Key Issues on the Brazilian Foreign Policy (Coyuntura)

El artículo trata sobre diferentes visiones de la política exterior brasilera. Primero introduce las principales directivas de la política exterior: desarrollo económico y social, así como delimitación limítrofe con los países de América del Sur. La segunda establece la situación de las relaciones de Brasil luego de la guerra fría, con algunos países y regiones en el mundo: Estados Unidos, Unión Europea, América Latina, China, África, India y otras regiones. Finalmente se refiere a los intereses nacionales brasileros en las Naciones Unidas en campos como energía, medio ambiente y defensa.

Genetic structure and systematic relationships within the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae): high diversity in Kent and a wind-induced discontinuity bisecting the Adriatic

A recent phylogenetic study based on multiple datasets is used as the framework for a more detailed examination of one of the ten molecularly circumscribed groups identified, the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate. The group is highly morphologically variable, prone to phenotypic convergence, shows low levels of sequence divergence and contains an unusually large proportion of threatened taxa, including the rarest Ophrys species in the UK. The aims of this study were to (a) circumscribe minimum resolvable genetically distinct entities within the O. fuciflora aggregate, and (b) assess the likelihood of gene flow between genetically and geographically distinct entities at the species and population levels. Fifty-five accessions sampled in Europe and Asia Minor from the O. fuciflora aggregate were studied using the AFLP genetic fingerprinting technique to evaluate levels of infraspecific and interspecific genetic variation and to assess genetic relationships between UK populations of O. fuciflora s.s. in Kent and in their continental European and Mediterranean counterparts. The two genetically and geographically distinct groups recovered, one located in England and central Europe and one in south-eastern Europe, are incongruent with current species delimitation within the aggregate as a whole and also within O. fuciflora s.s. Genetic diversity is higher in Kent than in the rest of western and central Europe. Gene flow is more likely to occur between populations in closer geographical proximity than those that are morphologically more similar. Little if any gene flow occurs between populations located in the south-eastern Mediterranean and those dispersed throughout the remainder of the distribution, revealing a genetic discontinuity that runs north-south through the Adriatic. This discontinuity is also evident in other clades of Ophrys and is tentatively attributed to the long-term influence of prevailing winds on the long-distance distribution of pollinia and especially seeds. A cline of gene flow connects populations from Kent and central and southern Europe; these individuals should therefore be considered part of an extensive meta-population. Gene flow is also evident among populations from Kent, which appear to constitute a single metapopulation. They show some evidence of hybridization, and possibly also introgression, with O. apifera.

The utility of leaf flavonoids as taxonomic markers for some Malaysian species of the tribe Shoreae (Dipterocarpaceae)

A flavonoid survey was carried out on 45 taxa from the genera Shorea, Hopea, Parashorea, Neobalanocarpus, and Dryobalanops of the tribe Shoreae in the Dipterocarpaceae. The study showed significant chemotaxonomic differences in leaf flavonoid aglycone patterns and the presence of tannins in these taxa. The flavonoid patterns are useful in the delimitation of some taxa. For example, the genus Parashorea is distinguished by the universal presence of kaempferol 3-methyl ether, and the monotypic genus Neobalanocarpus is unique in not producing ellagic and gallo tannins. The presence of chalcones and flavone C-glycosides supports the separation of the genus Hopea into two sections, section Dryobalanoides and section Hopea in Ashton's classification, which is based on the type of venation. The flavonoid distributions in this study show that they can be very useful for differentiating between the Balau group in the genus Shorea, and some scaly barked Hopea species, particularly H. helferi (lintah bukit), H. nutans (giam), and H. ferrea (malut). (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.

Are Cape floral clades the same age? Contemporaneous origins of two lineages in the genistoids s.l. (Fabaceae)

The hypothesis that the elements of the modern species-rich flora of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa, originated more or less simultaneously at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, in response to the development of a mediterranean climate, has been challenged by numerous molecular dating estimates of Cape floral clades. These studies reveal a more gradual emergence, with the oldest clades originating in the Eocene, but others appearing later, some as recently as the Pliocene. That there are factors which might affect the dates recovered, such as choice of calibration point, analysis method, sampling density and the delimitation of Cape floral clades, suggests a need for further critical evaluation of the age estimates presented to date. In this study, the dates of origin of two Cape floral clades (the legume Crotalarieae p.p. and Podalyrieae) are estimated, constrained by a shared calibration point in a single analysis using an rDNA ITS phylogeny in which 633 taxa are sampled. The results indicate that these two clades arose contemporaneously 44-46 mya, not at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary as had been previously supposed. The contemporaneous origin of these Cape floral clades suggests that additional more inclusive analyses are needed before rejecting the hypothesis that a. single environmental trigger explains the establishment of Cape floral clades. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Patterns of peristome reduction and ornamentation in African Entodontaceae

The Entodontaceae is characterised by erect capsules with inset and substantially reduced peristomes. Differences in peristome morphology and ornamentation delimit both genera and species within the family. The Entodontaceae, as presently recognised, consists of four genera, Entodon, Erythrodontium, Mesonodon and Pylaisiobryum, which show a variety of peristome ornamentation patterns, and exhibit differing levels of peristome reduction. This variation encompasses an unusual combination of structurally reduced peristomes, which retain massive exostome ornamentation, and residual peristome function. As part of a taxonomic revision of the family in Africa, generic patterns of peristome reduction and ornamentation are described. Inter- and intra-specific variation patterns of both the exostome and endostome have been investigated using detailed SEM studies of material from Africa and beyond. Structural reduction of the peristome is associated with high levels of intra-specific variation in peristome ornamentation patterns. Common trends in these patterns of variation are identified within the family. Putative hybrid sporophytes have been identified in Entodon, and the taxonomic implications of these observations are considered for a family where species delimitation has in the past often depended on minor variation in peristome structure or ornamentation patterns. (author abst.)

Morphological diversity of the genus Licuala (Palmae)

There are about 141 described species of Licuala. Structurally, the genus has very consistent vegetative and fertile characters. As the genus undergoes revision, it is becoming clear that it contains great morphological variation within the strict vegetative and reproductive character constraints found in the genus. This paper describes the variation found in the genus and its significance in taxon delimitation.

The utility of leaf flavonoids as taxonomic markers for some Malaysian species of the tribe Shoreae (Dipterocarpaceae)

A flavonoid survey was carried out on 45 taxa from the genera Shorea, Hopea, Parashorea, Neobalanocarpus, and Dryobalanops of the tribe Shoreae in the Dipterocarpaceae. The study showed significant chemotaxonomic differences in leaf flavonoid aglycone patterns and the presence of tannins in these taxa. The flavonoid patterns are useful in the delimitation of some taxa. For example, the genus Parashorea is distinguished by the universal presence of kaempferol 3-methyl ether, and the monotypic genus Neobalanocarpus is unique in not producing ellagic and gallo tannins. The presence of chalcones and flavone C-glycosides supports the separation of the genus Hopea into two sections, section Dryobalanoides and section Hopea in Ashton's classification, which is based on the type of venation. The flavonoid distributions in this study show that they can be very useful for differentiating between the Balau group in the genus Shorea, and some scaly barked Hopea species, particularly H. helferi (lintah bukit), H. nutans (giam), and H. ferrea (malut). (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.

Identifying the generic limits of the Cheilanthoid genus Doryopteris

Morphology-based delimitation of genera in the Cheilanthoid ferns has proved to be problematic and understanding of the phylogeny and relationships amongst Cheilanthoid ferns based on morphological characters has posed even further difficulties, owing perhaps in large part to adaptation by many taxa to xeric habitats, as well as convergent evolution. It is only now with the application of DNA sequence data that relationships of species and genera are becoming clear. Here, we present results of cpDNA sequence data from species that have been traditionally placed in the genus Doryopteris and, based on both these results, and morphological and distribution data, this study helps clarify the concept of the genus Doryopteris its position within the Cheilanthoid ferns and the status of Lytoneuron. As a result, three genera are redefined: Doryopteris, Lytoneuron and Ormopteris.

Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of Epidendrum subgenus Amphiglottium (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)

Epidendrum L. is the largest genus of Orchidaceae in the Neotropical region; it has an impressive morphological diversification, which imposes difficulties in delimitation of both infrageneric and interspecific boundaries. In this study, we review infrageneric boundaries within the subgenus Amphiglottium and try to contribute to the understanding of morphological diversification and taxa delimitation within this group. We tested the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium sect. Amphiglottium, expanding previous phylogenetic investigations and reevaluated previous infrageneric classifications proposed. Sequence data from the trnL-trnF region were analyzed with both parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. AFLP markers were also obtained and analyzed with phylogenetic and principal coordinate analyses. Additionally, we obtained chromosome numbers for representative species within the group. The results strengthen the monophyly of the subgenus Amphiglottium but do not support the current classification system proposed by previous authors. Only section Tuberculata comprises a well-supported monophyletic group, with sections Carinata and Integra not supported. Instead of morphology, biogeographical and ecological patterns are reflected in the phylogenetic signal in this group. This study also confirms the large variability of chromosome numbers for the subgenus Amphiglottium (numbers ranging from 2n = 24 to 2n = 240), suggesting that polyploidy and hybridization are probably important mechanisms of speciation within the group.

The hidden diversity of Coleodactylus amazonicus (Sphaerodactylinae, Gekkota) revealed by molecular data

Coleodactylus amazonicus, a small leaf-litter diurnal gecko widely distributed in Amazon Basin has been, considered a single species with no significant morphological differences between populations along its range. A recent molecular study, however, detected large genetic differences between populations of central Amazonia and those in the easternmost part of the Amazon Basin, suggesting the presence of taxonomically unrecognised diversity. In this study, DNA sequences of three mitochondrial (165, cytb, and ND4) and two nuclear genes (RAG-1, c-mos) were used to investigate whether the species currently identified as C. amazonicus contains morphologically cryptic species lineages. The present phylogenetic analysis reveals further genetic subdivision including at least five potential species lineages, restricted to northeastern (lineage A), southeastern (lineage B), central-northern (lineage E) and central-southern (lineages C and D) parts of Amazon Basin. All clades are characterized by exclusive groups of alleles for both nuclear genes and highly divergent mitochondrial haplotype clades, with corrected pairwise net sequence divergence between sister lineages ranging from 9.1% to 20.7% for the entire mtDNA dataset. Results of this study suggest that the real diversity of ""C. amazonicus"" has been underestimated due to its apparent cryptic diversification. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Stem anatomy of Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) and its relevance for taxonomy

Several species of the genus Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) are extremely important as ornamentals and are endangered in their natural habitat. However, only a few studies have addressed its taxonomy, morphology (including anatomy), phylogeny and evolutionary history. Consequently, the limited knowledge of the genus coupled with the problematic delimitation of species had led to problems in the identification of taxa. In the current work six species of Rhipsalis, R. cereoides, R. elliptica, R. grandiflora, R. paradoxa, R. pentaptera and R. teres were studied to evaluate the relevance of anatomical characters for the taxonomy of the genus. An anatomical characterization of the primary structure of the stem of Rhipsalis is provided highlighting the differences between species. Features of the stem epidermis are found to discriminate best between species and therefore provide clear and useful characters for the separation of species.

A missão histórica da administração pública federal na área da cultura

o objetivo do trabalho foi delimitar um núcleo reflexivo ou um núcleo de ações que pudessem ser indicadores da missão da administração pública federal de cultura, a partir do estudo da evolução histórica de suas instituições. O estudo conclui que o período que se configura como mais denso, quando se discute a questão da missão institucional da área federal de cultura, é anterior à criação do Ministério da Cultura em 1985 e localiza-se entre o final da década de 70 e início da década de 80. Este se liga a um período ainda mais anterior na década de 30, articulando os trabalhos e os pensamentos de Mário de Andrade (1935) e Aloísio Magalhães (1980), respectivamente. O trabalho filia-se ao ambiente dos estudos de política pública e cobre o período de 1935 a outubro de 2000. E o atual período de 1991 a 2000 é avaliado, segundo as perspectivas desse núcleo de ações e reflexões em tomo do ano de 1980.

Educação no trabalho: retendo talentos na organização - o caso da Petrobrás

Esta dissertação objetivou verificar que tipos de educação promovem a retenção de talentos na empresa estudada. Para isto, foi construída uma estrutura conceitual fundamentada em estudos divulgados por especialistas em empresas, em educação, e por filósofos humanistas. Esse referencial teórico mostrou que fatores tais como a quantidade de poder, o acesso às informações, a remuneração e a educação disponibilizadas pela empresa, interferem na decisão de os talentos permanecerem nas organizações. Também inspirou a delimitação e a construção das suposições da pesquisa e um modelo conceitual relacionando os tipos de educação no trabalho, os tipos de desenvolvimento de recursos humanos, as motivações no trabalho e a retenção de talentos. A análise da comparação dos resultados com as suposições formuladas, serviram para aperfeiçoar o modelo conceitual, e para nos permitir concluir que as educações técnica, pessoal e organizacional tendem a gerar as motivações financeira, individual e institucional que, por sua vez, produzem efeitos significativos na retenção de talentos nas empresas.

Possibilidades da educação libertária na prática de responsabilidade social

o objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer as possibilidades da Educação Libertária na prática de Responsabilidade Social, trabalhando a hipótese de que, através da educação libertadora e emancipatória dos excluídos sociais, esta prática alcança sustentabilidade, sem recorrer a assistencialismos tão comuns no discurso e ação de empresas, governo e indivíduos. Ao longo do trabalho, mais especificamente no estudo de caso, poderemos concluir que existem ações de responsabilidade social voltadas para uma mudança nas relações sociais, onde o discurso é substituído pela práxis na criação de oportunidades através da educação e compartilhamento do conhecimento. Na introdução do trabalho o leitor encontrará a contextualização do tema e a formulação do problema, bem como os objetivos do trabalho, a relevância do estudo e a delimitação do estudo. Na segunda parte, no referencial teórico, serão analisadas as principais publicações sobre educação libertária, estudadas à luz de seus principais pensadores e representantes. A ênfase será no autor Paulo Freire, representante da Pedagogia do Oprimido, de quem podemos aprender bastante sobre ação e reflexão. A terceira parte do trabalho fala sobre a metodologia exploratória utilizada na pesquisa, delimitada por um estudo de caso na disciplina Gestão Social, oferecida aos alunos de mestrado da Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Na quarta parte, será descrito o estudo de caso, sendo apresentadas as características da metodologia dialogal empregada na disciplina e das possibilidades da educação libertária na prática da responsabilidade social. Na quinta parte serão analisados os dados coletados no estudo de caso e apresentadas as conclusões constatadas. Nesta parte serão também confrontadas as diferenças de possibilidades entre educação tradicional e educação emancipatória.

O modelo de integração econômico e social nas cooperativas agropecuárias do Paraná

Analisar o modelo de integração das cooperativas de produtores agropecuários no estado do Paraná foi o propósito deste estudo. Foram estudadas as características, os fatores que dificultam e as ações que facilitam a integração entre cooperados e suas cooperativas e destas entre si. As cooperativas têm características distintas dos outros atores do mercado, nos seus objetivos, na forma de gestão, na formação do capital e na sua identificação com a comunidade onde atuam. O desenvolvimento das cooperativas agropecuárias no Paraná é resultante dos Projetos Integrados de Cooperativismo (PICs), implementados a partir de 1972. O modelo previa cooperativas singulares, cada qual com sua área de ação, com o objetivo de proporcionar assistência técnica, creditícia e apoio logístico aos produtores associados, e centrais cooperativas, por região, para industrialização e comercialização da produção. Os resultados proporcionados pelos projetos integrados são evidentes, pois, quase 60% da produção agropecuária atual provém das cooperativas em todo o estado. Porém, ao longo do tempo, em razão do crescimento desigual das cooperativas, surgiram disputas por área de ação entre cooperativas e conflitos de interesses em relação às centrais que comprometeram o modelo de integração idealizado. Pesquisa de campo realizada para este estudo, mostra que 75% das pessoas que compõem o público interno das cooperativas – cooperados, dirigentes e funcionários, concordam que há concorrência entre cooperativas no Paraná. Trata-se de tema polêmico porém relevante para o desenvolvimento do cooperativismo paranaense, que concorre com grandes conglomerados econômicos nacionais e internacionais. A superação do dilema da integração constitui importante desafio às organizações cooperativas. Esta dissertação utiliza metodologia de análise de conteúdo, descrita por VERGARA (2007, p. 15) para extrair da bibliografia e da pesquisa de campo os resultados almejados. Com base na Teoria da Delimitação dos Sistemas Sociais, concebida por Guerreiro Ramos (1981), conclui-se que as cooperativas agropecuárias paranaenses são organizações de interesse econômico que apresentam características isonômicas de gestão. A maioria dos fatores que dificultam a integração nas cooperativas é originada de atitudes internas de cooperados e dirigentes, tais como: individualismo, falta de conhecimento sobre as cooperativas e falta de interesse em participar da cooperativa. Entre as ações que poderiam contribuir para a integração foi citada a necessidade de se constituir novo modelo de integração, apoiado por programas de educação, comunicação e capitalização em volumes compatíveis com as demandas dos projetos das cooperativas, tanto aos cooperados quanto para projetos integrados entre cooperativas.