Análise estratigráfica da formação Sergi, Campo de Fazenda Bálsamo, Bacia do Recôncavo, Bahia

A Formação Sergi é composta por uma espessa sucessão de depósitos fluviais, eólicos e lacustres relacionados à sedimentação jurássica pré-rifte da Depressão Afro- Brasileira. Com base em dados de subsuperfície (testemunhos e perfis), foram reconhecidas três unidades deposicionais na Formação Sergi no Campo de Fazenda Bálsamo, Bacia do Recôncavo. A Seqüência Ia interdigita-se com os pelitos do Membro Capianga e o seu limite inferior não foi determinado. Depósitos flúvio-lacustres e lençóis de areia eólicos sinalizam a franca progradação de sistemas fluviais distais, com pontuadas retrogradações lacustres e eventuais acumulações eólicas relacionadas a condições ambientais áridas e semi-áridas. A arquitetura tabular dos depósitos reproduz suaves gradientes de amplas áreas recortadas por fluxos estabelecidos em canais pouco estáveis e pobremente definidos. O seu registro relaciona-se a subidas do nível de base estratigráfico, em momentos que as taxas de suprimento sedimentar excederam as taxas de criação de espaço de acomodação, ou, de outro modo, pela progressiva redução nas taxas de subida do nível de base. A Seqüência Ib é constituída por associações de depósitos de fluxos fluviais efêmeros, lacustres e dunas, interdunas e lençóis de areia eólicos. O contato inferior é marcado por um consistente pacote eólico que denota um expressivo rebaixamento do nível de base estratigráfico, enquanto que o superior corresponde a uma superfície erosiva de caráter regional com a Seqüência II que lhe sobrepõe ou, quando da ausência desta, diretamente com os pelitos da Formação Itaparica, unidade litoestratigráfica imediata. Depósitos de dunas e interdunas eólicas na base do intervalo tiveram sua preservação assegurada pela subida do lençol freático, agente que também abasteceu corpos lacustres nas áreas topograficamente rebaixadas do campo de dunas. Seguida aos pontuais fluxos fluviais efêmeros desenvolvidos em canais rasos e pouco estáveis nas épocas mais úmidas, passavam-se longos períodos de rigor climático favoráveis aos processos eólicos. A dinâmica fluvial impôs à geometria deposicional da sucessão uma forma de corpos arenosos amalgamados, pacotes eólicos descontínuos e níveis pelíticos lenticulares. O modelo evolutivo estratigráfico para a Seqüência Ib é similar ao da Seqüência Ia, porém com variações na taxa de subida do nível de base estratigráfico ao longo do tempo. A Seqüência II ocupa a porção superior da Formação Sergi. Sua ocorrência é restrita na área de estudo se confrontada com outras partes da bacia, mas, nem por isso é destituída de importância. Suas características litológicas indicam continuidade dos processos deposicionais em sistemas fluviais de canais entrelaçados e baixa sinuosidade, supostamente associados a condições perenes e mais úmidas, com poucas evidências de variações extremas na descarga. Em resposta às baixas taxas de criação de espaço de acomodação, o registro sedimentar de uma complexa rede de canais multilaterais e multiepisódicos se manifesta em corpos arenosos amalgamados, com baixo potencial de preservação dos depósitos extracanais. A drástica mudança no estilo fluvial teria vínculo com severas mudanças climáticas, bem como a reorganização da drenagem em conseqüência de primitivas manifestações do tectonismo que atingiu seu auge no Eocretáceo, durante o rifteamento da bacia.

Avaliação experimental da vibração induzida sobre uma comporta plana com descarga de fundo

Estruturas hidráulicas como comportas planas verticais são usualmente encontradas em aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, canais de navegação e aquedutos para abastecimento ou irrigação. O projeto deste tipo de estruturas envolve, fundamentalmente, a determinação da magnitude das forças atuantes, tanto hidrostáticas como hidrodinâmicas. Neste sentido, problemas ocorridos como conseqüência da fadiga do material assim como de vibrações excessivas têm sido reportados em anos recentes. O propósito desta dissertação é investigar o comportamento vibratório induzido pelo escoamento sobre um dispositivo elástico, representativo de uma comporta plana vertical com descarga de fundo, com diferentes geometrias de terminal inferior em contato com o escoamento e, baseados nos resultados obtidos, contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos critérios de projeto deste tipo de estruturas hidráulicas. O comportamento vibratório do dispositivo, de dimensões aproximadas de 50 cm de largura x 80 cm de altura x 2 cm de espessura, submetido a diferentes configurações de escoamento em valores de abertura de descarga de 10, 20, 30 e 40 mm, foi obtido através de medições de aceleração instantânea no sentido do escoamento executadas por um acelerômetro com elemento sensível piezoelétrico. Cinco geometrias diferentes de terminal inferior em contato com o escoamento foram propostas para a realização dos estudos. Os resultados experimentais correspondentes aos comportamentos da estrutura em vibração estão apresentados, na forma adimensional, em médias quadráticas e freqüências predominantes nos espectros das acelerações Geometrias “Ret”, “Ele” e “30d” mostraram ser mais suscetíveis à ocorrência de fenômenos de vibração induzida, com diferenças de até 3 a 4 vezes nos valores das médias quadráticas, nas situações de escoamento às quais a comporta foi submetida, quando comparadas com geometrias “60” e “30i”. Os valores de freqüências de vibração induzida pelo escoamento, nas respectivas aberturas de descarga e geometrias de terminal inferior analisadas, corresponderam-se com os modos naturais de vibração livre em água. Estes valores foram, aproximadamente, entre 1,10 e 0,90 do valor da freqüência natural em ar. Conforme o observado, nota-se que a geometria do terminal em contato com o escoamento desempenha um papel de fundamental importância quando o objetivo a atingir é a diminuição da magnitude desses tipos de solicitações não desejadas.

Erosão Fluvial Urbana

O vídeo apresenta consequências da erosão fluvial no município de São Carlos – SP. O objetivo é mostrar ao aluno o desastre causado por uma obra mal planejada, vítima da força da natureza agredida por atividades antrópicas.

Construção, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos para descarga por arco de cátodo oco

The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min

Estudo sobre a redução aluminotérmica de Ta2O5 e TiO2 usando descarga de cátodo oco

In this study it was used two metallic oxides, Ta2O5 and TiO2, in order to obtain metallic powders of Ta and Ti through aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma. Ta2O5 and TiO2 powders were mixed with Al in a planetary mill, using different milling times. A thermal analysis study (DTA and TG) was carried out, in order to know the temperature to react both the mixtures. Then, these mixtures were submitted to a hollow cathode discharge, where they were reacted using aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma. The product obtained was characterized by XRD and SEM, where it was proven the possibility of producing these metallic particles, different from the conventional process, where metallic ingots are obtained. It was verified that the aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma is able to produce metallic powders of Ta and Ti, and a higher efficiency was observed to the process with Ta2O5-Al mixtures. Among different microstructural aspects observed, it can be noted the presence of metallic nanoparticles trapped into an Al2O3 matrix, besides acicular structures (titanium) and dendritic structures (tantalum), which are a product characteristic from a fast cooling

Comparação de marcadores de fase sólida para medir fluxo de matéria seca e matéria orgânica no duodeno

Two external markers (chromic oxide and ytterbium chloride) and two internal markers (indigestible neutral detergent fiber-NDF and indigestible acid detergent fiber-ADF) were compared in order to determine the flow of dry and organic matter in the duodenum. Three steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were fed with roughage: concentrate ratios of 80:20 60:40 and 40:60. As these ratios as well as animals and experimental periods did not show significant effects, only markers will be discussed the flow of the duodenal dry matter were 3816.8, 3269.3, 2739.2 and 2713.2g/day and of the organic matter were 3305.1, 2841.6, 2392.2 and 2351.3g/day estimated by chromic oxide, ytterbium chloride, indigestible NDF and indigestible ADF, respectively. The coefficients of ruminal digestion of the dry matter expressed as a percentage of the total digested were 38.8, 57.8, 80.2 and 81.9% and organic matter were 48.4, 65.3 84.8 and 85.7, when estimated by chromic oxide, ytterbium chloride, indigestible NDF and indigestible ADF, respectively. Ir was concluded that different markers lead to different estimation of duodenal flow and indigestible NDF and indigestible ADF are equivalent markers.

Redução carbotérmica de TiO2 por descarga em cátodo oco

In this study we used the plasma as a source of energy in the process of carbothermic reduction of rutile ore (TiO2). The rutile and graphite powders were milled for 15 h and placed in a hollow cathode discharge produced by in order to obtain titanium carbonitride directly from the reaction, was verified the influence of processing parameters of plasma temperature and time in the synthesis of TiCN. The reaction was carried out at 600, 700 and 800˚C for 3 to 4 hours in an atmosphere of nitrogen and argon. During all reactions was monitored by plasma technique of optical emission spectroscopy (EEO) to check the active species present in the process of carbothermal reduction of TiO2. The powder obtained after the reactions were characterized by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The technique of EEO were detected in all reactions the spectra CO and NO, and these gas-phase resulting from the reduction of TiO2. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the reduction, where for all conditions studied there was evidence of early reduction of TiO2 through the emergence of intermediate oxides. In the samples reduced at 600 and 700˚C, there was only the phase Ti6O11, those reduced to 800˚C appeared Ti5O9 phases, and Ti6O11 Ti7O13, confirming that the carbothermal reduction in plasma, a reduction of the ore rutile (TiO2) in a series of intermediate titanium oxide (TinO2n-1) where n varies between 5 and 10

Diagnóstico de plasma de cátodo oco: análise da ação de plasma de argônio e Ar-H2 para a deposição de filmes finos de titânio em pós-descarga

Plasma DC hollow cathode has been used for film deposition by sputtering with release of neutral atoms from the cathode. The DC Plasma Ar-H2 hollow cathode currently used in the industry has proven to be effective in cleaning surfaces and thin film deposition when compared to argon plasma. When we wish to avoid the effects of ion bombardment on the substrate discharge, it uses the post-discharge region. Were generated by discharge plasma of argon and hydrogen hollow cathode deposition of thin films of titanium on glass substrate. The optical emission spectroscopy was used for the post-discharge diagnosis. The films formed were analyzed by mechanical profilometry technique. It was observed that in the spectrum of the excitation lines of argon occurred species. There are variations in the rate of deposition of titanium on the glass substrate for different process parameters such as deposition time, distance and discharge working gases. It was noted an increase in intensity of the lines of argon compared with the lines of titanium. Deposition with argon and hydrogen in glass sample observed a higher rate deposition of titanium as more closer the sample was in the discharge

Diagnóstico de descarga de cátodo oco de ar e pós-descarga Ar N2 por espectroscopia de emissão óptica e espectrometria de massa

Many applications require that the plasma discharge is produced apart from the surface to be processed, thus preventing damage caused by bombardment and/or plasma radiation. In the post-discharge regime in various applications thermally sensitive materials can be used. In this work, active species produced by discharge and post-discharge hollow cathode were diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The discharge was produced with the gases Ar and Ar - N2 gas flow ranging from 1 to 6 cm3/min and electric current between 150 to 600 mA. It was estimated that the ion density inside the hollow cathode, with 2 mm diameter ranged between 7.71 and 14.1 x 1015 cm-3. It was observed that the gas flow and the electric current changes the emission intensity of Ar and N2 species. The major ionic species detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry were Ar+ and N2+. The ratio of optical emission intensities of N2(1 +)/Ar(811 nm) was related to the partial pressure of N2 after the hollow cathode discharge at low pressure

Descarga em barreira dielétrica: construção de um reator DBD e caracterização mediante análises ópticas e elétricas do plasma produzido

The plasma produced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) is a promising technique for producing plasma in atmospheric pressure and has been highlighted in several areas, especially in biomedical and textile industry, this is due to the fact that the plasma generated by DBD not reaches high temperatures, enabling use it for thermally sensitive materials. But still it is necessary the development of research related to understanding of the chemical, physical and biological interaction between the non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure with cells, tissues, organs and organisms. This work proposes to develop equipment DBD and characterize it in order to obtain a better understanding of the process parameters of plasma production and how it behaves under the parameters adopted in the process, such as distance, frequency and voltage applied between electrodes. For this purpose two techniques were used to characterize distinct from each other. The first was the method of Lissajous figures, this technique is quite effective and accurately for complete electrical characterization equipment DBD. The second technique used was Optical Emission Spectroscopy (EEO) very effective tool for the diagnosis of plasma with it being possible to identify the excited species present in the plasma produced. Finally comparing the data obtained by the two techniques was possible to identify a set of parameters that optimize the production when combined DBD plasma atmosphere in the equipment was built precisely in this condition 0.5mm-15kV 600Hz, giving way for further work

Desenvolvimento de uma unidade laboratorial para quantificação de BTX como poluentes atmosféricos, usando microextração em fase sólida

This dissertation aims the development of an experimental device to determine quantitatively the content of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) in the atmosphere. BTX are extremely volatile solvents, and therefore play an important role in atmospheric chemistry, being precursors in the tropospheric ozone formation. In this work a BTX new standard gas was produced in nitrogen for stagnant systems. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a new method, simple and cheaper, to quantify and monitor BTX in air using solid phase microextraction/ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/CG/MS). The features of the calibration method proposed are presented in this dissertation. SPME sampling was carried out under non-equilibrium conditions using a Carboxen/PDMS fiber exposed for 10 min standard gas mixtures. It is observed that the main parameters that affect the extraction process are sampling time and concentration. The results of the BTX multicomponent system studied have shown a linear and a nonlinear range. In the non-linear range, it is remarkable the effect of competition by selective adsorption with the following affinity order p-xylene > toluene > benzene. This behavior represents a limitation of the method, however being in accordance with the literature. Furthermore, this behavior does not prevent the application of the technique out of the non-linear region to quantify the BTX contents in the atmosphere.

Produção de enzimas por fungos em fermentação semi-sólida utilizando bagaço de coco e pedúnculo de caju como substratos

The production of enzymes by microorganisms using organic residues is important and it can be associated with several applications such as food and chemical industries and so on. The objective of this work is the production of CMCase, Xylanase, Avicelase and FPase enzymes by solid state fermentation (SSF) using as substrates: bagasse of coconut and dried cashew stem. The microorganisms employed are Penicillium chrysogenum and an isolated fungus from the coconut bark (Aspergillus fumigatus). Through the factorial design methodology and response surface analysis it was possible to study the influence of the humidity and pH. For Penicillium chrysogenum and the isolated fungus, the coconut bagasse was used as culture medium. In another fermentation, it was used the mixture of coconut bagasse and cashew stem. Fermentations were conducted using only the coconut bagasse as substrate in cultures with Penicillium chrysogenum fungus and the isolated one. A mixture with 50% of coconut and 50% of cashew stem was employed only for Penicillium chrysogenum fungus, the cultivation conditions were: 120 hours at 30 °C in BOD, changing humidity and pH values. In order to check the influence of the variables: humidity and pH, a 2 2 factorial experimental design was developed, and then two factors with two levels for each factor and three repetitions at the central point. The levels of the independent variables used in ascending order (-1, 0, +1), to humidity, 66%, 70.5% and 75% and pH 3, 5 and 7, respectively. The software STATISTICA TM (version 7.0, StatSoft, Inc.) was used to calculate the main effects of the variables and their interactions. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of the SSF. A chemical and a physic-chemical characterization of the coconut bagasse have determined the composition of cellulose (%) = 39.09; Hemicellulose (%) = 23.80, Total Lignin (%) = 36.22 and Pectin (%) = 1.64. To the characterization of cashew stem, the values were cellulose (g) = 15.91 Hemicellulose (%) = 16.77, Total Lignin (%) = 30.04 and Pectin (%) = 15.24. The results indicate the potential of the materials as substrate for semisolid fermentation enzyme production. The two microorganisms used are presented as good producers of cellulases. The results showed the potential of the fungus in the production of CMCase enzyme, with a maximum of 0.282 UI/mL and the Avicelase enzyme the maximum value ranged from 0.018 to 0.020 UI/ mL, using only coconut bagasse as substrate. The Penicillium chrysogenum fungus has showed the best results for CMCase = 0.294 UI/mL, FPase = 0.058 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0.010 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.644 UI/ mL enzyme, using coconut bagasse and cashew stem as substrates. The Penicllium chrysogenum fungus showed enzymatic activities using only the coconut as substrate for CMCase = 0.233 UI/mL, FPase = 0.031 to 0.032 UI/ mL, Avicelase = 0.018 to 0.020 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.735 UI/ mL. Thus, it can be concluded that the used organisms and substrates have offered potential for enzyme production processes in a semi-solid cultivation

Estudos dos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da água e do sedimento no baixo curso do Rio Pitimbu (RN)

Urban growth of metropolitan areas has produced impacts of considerable importance on environment and water resources. Such impacts are in general associated with human activities, such as basin area uncontrolled development. In this context, Pitimbu river watershed, located at Natal metropolitan area, has been affected by uncontrolled development caused by urban expansion. Indeed, such effects have been reflected on water quantity and quality, which may produce social consequences. Pitimbu river is an important water supplier for human consumption, actually supplying a 2600 m3/h water discharge. This study aims to analyze the qualitative and quantitative aspects of water and sediment on Pitimbu river lowland portion. For this purpose, physical-chemical water properties were analyzed, and sediment macro invertebrates benthonic were monitored in two cross sections in a period between November 8th, 2007 and October 3rd, 2008. Monitoring methodology consisted of water and sediment sampling for laboratory analysis. Water quality analysis included Dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen Biochemical Demand, Nitrate, pH and Alkalinity, Suspended and Total Solids. The analysis of heavy metals in the sediment included Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Chrome, Silver and Nickel. Dry season water discharge data were measured and used to adjust recession function parameters, whose values reveal quick recession and strong river-aquifer unconfined interaction. Water quality analysis revealed the absence of degradation by organic composites. However, DO and BOD levels indicate that more consistent results could be provided if sampling time interval were reduced. Biomonitoring showed signs of aquatic ecosystem degradation by the absence of sensitive and abundance of resistant benthic organisms. Obtained results demonstrate the urgent need of effective management measures to provide environmental protection. The increase of environmental degradation will certainly make impracticable the use of water for human consumption

Análise cristalográfica da solução sólida com estrutura tipo Tungstênio Bronze de niobato de potássio e estrôncio dopado com ferro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)