Estabilidade não linear de um feixe de partículas carregadas sujeito a um campo magnético focalizador

Uma análise da estabilidade não-linear de feixes com seção transversal circular considerando perturbações sem simetria axial é executada. Mostra-se que as oscilações simétricas oficialmente circulares de um feixe podem induzir oscilações não-lineares do tipo anti-simétrica(elípticas), com um conseqüente aumento do tamanho do feixe ao logo de uma direção preferencial. O mecanismo da instabilidade e sua relevância às perdas de partícula no feixe são discutidos.

Efeito do tamanho de partícula e da altura de colheita das plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) sobre perdas, valor nutritivo de silagens e desempenho de novilhos confinados

O experimento de campo foi conduzido no Núcleo de Produção Animal (NUPRAN) da Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste do Paraná (UNICENTRO) com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do tamanho de partícula (pequena: entre 0,2 e 0,6 cm ou grande: entre 1,0 e 2,0 cm) e da altura de corte das plantas de milho para ensilagem (baixo:15 cm ou alto: 39 cm), sobre perdas, valor nutritivo das silagens e desempenho animal em confinamento, constituindo-se os tratamentos: T1 – silagem de partícula pequena com altura de corte baixo; T2 – silagem de partícula grande com altura de corte baixo; T3 – silagem de partícula pequena com altura de corte alto; e T4 – silagem de partícula grande com altura de corte alto. Foram utilizados 36 novilhos inteiros da raça Charolês, com idade média de doze meses e com peso vivo médio inicial de 355 kg. O confinamento compreendeu 84 dias de avaliação. As silagens foram fornecidas ad libitum em dietas com uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 67:33. A colheita à altura de 15,2 cm propiciou incremento (P<0,05) de 7,1% na produção de matéria seca ensilável em relação à altura de corte de 38,6 cm. A silagem de milho produzida a partir de plantas cortadas à 38,6 cm apresentou menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro e maior concentração de energia digestível. Partículas de tamanho pequeno determinaram maior eficiência de compactação da massa ensilada, diminuindo gradientes de temperatura entre meio ambiente e silagem e de pH na desensilagem, frente às silagens de partículas grandes. A silagem com tamanho de partícula grande resultou em maiores (P<0,05) perdas físicas na desensilagem e durante a alimentação dos animais confinados. Embora a colheita das plantas de milho a 38,6 cm tenha melhorado o valor nutritivo da silagem, as variáveis relativas ao consumo de alimentos, ao ganho de peso médio diário e à conversão alimentar não foram afetadas (P>0,05). Mesmo reduzindo o tempo de ruminação dos animais (P<0,05), recomenda-se a inclusão de silagem de milho colhida à altura de 38,6 cm com tamanho de partícula pequena na dieta de bovinos jovens em confinamento, por proporcionar melhor lucratividade no sistema de produção. O uso de silagens de milho colhidas às alturas tanto de 15,2 cm ou de 38,6 cm, porém com tamanho de partícula pequena na produção de superprecoce resulta em maior rendimento de carcaça e menores perdas no resfriamento.

Estudo da síntese e sinterização de pós compósitos do sistema Ta-Cu

Ta-Cu bulk composites combine high mechanical resistance of the Ta with high electrical and thermal conductivity of the Cu. These are important characteristics to electrical contacts, microwave absorber and heat skinks. However, the low wettability of Ta under Cu liquid and insolubility mutual these elements come hard sintering this composite. High-energy milling (HEM) produces composite powders with high homogeneity and refines the grain size. This work focus to study Ta-20wt%Cu composite powders prepared by mechanical mixture and HEM with two different conditions of milling in a planetary ball mill and then their sintering using hydrogen plasma furnace and a resistive vacuum furnace. After milling, the powders were pressed in a steel dye at a pressure of 200 MPa. The cylindrical samples pressed were sintered by resistive vacuum furnace at 10-4torr with a sintering temperature at 1100ºC / 60 minutes and with heat rate at 10ºC/min and were sintered by plasma furnace with sintering temperatures at 550, 660 and 800ºC without isotherm under hydrogen atmosphere with heat rate at 80ºC/min. The characterizations of the powders produced were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser granulometry. After the sintering the samples were analyzed by SEM, XRD and density and mass loss tests. The results had shown that to high intense milling condition produced composite particles with shorter milling time and amorphization of both phases after 50 hours of milling. The composite particles can produce denser structure than mixed powders, if heated above the Cu melting point. After the Cu to arrive in the melting point, liquid copper leaves the composite particles and fills the pores

Sinterização de aço inoxidável reforçado com partículas nanométricas dispersas de carbeto de nióbio - NbC

Metal powder sintering appears to be promising option to achieve new physical and mechanical properties combining raw material with new processing improvements. It interest over many years and continue to gain wide industrial application. Stainless steel is a widely accepted material because high corrosion resistance. However stainless steels have poor sinterability and poor wear resistance due to their low hardness. Metal matrix composite (MMC) combining soft metallic matrix reinforced with carbides or oxides has attracted considerable attention for researchers to improve density and hardness in the bulk material. This thesis focuses on processing 316L stainless steel by addition of 3% wt niobium carbide to control grain growth and improve densification and hardness. The starting powder were water atomized stainless steel manufactured for Höganäs (D 50 = 95.0 μm) and NbC produced in the UFRN and supplied by Aesar Alpha Johnson Matthey Company with medium crystallite size 16.39 nm and 80.35 nm respectively. Samples with addition up to 3% of each NbC were mixed and mechanically milled by 3 routes. The route1 (R1) milled in planetary by 2 hours. The routes 2 (R2) and 3 (R3) milled in a conventional mill by 24 and 48 hours. Each milled samples and pure sample were cold compacted uniaxially in a cylindrical steel die (Ø 5 .0 mm) at 700 MPa, carried out in a vacuum furnace, heated at 1290°C, heating rate 20°C stand by 30 and 60 minutes. The samples containing NbC present higher densities and hardness than those without reinforcement. The results show that nanosized NbC particles precipitate on grain boundary. Thus, promote densification eliminating pores, control grain growth and increase the hardness values

Análise gráfica de estruturas porosas sobre a ótica da estereologia

In this work we developed a computer simulation program for physics porous structures based on programming language C + + using a Geforce 9600 GT with the PhysX chip, originally developed for video games. With this tool, the ability of physical interaction between simulated objects is enlarged, allowing to simulate a porous structure, for example, reservoir rocks and structures with high density. The initial procedure for developing the simulation is the construction of porous cubic structure consisting of spheres with a single size and with varying sizes. In addition, structures can also be simulated with various volume fractions. The results presented are divided into two parts: first, the ball shall be deemed as solid grains, ie the matrix phase represents the porosity, the second, the spheres are considered as pores. In this case the matrix phase represents the solid phase. The simulations in both cases are the same, but the simulated structures are intrinsically different. To validate the results presented by the program, simulations were performed by varying the amount of grain, the grain size distribution and void fraction in the structure. All results showed statistically reliable and consistent with those presented in the literature. The mean values and distributions of stereological parameters measured, such as intercept linear section of perimeter area, sectional area and mean free path are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for the structures simulated. The results may help the understanding of real structures.

Simulação computacional de medidas estereológicas em estruturas de metal duro (WC-Co)

This work focuses on the creation and applications of a dynamic simulation software in order to study the hard metal structure (WC-Co). The technological ground used to increase the GPU hardware capacity was Geforce 9600 GT along with the PhysX chip created to make games more realistic. The software simulates the three-dimensional carbide structure to the shape of a cubic box where tungsten carbide (WC) are modeled as triangular prisms and truncated triangular prisms. The program was proven effective regarding checking testes, ranging from calculations of parameter measures such as the capacity to increase the number of particles simulated dynamically. It was possible to make an investigation of both the mean parameters and distributions stereological parameters used to characterize the carbide structure through cutting plans. Grounded on the cutting plans concerning the analyzed structures, we have investigated the linear intercepts, the intercepts to the area, and the perimeter section of the intercepted grains as well as the binder phase to the structure by calculating the mean value and distribution of the free path. As literature shows almost consensually that the distribution of the linear intercepts is lognormal, this suggests that the grain distribution is also lognormal. Thus, a routine was developed regarding the program which made possible a more detailed research on this issue. We have observed that it is possible, under certain values for the parameters which define the shape and size of the Prismatic grain to find out the distribution to the linear intercepts that approach the lognormal shape. Regarding a number of developed simulations, we have observed that the distribution curves of the linear and area intercepts as well as the perimeter section are consistent with studies on static computer simulation to these parameters.

Análise da modelagem experimental da perda de injetividade

Injectivity decline, which can be caused by particle retention, generally occurs during water injection or reinjection in oil fields. Several mechanisms, including straining, are responsible for particle retention and pore blocking causing formation damage and injectivity decline. Predicting formation damage and injectivity decline is essential in waterflooding projects. The Classic Model (CM), which incorporates filtration coefficients and formation damage functions, has been widely used to predict injectivity decline. However, various authors have reported significant discrepancies between Classical Model and experimental results, motivating the development of deep bed filtration models considering multiple particle retention mechanisms (Santos & Barros, 2010; SBM). In this dissertation, inverse problem solution was studied and a software for experimental data treatment was developed. Finally, experimental data were fitted using both the CM and SBM. The results showed that, depending on the formation damage function, the predictions for injectivity decline using CM and SBM models can be significantly different

Metodologia para avaliação de cinemática de partículas gasosas em fluidos de viscosidade variável com o tempo e sua aplicação na construção de poços de petróleo

Many challenges have been presented in petroleum industry. One of them is the preventing of fluids influx during drilling and cementing. Gas migration can occur as result of pressure imbalance inside the well when well pressure becomes lower than gas zone pressure and in cementing operation this occurs during cement slurry transition period (solid to fluid). In this work it was developed a methodology to evaluate gas migration during drilling and cementing operations. It was considered gel strength concept and through experimental tests determined gas migration initial time. A mechanistic model was developed to obtain equation that evaluates bubble displacement through the fluid while it gels. Being a time-dependant behavior, dynamic rheological measurements were made to evaluate viscosity along the time. For drilling fluids analyzed it was verified that it is desirable fast and non-progressive gelation in order to reduce gas migration without affect operational window (difference between pore and fracture pressure). For cement slurries analyzed, the most appropriate is that remains fluid for more time below critical gel strength, maintaining hydrostatic pressure above gas zone pressure, and after that gels quickly, reducing gas migration. The model developed simulates previously operational conditions and allow changes in operational and fluids design to obtain a safer condition for well construction

Modelagem matemática para o transporte de partículas sujeitas a múltiplos mecanismos de retenção

Discrepancies between classical model predictions and experimental data for deep bed filtration have been reported by various authors. In order to understand these discrepancies, an analytic continuum model for deep bed filtration is proposed. In this model, a filter coefficient is attributed to each distinct retention mechanism (straining, diffusion, gravity interception, etc.). It was shown that these coefficients generally cannot be merged into an effective filter coefficient, as considered in the classical model. Furthermore, the derived analytic solutions for the proposed model were applied for fitting experimental data, and a very good agreement between experimental data and proposed model predictions were obtained. Comparison of the obtained results with empirical correlations allowed identifying the dominant retention mechanisms. In addition, it was shown that the larger the ratio of particle to pore sizes, the more intensive the straining mechanism and the larger the discrepancies between experimental data and classical model predictions. The classical model and proposed model were compared via statistical analysis. The obtained p values allow concluding that the proposed model should be preferred especially when straining plays an important role. In addition, deep bed filtration with finite retention capacity was studied. This work also involves the study of filtration of particles through porous media with a finite capacity of filtration. It was observed, in this case, that is necessary to consider changes in the boundary conditions through time evolution. It was obtained a solution for such a model using different functions of filtration coefficients. Besides that, it was shown how to build a solution for any filtration coefficient. It was seen that, even considering the same filtration coefficient, the classic model and the one here propposed, show different predictions for the concentration of particles retained in the porous media and for the suspended particles at the exit of the media

Análise espacial de atributos físicos e carbono orgânico em argissolo vermelho-amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar

A agricultura convencional utiliza o solo intensivamente, modificando os seus atributos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físicos e carbono orgânico do solo em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, usando geoestatística. O trabalho foi realizado em Maracanaú - CE, em uma área de produção de cana-de-açúcar, manejado mediante preparo conservacionista sobre uma cobertura de palhada de cana-de-açúcar. As amostras de solo foram retiradas de uma profundidade de 0,00 - 0,20 m, em uma malha, com intervalo regular de 10 m, totalizando 100 pontos. em cada amostra, foi analisado densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, carbono orgânico, porosidade total, macroposidade e microposidade. O coeficiente de variação indicou variabilidade baixa para densidade de partículas, densidade do solo e porosidade total e média para as variáveis macroporosidade, microporosidade e carbono orgânico. As variáveis analisadas mostraram dependência espacial, a qual foi observada nos mapas de krigagem. A distribuição de poros por tamanho e a porosidade total indicam condições físicas razoavelmente boas, embora com valores de densidade do solo ligeiramente acima do nível considerado adequado para a classe textural do solo.

Análise do efeito do tempo da moagem de alta energia no tamanho de cristalito e microdeformação da rede cristalina do WC-Co

Hard metals are the composite developed in 1923 by Karl Schröter, with wide application because high hardness, wear resistance and toughness. It is compound by a brittle phase WC and a ductile phase Co. Mechanical properties of hardmetals are strongly dependent on the microstructure of the WC Co, and additionally affected by the microstructure of WC powders before sintering. An important feature is that the toughness and the hardness increase simultaneously with the refining of WC. Therefore, development of nanostructured WC Co hardmetal has been extensively studied. There are many methods to manufacture WC-Co hard metals, including spraying conversion process, co-precipitation, displacement reaction process, mechanochemical synthesis and high energy ball milling. High energy ball milling is a simple and efficient way of manufacturing the fine powder with nanostructure. In this process, the continuous impacts on the powders promote pronounced changes and the brittle phase is refined until nanometric scale, bring into ductile matrix, and this ductile phase is deformed, re-welded and hardened. The goal of this work was investigate the effects of highenergy milling time in the micro structural changes in the WC-Co particulate composite, particularly in the refinement of the crystallite size and lattice strain. The starting powders were WC (average particle size D50 0.87 μm) supplied by Wolfram, Berglau-u. Hutten - GMBH and Co (average particle size D50 0.93 μm) supplied by H.C.Starck. Mixing 90% WC and 10% Co in planetary ball milling at 2, 10, 20, 50, 70, 100 and 150 hours, BPR 15:1, 400 rpm. The starting powders and the milled particulate composite samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify phases and morphology. The crystallite size and lattice strain were measured by Rietveld s method. This procedure allowed obtaining more precise information about the influence of each one in the microstructure. The results show that high energy milling is efficient manufacturing process of WC-Co composite, and the milling time have great influence in the microstructure of the final particles, crushing and dispersing the finely WC nanometric order in the Co particles

Influência da distribuição granulométrica na estabilidade dimensional de placas cerâmicas de base vermelha

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Compacidade do suporte cerâmico cru versus propriedades do revestimento cerâmico cozido

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Método para determinação de distribuição de tamanho de microbolhas (DTMB) em sistemas flotação (FAD) para tratamento de águas utilizando a análise de imagem digital

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Detecção de falhas em estruturas inteligentes usando otimização por nuvem de partículas: fundamentos e estudo de casos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)