Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness

The obesity epidemic is spreading to low-income and middle-income countries as a result of new dietary habits and sedentary ways of life, fuelling chronic diseases and premature mortality. In this report we present an assessment of public health strategies designed to tackle behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases that are closely linked with obesity, including aspects of diet and physical inactivity, in Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. England was included for comparative purposes. Several population-based prevention policies can be expected to generate substantial health gains while entirely or largely paying for themselves through future reductions of health-care expenditures. These strategies include health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity; fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre; and regulatory measures that improve nutritional information or restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods to children. A package of measures for the prevention of chronic diseases would deliver substantial health gains, with a very favourable cost-effectiveness profile.

ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis of the arterial vessel wall and to thrombosis is the foremost cause of premature mortality and of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Europe, and is also increasingly common in developing countries.1 In the European Union, the economic cost of CVD represents annually E192 billion1 in direct and indirect healthcare costs. The main clinical entities are coronary artery disease (CAD), ischaemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The causes of these CVDs are multifactorial. Some of these factors relate to lifestyles, such as tobacco smoking, lack of physical activity, and dietary habits, and are thus modifiable. Other risk factors are also modifiable, such as elevated blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidaemias, or non-modifiable, such as age and male gender. These guidelines deal with the management of dyslipidaemias as an essential and integral part of CVD prevention. Prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemias should always be considered within the broader framework of CVD prevention, which is addressed in guidelines of the Joint European Societies’ Task forces on CVD prevention in clinical practice.2 – 5 The latest version of these guidelines was published in 20075; an update will become available in 2012. These Joint ESC/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines on the management of dyslipidaemias are complementary to the guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice and address not only physicians [e.g. general practitioners (GPs) and cardiologists] interested in CVD prevention, but also specialists from lipid clinics or metabolic units who are dealing with dyslipidaemias that are more difficult to classify and treat.

[Night sweats: observation on a not unusual phenomenon]

With the aid of an impressive case report, the authors describes the diagnostic clues for the understanding of sweating during the night hours. Many internistic and psychological disorders may cause heavy sweating during night hours. But also substances used by patients dietary habits as well as excessive intake of alcohol may be involved. The therapeutic approaches are numerous and are discussed at the end.

Quantification of dental erosions in patients with GERD using optical coherence tomography before and after double-blind, randomized treatment with esomeprazole or placebo

OBJECTIVES: Dental erosion, the chemical dissolution of enamel without bacterial involvement, is a rarely reported manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as well as of recurrent vomiting and dietary habits. It leads to loss of tooth substance, hypersensitivity, functional impairment, and even tooth fracture. To date, dental erosions have been assessed using only very basic visual methods, and no evidence-based guidelines or studies exist regarding the prevention or treatment of GERD-related dental erosions. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to quantify dental tissue demineralization and enamel loss before and after 3 weeks of acid-suppressive treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. or placebo in 30 patients presenting to the Berne University Dental Clinic with advanced dental erosions and abnormal acid exposure by 24-h esophageal pH manometry (defined as >4% of the 24-h period with pH<4). Enamel thickness, reflectivity, and absorbance as measures of demineralization were quantified by OCT before and after therapy at identical localizations on teeth with most severe visible erosions as well as several other predefined changes in teeth. RESULTS: The mean+/-s.e.m. decrease of enamel thickness of all teeth before and after treatment at the site of maximum exposure was 7.2+/-0.16 black trianglem with esomeprazole and 15.25+/-0.17black trianglem with placebo (P=0.013), representing a loss of 0.3% and 0.8% of the total enamel thickness, respectively. The change in optical reflectivity to a depth of 25 black trianglem after treatment was-1.122 +/-0.769 dB with esomeprazole and +2.059+/-0.534 dB with placebo (P 0.012), with increased reflectivity signifying demineralization. CONCLUSIONS: OCT non-invasively detected and quantified significantly diminished progression of dental tissue demineralization and enamel loss after only 3 weeks of treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. vs. placebo. This suggests that esomeprazole may be useful in counteracting progression of GERD-related dental erosions. Further validation of preventative treatment regimens using this sensitive detection method is required, including longer follow-up and correlation with quantitative reflux measures.

Masticatory function and nutrition in old age

Nowadays, many people retain their natural teeth until late in life as a result of the large success of preventive strategies. However, there is still a very high prevalence of edentulism especially in elderly patients and many of these patients are provided with inadequate dental prostheses. In addition, many elderly citizens suffer from systemic diseases leading to increased drug prescription with age. This may have direct or indirect negative effects on the health and integrity of oral tissues like teeth, mucosa or muscles. There is growing evidence that a close interaction between the general medical condition and oral health exists. From a dental point of view, the chewing ability and capacity and its interaction with the nutritional status seem to be especially important. For example, complete denture wearers present a significant oral disability, which often leads to a gradual deterioration of their individual dietary habits. The improvement of maximum bite force and chewing efficiency may be an important prerequisite for an adequate nutrition. Those functional parameters can often be improved by providing functional dental prostheses or by stabilizing complete dentures with endosseous implants. Nevertheless, an improvement of the nutritional status can only be achieved through a close collaboration with dieticians or clinical nutritionists.

A review of effective weight loss and/or weight gain prevention for disadvantaged populations

Introduction. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased sharply for both adults and children, particularity in disadvantaged populations. Changes in dietary habits are small; however applying behavior-change principles has been associated with weight loss and preventing weight gain. This article will review studies targeting economically disadvantaged and/or communities of color incorporating the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM).^ Methods. Inclusion criteria were established. Descriptions of characteristics of the reviewed study interventions are included.^ Results. The search yielded a total of 23 articles identified through the electronic database PubMed that included Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) interventions regarding diet and/or nutrition, physical activity and/or exercise in disadvantaged populations. Thirteen study interventions centered solely on diet modification, five focused only on physical activity, and five concentrated on a combination of both. The preponderance of studies targeted WIC and urban recipients.^ Discussion/Conclusion. Although the majority of intervention studies supported the use of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) for weight loss and preventing weight gain, researchers noted that challenges still exist and further interventions are needed.^

Effectiveness of a nutrition education program for women in a residential program after incarceration

Background: The number of incarcerated women has increased dramatically over the past two decades. During their stay in prison, the medical and nutritional needs of these women are frequently ignored. Overweight or obesity related to poor dietary habits and low-income status are important risk factors for health inequities. Women in this population are at risk for dietary-related chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This is an indication that there is a need for nutrition education in this population. ^ Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide an evidence-based nutrition education program at a facility for previously incarcerated women in Downtown Houston, Texas (Brigid's Hope). This nutrition education program focused on promoting better health and prevention of chronic diseases by increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and healthy eating on a limited budget. Constructs such as knowledge, skills, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers were evaluated as well as acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of the program. ^ Methods: The Hope for Health Nutrition Education Program occurred in four weekly sessions at Brigid's Hope. The evaluation design was a one-group quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-test measures. Identical pre- and post-tests were administered before and after the intervention. A total of 11 residents and 2 staff members participated in the study. Results: After four nutrition education sessions, post-tests revealed an overall increase in knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy scores, and decrease in perceived barrier scores towards FV consumption. Changes in skills, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers scores were found to be statistically significant. Participant satisfaction surveys revealed overall high satisfaction of the program and that continuing the program in the future would be possible with support from staff member and mentors. ^ Conclusions: Results from this study show that a nutrition education program can have positive effects towards knowledge, skills, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers towards FV consumption for previously incarcerated women. The high satisfaction for this program shows that a health promotion program with focus on diet and nutrition can play an important role in helping this unique population of women re-enter society.^

Dieta e fatores de riscos metabólicos para doença cardiovascular em adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo: uma análise por modelos de equações estruturais

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo e apresentam importante contribuição para a carga global de doenças. A dieta tem sido considerada um dos determinantes primários do estado de saúde dos indivíduos, atuando na modulação dos fatores de risco metabólicos para doença cardiovascular. Objetivos: Desenvolver um modelo conceitual para a relação entre fatores de risco metabólicos e investigar sua associação com padrões de dieta de adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística de adultos e idosos, residentes em área urbana do município de São Paulo, que participaram do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo, realizado em duas fases entre os anos de 2008 e 2011 (estudo ISA Capital 2008). Na primeira fase do estudo, 1.102 adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, foram entrevistados no domicílio, por meio da aplicação de questionário estruturado e do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Na segunda fase, 642 indivíduos adultos e idosos foram reavaliados quanto ao consumo alimentar por meio da aplicação, por telefone, do segundo recordatório alimentar, e, destes, 592 participaram da coleta domiciliar de amostras de sangue venoso, da medição antropométrica e da aferição da pressão arterial por técnico de enfermagem. Os alimentos relatados em ambos os recordatórios foram agrupados segundo a similaridade do valor nutricional e hábitos alimentares da população, e corrigidos pela variância intrapessoal da ingestão por procedimentos estatísticos da plataforma online Multiple Source Method. Os grupos de alimentos foram analisados por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória (manuscrito 1) e por modelos de equações estruturais exploratórios (manuscrito 3), a fim de obter os padrões de dieta. O modelo conceitual da relação entre os fatores de risco metabólicos (leptina sérica, proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade sérica, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, razão colesterol total/lipoproteína de alta densidade, razão triacilglicerol/lipoproteína de alta densidade, glicemia de jejum plasmática, circunferência da cintura e peso corporal) foi obtido por modelos de equações estruturais estratificados por sexo (manuscrito 2). Por fim, a associação dos padrões de dieta com o modelo conceitual proposto (manuscrito 3) foi investigada por modelos de equações estruturais exploratórios. Índices de qualidade de ajuste foram estimados para avaliar a adequação de todos os modelos. As análises foram realizadas no programa Mplus versão 6.12. Resultados: No manuscrito 1, a análise fatorial exploratória revelou a existência de dois padrões de dieta, os quais apresentaram boa qualidade de ajuste na análise fatorial confirmatória quando aplicados os pontos de corte de cargas fatoriais |0,25| na rotação oblíqua Promax. No manuscrito 2, a relação entre os fatores de risco metabólicos foi diferente entre os sexos. Nas mulheres, a leptina sérica apresentou efeitos indiretos e positivos, mediados pelo peso corporal e pela circunferência da cintura, em todos os fatores de risco avaliados. Já nos homens, a leptina sérica apresentou efeitos diretos e positivos sobre a proteína C-reativa de alta sensibilidade e efeitos indiretos e positivos (mediados pelo peso corporal e pela circunferência da cintura) sobre a razão triacilglicerol/lipoproteína de alta densidade, colesterol total/lipoproteína de alta densidade e glicemia de jejum plasmática. No manuscrito 3, foram obtidos três padrões de dieta, dos quais o Tradicional apresentou relação direta e negativa com a leptina sérica e relação indireta e negativa com o peso corporal e a circunferência da cintura, bem como com os demais fatores de risco metabólicos. Já o padrão Prudente apresentou relação direta e negativa com a pressão arterial sistólica, enquanto o padrão Moderno não se associou aos fatores de risco metabólicos investigados. Conclusão: Diferenças nos padrões de dieta de acordo com o tipo de rotação fatorial empregada foram observadas. A relação entre os fatores de risco metabólicos para doença cardiovascular foi distinta entre homens e mulheres, sendo a leptina um dos possíveis hormônios envolvidos. Os padrões de dieta Tradicional e Prudente associaram-se inversamente com os fatores de risco metabólicos, desempenhando uma importante estratégia de prevenção e controle às doenças cardiovasculares no país.

Análise da microbiota intestinal em adultos com hábitos alimentares distintos e de associações com a inflamação e resistência à insulina

Introdução: A microbiota intestinal possui grande diversidade de bactérias, predominantemente dos filos Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes, com múltiplas funções. A alimentação pode alterar sua composição e função. Alto teor de gordura saturada altera a permeabilidade intestinal, eleva os lipopolissacarídeos e predispõe à inflamação subclínica crônica. Dieta rica em fibras, como a vegetariana, induz elevação de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e benefícios metabólicos. Objetivos: Para analisar a composição da microbiota intestinal de adventistas com diferentes hábitos alimentares e associá-los à inflamação subclínica e resistência à insulina, esta tese incluiu: 1) revisão dos mecanismos que associam a alimentação à microbiota intestinal e ao risco cardiometabólico; 2) verificação da composição da microbiota intestinal segundo diferentes hábitos alimentares e de associações com biomarcadores de doenças cardiometabólicas; 3) avaliação da associação entre a abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila e o metabolismo da glicose; 4) análise da presença de enterótipos e de associações com características clínicas. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 295 adventistas estratificados segundo hábitos alimentares (vegetariano estrito, ovo-lacto-vegetariano e onívoro). Foram avaliadas associações com dados clínicos, bioquímicos e inflamatórios. O perfil da microbiota foi obtido por sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA (Illumina® Miseq). Resultados: 1) Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição da microbiota intestinal. 2) Vegetarianos apresentaram melhor perfil clínico quando comparados aos onívoros. Confirmou-se maior abundância de Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes, que não diferiram segundo a adiposidade corporal. Entretanto, vegetarianos estritos apresentaram mais Bacteroidetes, menos Firmicutes e maior abundância do gênero Prevotella quando comparados aos outros dois grupos de hábitos alimentares. Entre os ovo-lactovegetarianos verificou-se maior proporção de Firmicutes especialmente do gênero Faecalibacterium. Nos onívoros, houve super-representação do filo Proteobacteria (Succinivibrio e Halomonas) comparados aos vegetarianos. 3) Indivíduos normoglicêmicos apresentaram maior abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila que aqueles com glicemia alterada. A abundância desta bactéria correlacionou-se inversamente à glicemia e hemoglobina glicosilada. 4) Foram identificados três enterótipos (Bacteroides, Prevotella e Ruminococcaceae), similares àqueles previamente descritos. As concentrações de LDL-C foram menores no enterótipo 2, no qual houve maior frequência de vegetarianos estritos. Discussão: 1) Conhecimentos sobre participação da microbiota na fisiopatologia de doenças poderão reverter em estratégias para manipulá-la para promover saúde. 2) Apoia-se a hipótese de que hábitos alimentares se associam favorável ou desfavoravelmente a características metabólicas e inflamatórias do hospedeiro via alterações na composição da microbiota intestinal. Sugerimos que a exposição a alimentos de origem animal possa impactar negativamente nas proporções de comunidades bacterianas. 3) Sugerimos que a abundância da Akkermansia muciniphila possa participar do metabolismo da glicose. 4) Reforçamos que a existência de três enterótipos não deva ser específica de certas populações/continentes. Apesar de desconhecido o significado biológico destes agrupamentos, as correlações com o perfil lipídico podem sugerir sua utilidade na avaliação do risco cardiometabólico. Conclusões: Nossos achados fortalecem a ideia de que a composição da microbiota intestinal se altera mediante diferentes hábitos alimentares, que, por sua vez, estão associados a alterações nos perfis metabólicos e inflamatórios. Estudos prospectivos deverão investigar o potencial da dieta na prevenção de distúrbios cardiometabólicos mediados pela microbiota.

¿Siguen patrones de dieta mediterránea los universitarios españoles?

Objetivo: Determinar el patrón de consumo de alimentos del alumnado de la Universidad de Alicante (UA) mediante el grado de adecuación a la dieta mediterránea. Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo para estimar la ingesta individual a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (CFCA) en una muestra representativa de 380 universitarios. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, área geográfica de procedencia, peso y talla autoreferidos. Así como los alimentos y frecuencias de consumo que componen el CFCA. Se determinó el porcentaje de adecuación teniendo en cuenta, consumo real sobre consumo recomendado por la guía dieta mediterránea tradicional: (100 x raciones consumidas/raciones recomendadas). Se establecieron 5 rangos de porcentaje adecuación: consumo óptimo (80%-119%), consumo aceptable (60%-79%), consumo deficiente (40%-59%), consumo muy deficiente (< 39%), consumo excesivo (> 120%). Se realizó contraste de diferencia de proporciones y la prueba t-Student con EPIDAT 3.1, y SPSS 15.0. Resultados: Prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad, es mayor en hombres (34,6%) que en mujeres (9,8%), p < 0,001. Mientras que las mujeres presentan mayor prevalencia de bajo peso (7,0%) que hombres (0,7%), p < 0,05. El consumo de cereales y derivados es muy deficiente (mujeres = 90,6; hombres = 94,9), y el consumo de carnes rojas (mujeres = 90,6; hombres = 92,7) y embutidos (mujeres = 95,9%, hombres = 96,3%) es excesivo. Ningún alumno cubre un “consumo óptimo” o un “consumo aceptable” de todos los grupos de alimentos (n = 12). Discusión: El nivel educativo y el acceso a la información no protegen a la población universitaria de factores socioambientales que influencian sus hábitos alimentarios. Deben reforzarse estrategias de salud pública dirigidas a este grupo de población.

Obesity, knee osteoarthritis, and polypathology: factors favoring weight loss in older people

Aim: We aimed to explore the meaning of obesity in elderly persons with knee osteoarthritis (KO) and to determine the factors that encourage or discourage weight loss. Background: Various studies have demonstrated that body mass index is related to KO and that weight loss improves symptoms and functional capacity. However, dietary habits are difficult to modify and most education programs are ineffective. Design: A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted. Intentional sampling was performed in ten older persons with KO who had lost weight and improved their health-related quality of life after participating in a health education program. A thematic content analysis was conducted following the stages proposed by Miles and Huberman. Findings: Participants understood obesity as a risk factor for health problems and stigma. They believed that the cause of obesity was multifactorial and criticized health professionals for labeling them as “obese” and for assigning a moral value to slimness and diet. The factors identified as contributing to the effectiveness of the program were a tolerant attitude among health professionals, group education that encouraged motivation, quantitative dietary recommendations, and a meaningful learning model based on social learning theories. Conclusion: Dietary self-management without prohibitions helped participants to make changes in the quantity and timing of some food intake and to lose weight without sacrificing some foods that were deeply rooted in their culture and preferences. Dietary education programs should focus on health-related quality of life and include scientific knowledge but should also consider affective factors and the problems perceived as priorities by patients.

Perfil de risco cardiovascular nos pais de crianças dos 3 aos 6 anos

A doença cardiovascular constitui a causa de morte mais relevante em toda a Europa, incluindo Portugal, e é atualmente considerada como uma junção de doença arterial coronária nas suas diversas apresentações clínicas, eventos cerebrovasculares, doença arterial periférica e insuficiência cardíaca. De modo a contribuir para o estudo da importância de uma intervenção baseada numa estratégia populacional integrada na promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis, a principal finalidade deste estudo consistiu em definir o perfil de risco cardiovascular tendo por base os dados de prevalência de alguns fatores de risco, numa amostra de adultos (792 de ambos os sexos), em várias regiões de Portugal Continental. Para tal foram: caraterizados os hábitos alimentares, o contexto sociodemográfico dos adultos; analisadas as correlações entre o peso, perímetro da cintura, índice de massa corporal e a pressão arterial para ambos os sexos. Os resultados revelaram uma prevalência do excesso de peso, de obesidade e das respetivas caraterísticas, como o aumento do perímetro abdominal, e do IMC, sugerindo um contínuo de risco de doença cardiovascular. Verificou-se também uma elevada prevalência de hipertensão nos sujeitos com excesso de peso, sugerindo a existência de um risco cardiovascular acrescido. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sustentam a necessidade de serem desenvolvidos planos de intervenção que contribuam para a redução do risco cardiovascular nos adultos. Palavras-chave: Estilos de vida; Hipertensão arterial; Índice de Massa Corporal; Obesidade; Risco Cardiovascular.

Social and behavioural determinants of early childhood caries

Background: To investigate the association between selected social and behavioural (infant feeding and preventive dental practices) variables and the presence of early childhood caries in preschool children within the north Brisbane region. Methods: A cross sectional sample of 2515 children aged four to five years were examined in a preschool setting using prevalence (percentage with caries) and severity (dmft) indices. A self-administered questionnaire obtained information regarding selected social and behavioural variables. The data were modelled using multiple logistic regression analysis at the 5 per cent level of significance. Results: The final explanatory model for caries presence in four to five year old children included the variables breast feeding from three to six months of age (OR=0.7, CI=0.5, 1.0), sleeping with the bottle (OR=1.9, CI=1.5, 2.4), sipping from the bottle (OR=1.6, CI=1.2, 2.0), ethnicity other than Caucasian (OR=1.9, CI=1.4, 2.5), annual family income $20,000-$35,000 (OR = 1.7, CI=1.3, 2.3) and annual family income less than $20,000 (OR=2.1, CI=1.5, 2.8). Conclusion: A statistical model for early childhood caries in preschool children within the north Brisbane region has been constructed using selected social and behavioural determinants. Epidemiological data can be used for improved public oral health service planning and resource allocation within the region.

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in Hispanic adolescents

This cross-sectional study evaluated risk factors (RF) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 100 Hispanic adolescents(50 overweight, 50 non-overweight) aged 12-16 years, and their associations with body mass index (BMI), diet, physical activity (PA), gender, and birth weight (BW). The RF studied were fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin sensitivity (IS), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), acanthosis nigricans (AN), and blood pressure (BP). Dietary intakes were assessed using the Block Kids Questionnaire, fat-related intake behavior (FB) using the Fat-Related Diet Habits Questionnaire, and PA using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Blood was collected after an overnight fast of 12 hours. All statistical analyses used SPSS 14.0. Overweight adolescents had presence of AN, higher BP, TC, TG, and LDL, and lower IS, ps < .001, as compared to non-overweight adolescents. Overweight adolescents were more likely to have 1 and 2 RF for T2DM and CVD as compared to having 0, ps < .001, and 2 RF as compared to having 1, p =.033. Adolescents with kilocalorie (Kcal) intake above requirements for age gender, and PA level were 4.6 times more likely to be overweight, p = .005. Overweight adolescents had worse FB, p = .011, and lower PA, p < .001. Adolescents with worse FB had higher BP, p = .016. Fiber below recommendations (14g/1,000 Kcal) was associated with being overweight, p = .012, and lower IS, p = .040. Adolescents with higher BW had higher FPG, p = .013. Our findings point to an association between being overweight and RF for T2DM and CVD, suggesting that overweight during adolescence may have serious health consequences for Hispanic adolescents. Also, our results indicate that Hispanic overweight adolescents eat more Kcal and less fiber than required, have worst FB, and less PA levels than their non-overweight counterparts. In addition, high BW and dietary habits of Hispanic adolescents, such as low fiber and FB, increase their risk for T2DM and CVD. We conclude that BMI can serve as a useful tool to identify Hispanic adolescents at risk for T2DM and CVD.

The Role of Agriculture and Food Consumption in Tropical Conservation

A growing human population, shifting human dietary habits, and climate change are negatively affecting global ecosystems on a massive scale. Expanding agricultural areas to feed a growing population drives extensive habitat loss, and climate change compounds stresses on both food security and ecosystems. Understanding the negative effects of human diet and climate change on agricultural and natural ecosystems provides a context within which potential technological and behavioral solutions can be proposed to help maximize conservation. The purpose of this research was to (1) examine the potential effects of climate change on the suitability of areas for commercial banana plantations in Latin America in the 2050s and how shifts in growing areas could affect protected areas; (2) test the ability of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to map productivity of banana plantations as a potential tool for increasing yields and decreasing future plantation expansions; (3) project the effects on biodiversity of increasing rates of animal product consumption in developing megadiverse countries; and (4) estimate the capacity of global pasture biomass production and Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis (IGCC-FT) processing to meet electricity, gasoline and diesel needs. The results indicate that (1) the overall extent of areas suitable for conventional banana cultivation is predicted to decrease by 19% by 2050 because of a hotter and drier climate, but all current banana exporting countries are predicted to maintain some suitable areas with no effects on protected areas; (2) Spatial patterns of NDVI and ENDVI were significantly positively correlated with several metrics of fruit yield and quality, indicating that UAV systems can be used in banana plantations to map spatial patterns of fruit yield; (3) Livestock production is the single largest driver of habitat loss, and both livestock and feedstock production are increasing in developing biodiverse tropical countries. Reducing global animal product consumption should therefore be at the forefront of strategies aimed at reducing biodiversity loss; (4) Removing livestock from global pasture lands and instead utilizing the biomass production could produce enough energy to meet 100% of the electricity, gasoline, and diesel needs of over 40 countries with extensive grassland ecosystems, primarily in tropical developing countries.