (PE4MA). Os PDLCs foram obtidos através do método de separação de fases induzida por polimerização utilizando o AIBN como iniciador térmico de polimerização. Foram estudados dois tipos de copolimerização utilizando diferentes proporções em peso de DTMP4A com PPGA e PE4MA com PPGMA. Para caracterizar os PDLCs, utilizaram-se várias técnicas: estudos eletro-óticos (EO) de modo a determinar a resposta de transmitância com a aplicação do campo elétrico, Microscopia de Luz Polarizada (POM) que permitiu observar a distribuição do cristal líquido na rede polimérica antes e depois da aplicação de um campo elétrico, Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (SEM) com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia da rede polimérica e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varrimento (DSC) para a caraterização térmica dos monómeros/oligómeros e dos polímeros. Para testar o aquecimento por efeito de Joule através de uma fonte elétrica, produziram-se células em maior escala. Para tal, foram utilizados dois vidros condutores com uma camada de alinhamento de poli-imida. Estes foram sobrepostos com um espaçamento de 23 μm. As células foram preenchidas com uma amostra que obteve 100% de efeito de memória permanente nas células comerciais (30% (25%PE4MA + 75%PPGMA) /70%E7).

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more efficiently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fluid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are significantly higher from men to women than women to men.

Clinical characteristics of women diagnosed with carcinoma who tested positive for cervical and anal high-risk human papillomavirus DNA and E6 RNA

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is an essential cause of cervical carcinoma and is also strongly related to anal cancer development. The hrHPV E6 oncoprotein plays a major role in carcinogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of hrHPV DNA and E6 oncoprotein in the anuses of women with cervical carcinoma. We analyzed 117 women with cervical cancer and 103 controls for hrHPV and the E6 oncogene. Positive test results for a cervical carcinoma included 66.7 % with hrHPV-16 and 7.7 % with hrHPV-18. One case tested positive for both HPV variants (0.9 %). The samples from the anal canal were positive for HPV-16 in 59.8 % of the cases. Simultaneous presence of HPV in the cervix and anal canal was found in 53.8 % of the cases. Regarding expression of E6 RNA, positivity for HPV-16 in the anal canal was found in 21.2 % of the cases, positivity for HPV-16 in the cervix was found in 75.0 %, and positivity for HPV-18 in the cervix was found in 1.9 %. E6 expression in both the cervix and anal canal was found in 19.2 % of the cases. In the controls, 1 % tested positive for HPV-16 and 0 % for HPV-18. Anal samples from the controls showed a hrHPV frequency of 4.9 % (only HPV16). The presence of hrHPV in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer was detected at a high frequency. We also detected E6 RNA expression in the anal canal of women with cervical cancer, suggesting that these women are at risk for anal hrHPV infection.

Redirection of T cells by delivering a transgenic mouse-derived MDM2 tumor antigen-specific TCR and its humanized derivative is governed by the CD8 coreceptor and affects natural human TCR expression.

Retroviral transfer of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes selected by circumventing tolerance to broad tumor- and leukemia-associated antigens in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic (Tg) mice allows the therapeutic reprogramming of human T lymphocytes. Using a human CD8 x A2.1/Kb mouse derived TCR specific for natural peptide-A2.1 (pA2.1) complexes comprising residues 81-88 of the human homolog of the murine double-minute 2 oncoprotein, MDM2(81-88), we found that the heterodimeric CD8 alpha beta coreceptor, but not normally expressed homodimeric CD8 alpha alpha, is required for tetramer binding and functional redirection of TCR- transduced human T cells. CD8+T cells that received a humanized derivative of the MDM2 TCR bound pA2.1 tetramers only in the presence of an anti-human-CD8 anti-body and required more peptide than wild-type (WT) MDM2 TCR+T cells to mount equivalent cytotoxicity. They were, however, sufficiently effective in recognizing malignant targets including fresh leukemia cells. Most efficient expression of transduced TCR in human T lymphocytes was governed by mouse as compared to human constant (C) alphabeta domains, as demonstrated with partially humanized and murinized TCR of primary mouse and human origin, respectively. We further observed a reciprocal relationship between the level of Tg WT mouse relative to natural human TCR expression, resulting in T cells with decreased normal human cell surface TCR. In contrast, natural human TCR display remained unaffected after delivery of the humanized MDM2 TCR. These results provide important insights into the molecular basis of TCR gene therapy of malignant disease.

MYC regulation of a "poor-prognosis" metastatic cancer cell state.

Gene expression signatures are used in the clinic as prognostic tools to determine the risk of individual patients with localized breast tumors developing distant metastasis. We lack a clear understanding, however, of whether these correlative biomarkers link to a common biological network that regulates metastasis. We find that the c-MYC oncoprotein coordinately regulates the expression of 13 different "poor-outcome" cancer signatures. In addition, functional inactivation of MYC in human breast cancer cells specifically inhibits distant metastasis in vivo and invasive behavior in vitro of these cells. These results suggest that MYC oncogene activity (as marked by "poor-prognosis" signature expression) may be necessary for the translocation of poor-outcome human breast tumors to distant sites.