Forebrain angiotensin type 1 receptors and parabrachial serotonin in the control of NaCl and water intake

This study investigated the roles of serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), and brain angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptors in the intake of 0.3 M NaCl and water induced by angiotensin II (ANG II). Rats were implanted with stainless steel cannulas for injections into tho subfornical organ (SFO) and into the LPBN. Bilateral LPBN pretreatment with the nonselective serotonergic 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist methysergide (4 mu g/200 nl) markedly enhanced 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by injections of ANG II (20 ng/200 nl) into the SFO. Pretreatment of the SFO with the AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan (1 mu g/200 nl) blocked the intake of 0.3 M NaCl induced by ANG II in combination with LPBN methysergide injections. These results suggest that serotonergic mechanisms associated with the LPBN inhibit the expression of salt appetite induced by ANG II injections into Ihs SFO. In addition, the results indicate that the enhanced NaCl intake generated by central administration of ANG II in the presence of LPBN 5-HT blockade is mediated bg brain ATI receptors.

Electrolytic treatment of wastewater containing n-phenyl-n '-1,3-dimethylbutyl-p-phenylenediamine

This study investigated the effects of electrolytic treatment using Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA, 70%TiO2/30%RuO2) type electrodes in simulated wastewater containing aromatic amine n-phenyl-n'-1,3-dimethylbutyl-p-phenylenediamine (Flexzone 7P). A low direct current density of 0.025 A cm(-2) was applied for periods up to 60 minutes and a 52.6% decrease in Flexzone 7P concentration was observed. Ultraviolet-visible spectra, gas chromatography, toxicity and biodegradation tests were carried out with the aim of verifying the toxic by-products that were formed. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of simulated wastewater exhibited changes in the aromatic amine's molecular structure. Additionally, based on the S. cerevisiae toxicity test, it was observed that detoxification of the wastewater occurred after 15 minutes of electrolysis. It was also observed that five minutes of treatment were sufficient to improve the biodegradation rate, determined through the respirometric Bartha method.

Electrochemical oxidation of wastewater containing aromatic amines using a flow electrolytic reactor

Aromatic amines are environmental pollutants and represent one of the most important classes of industrial and natural chemicals. Some types of complex effluents containing these chemical species, mainly those originated from chemicals plants are not fully efficiently treated by conventional processes. In this work, the use of electrochemical technology through an electrolytic pilot scale flow reactor is considered for treatment of wastewater of a chemical industry manufacturer of antioxidant and anti-ozonant substances used in rubber. Experimental results showed that was possible to remove between 65% and 95% of apparent colour and chemical oxygen demand removal between 30 and 90% in 60 min of treatment, with energy consumption rate from 26 kWh m-3 to 31 kWh m-3. Absorbance, total organic carbon and toxicity analyses resulted in no formation of toxic by-products. The results suggest that the presented electrochemical process is a suitable method for treating this type of wastewater, mainly when pre-treated by aeration. Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Atuação de forças em hastes sulcadoras de semeadoras-adubadoras para plantio direto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Escolares com malformação de orelha externa e/ou média: avaliação do desempenho escolar e dos comportamentos sociais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparação dos algoritmos C4.5 e MLP usados na avaliação da segurança dinâmica e no auxílio ao controle preventivo no contexto da estabilidade transitória de sistemas de potência

Esse trabalho compara os algoritmos C4.5 e MLP (do inglês “Multilayer Perceptron”) aplicados a avaliação de segurança dinâmica ou (DSA, do inglês “Dynamic Security Assessment”) e em projetos de controle preventivo, com foco na estabilidade transitória de sistemas elétricos de potência (SEPs). O C4.5 é um dos algoritmos da árvore de decisão ou (DT, do inglês “Decision Tree”) e a MLP é um dos membros da família das redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Ambos os algoritmos fornecem soluções para o problema da DSA em tempo real, identificando rapidamente quando um SEP está sujeito a uma perturbação crítica (curto-circuito, por exemplo) que pode levar para a instabilidade transitória. Além disso, o conhecimento obtido de ambas as técnicas, na forma de regras, pode ser utilizado em projetos de controle preventivo para restaurar a segurança do SEP contra perturbações críticas. Baseado na formação de base de dados com exaustivas simulações no domínio do tempo, algumas perturbações críticas específicas são tomadas como exemplo para comparar os algoritmos C4.5 e MLP empregadas a DSA e ao auxílio de ações preventivas. O estudo comparativo é testado no sistema elétrico “New England”. Nos estudos de caso, a base de dados é gerada por meio do programa PSTv3 (“Power System Toolbox”). As DTs e as RNAs são treinada e testadas usando o programa Rapidminer. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os algoritmos C4.5 e MLP são promissores nas aplicações de DSA e em projetos de controle preventivo.

On-line monitoring of electrochemical degradation of paracetamol through a biomimetic sensor

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate in a flow reactor: optimization using response surface methodology

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The impact of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies on graft outcome in renal transplantation: a six-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: The significance of pretransplant, donor-specific antibodies on long-term patient outcomes is a subject of debate. This study evaluated the impact and the presence or absence of donor-specific antibodies after kidney transplantation on short-and long-term graft outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed the frequency and dynamics of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies following renal transplantation from a randomized trial that was conducted from 2002 to 2004 and correlated these findings with patient outcomes through 2009. Transplants were performed against a complement-dependent T-and B-negative crossmatch. Pre- and posttransplant sera were available from 94 of the 118 patients (80%). Antibodies were detected using a solid-phase (Luminex (R)), single-bead assay, and all tests were performed simultaneously. RESULTS: Sixteen patients exhibited pretransplant donor-specific antibodies, but only 3 of these patients (19%) developed antibody-mediated rejection and 2 of them experienced early graft losses. Excluding these 2 losses, 6 of 14 patients exhibited donor-specific antibodies at the final follow-up exam, whereas 8 of these patients (57%) exhibited complete clearance of the donor-specific antibodies. Five other patients developed "de novo'' posttransplant donor-specific antibodies. Death-censored graft survival was similar in patients with pretransplant donor-specific and non-donor-specific antibodies after a mean follow-up period of 70 months. CONCLUSION: Pretransplant donor-specific antibodies with a negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch are associated with a risk for the development of antibody-mediated rejection, although survival rates are similar when patients transpose the first months after receiving the graft. Our data also suggest that early posttransplant donor-specific antibody monitoring should increase knowledge of antibody dynamics and their impact on long-term graft outcome.

Application of Electrochemical Degradation of Wastewater Composed of Mixtures of Phenol-Formaldehyde

The industrial wastewater from resin production plants contains as major components phenol and formaldehyde, which are traditionally treated by biological methods. As a possible alternative method, electrochemical treatment was tested using solutions containing a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde simulating an industrial effluent. The anode used was a dimensionally stable anode (DSAA (R)) of nominal composition Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, and the solution composition during the degradation process was analyzed by liquid chromatography and the removal of total organic carbon. From cyclic voltammetry, it is observed that for formaldehyde, a small offset of the beginning of the oxygen evolution reaction occurs, but for phenol, the reaction is inhibited and the current density decreases. From the electrochemical degradations, it was determined that 40 mA cm(-2) is the most efficient current density and the comparison of different supporting electrolytes (Na2SO4, NaNO3, and NaCl) indicated a higher removal of total organic carbon in NaCl medium.

Correlation between carotid bifurcation calcium burden on non-enhanced CT and percentage stenosis, as confirmed by digital subtraction angiography

Objectives: Previous evidence supports a direct relationship between the calcium burden (volume) on post-contrast CT with the percent internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis at the carotid bifurcation. We sought to further investigate this relationship by comparing non-enhanced CT (NECT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Methods: 50 patients (aged 41-82 years) were retrospectively identified who had undergone cervical NECT and DSA. A 64-multidetector array CT (MDCT) scanner was utilised and the images reviewed using preset window widths/levels (30/300) optimised to calcium, with the volumes measured via three-dimensional reconstructive software. Stenosis measurements were performed on DSA and luminal diameter stenoses >40% were considered "significant". Volume thresholds of 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.12 cm(3) were utilised and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to correlate the calcium volume with percent stenosis. Results: Of 100 carotid bifurcations, 88 were available and of these 7 were significantly stenotic. The NECT calcium volume moderately correlated with percent stenosis on DSA r=0.53 (p<0.01). A moderate-strong correlation was found between the square root of calcium volume on NECT with percent stenosis on DSA (r=0.60, p<0.01). Via a receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.06 cm(3) was determined to be the best threshold (sensitivity 100%, specificity 90.1%, negative predictive value 100% and positive predictive value 46.7%) for detecting significant stenoses. Conclusion: This preliminary investigation confirms a correlation between carotid bifurcation calcium volume and percent ICA stenosis and is promising for the optimal threshold for stenosis detection. Future studies could utilise calcium volumes to create a "score" that could predict high grade stenosis.

Troposphere Calibration Techniques for Deep Space Probe Tracking

Ground-based Earth troposphere calibration systems play an important role in planetary exploration, especially to carry out radio science experiments aimed at the estimation of planetary gravity fields. In these experiments, the main observable is the spacecraft (S/C) range rate, measured from the Doppler shift of an electromagnetic wave transmitted from ground, received by the spacecraft and coherently retransmitted back to ground. If the solar corona and interplanetary plasma noise is already removed from Doppler data, the Earth troposphere remains one of the main error sources in tracking observables. Current Earth media calibration systems at NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) stations are based upon a combination of weather data and multidirectional, dual frequency GPS measurements acquired at each station complex. In order to support Cassini’s cruise radio science experiments, a new generation of media calibration systems were developed, driven by the need to achieve the goal of an end-to-end Allan deviation of the radio link in the order of 3×〖10〗^(-15) at 1000 s integration time. The future ESA’s Bepi Colombo mission to Mercury carries scientific instrumentation for radio science experiments (a Ka-band transponder and a three-axis accelerometer) which, in combination with the S/C telecommunication system (a X/X/Ka transponder) will provide the most advanced tracking system ever flown on an interplanetary probe. Current error budget for MORE (Mercury Orbiter Radioscience Experiment) allows the residual uncalibrated troposphere to contribute with a value of 8×〖10〗^(-15) to the two-way Allan deviation at 1000 s integration time. The current standard ESA/ESTRACK calibration system is based on a combination of surface meteorological measurements and mathematical algorithms, capable to reconstruct the Earth troposphere path delay, leaving an uncalibrated component of about 1-2% of the total delay. In order to satisfy the stringent MORE requirements, the short time-scale variations of the Earth troposphere water vapor content must be calibrated at ESA deep space antennas (DSA) with more precise and stable instruments (microwave radiometers). In parallel to this high performance instruments, ESA ground stations should be upgraded to media calibration systems at least capable to calibrate both troposphere path delay components (dry and wet) at sub-centimetre level, in order to reduce S/C navigation uncertainties. The natural choice is to provide a continuous troposphere calibration by processing GNSS data acquired at each complex by dual frequency receivers already installed for station location purposes. The work presented here outlines the troposphere calibration technique to support both Deep Space probe navigation and radio science experiments. After an introduction to deep space tracking techniques, observables and error sources, in Chapter 2 the troposphere path delay is widely investigated, reporting the estimation techniques and the state of the art of the ESA and NASA troposphere calibrations. Chapter 3 deals with an analysis of the status and the performances of the NASA Advanced Media Calibration (AMC) system referred to the Cassini data analysis. Chapter 4 describes the current release of a developed GNSS software (S/W) to estimate the troposphere calibration to be used for ESA S/C navigation purposes. During the development phase of the S/W a test campaign has been undertaken in order to evaluate the S/W performances. A description of the campaign and the main results are reported in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 presents a preliminary analysis of microwave radiometers to be used to support radio science experiments. The analysis has been carried out considering radiometric measurements of the ESA/ESTEC instruments installed in Cabauw (NL) and compared with the requirements of MORE. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the results obtained and defines some key technical aspects to be evaluated and taken into account for the development phase of future instrumentation.

Wertigkeit der Magnetresonanzangiographie der Fußgefäße unter Verwendung eines intravaskulären Kontrastmittels

In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der Stellenwert der ce-MRA unter Verwendung von MS-325, einem neuen intravaskulären Kontrastmittel, bei der Untersuchung der Fußgefäße im Vergleich zur DSA bewertet, und das Übereinstimmen der Befunde zweier unterschiedlich erfahrener Untersucher untersucht werden. Im Rahmen einer klinischen Phase-III-Studie wurden 18 Patienten mit pAVK und / oder diabetischem Fußsyndrom rekrutiert. Die ce-MRA-Untersuchungen wurden in einem 1,5-Tesla-Magnetom durchgeführt. Dabei wurden dynamische Serien und eine hochaufgelöste Steady-state-Sequenz des zu untersuchenden Fußes akquiriert. Als Kontrastmittel wurde MS-325 in einer an das Körpergewicht adap-tierten Dosis appliziert. Die DSA-Untersuchung enthielt eine komplette Becken-Bein-Angiographie mit selektiver Darstellung der Fußgefäße. Vor der Befundung wurden die Bilddaten der MR-Angiographie nachbearbeitet und MIP-Projektionen erstellt. Zwei Untersucher befundeten unabhängig voneinander und in zufälliger Reinfolge die MRA, die DSA wurde in einem Konsensusverfahren beider Unter-sucher beurteilt. In eine qualitative Analyse gingen die Bewertung der Bildquali-tät, die Sichtbarkeit von sieben Gefäßsegmenten und deren hämodynamisch relevanter Stenosegrad ein. Quantitativ wurde das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis und das Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis untersucht. Die Bildqualität beider Modalitäten wurde im Median mit gut bewertet. Hinsichtlich der Sichtbarkeit der Gefäßsegmente zeigte sich die ce-MRA der DSA überlegen. Von insgesamt 126 Gefäßsegmenten waren nur 80 in der DSA sichtbar, dagegen waren 106 Gefäßsegmente in der ce-MRA sichtbar (p-Wert <0,001, McNemar-Test). Die Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden Untersuchern der ce-MRA war sehr gut, beide erkannten 105 von 126 Gefäßsegmenten (Kappa-Maß κ=0,97). Beide Modalitäten werteten übereinstimmend 46 Gefäßsegmente als hämodynamisch relevant stenosiert. 16 Gefäßstenosen wurden durch die ce-MRA im Gegensatz zur DSA überbewertet. Zwischen Untersucher 1 und Untersucher 2 der ce-MRA fand sich erneut eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung (Kappa-Maß к = 0,89). Die Messungen des SNR und des CNR ergaben sowohl in den dynamischen Se-quenzen als auch in der später akquirierten hochaufgelösten Steady-state Unter-suchung hohe Werte. Die Bildqualität der hochaufgelösten Steady-state ce-MRA war hervorragend, jedoch beeinträchtigt venöse Überlagerung die Interpretation. In der Literatur wird die ce-MRA als ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Darstellung von Fußgefäßen beschrieben. Zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass mit der ce-MRA mehr Gefäßsegmente dargestellt werden können. Dieses Ergebnis konnte in der vor-liegenden Arbeit bestätigt werden. Eine mit MS-325 verstärkte Magnetresonanz-angiographie der Fußgefäße ist der selektiven DSA überlegen. Die Tatsache, dass mit der ce-MRA mehr Gefäßsegmente dargestellt werden können, hat den Begriff des angiographisch „verborgenen“ Blutgefäßes initiiert. In vielen klini-schen Zentren hat die ce-MRA die DSA weitgehend verdrängt. Aus diesem Grund wird in der Literatur vorgeschlagen, dass die ce-MRA die DSA als einen „verbes-serten Goldstandard“ ersetzten könnte. Kann mit der DSA kein passendes An-schlussgefäß für eine Revaskularisationsmaßnahme mittels Bypass gefunden werden, so sollte auf jeden Fall eine ce-MRA der Fußgefäße durchgeführt wer-den, um eine Amputation zu verhindern. In der Literatur wird von der Änderung der Behandlungsstrategie nach der Durchführung der ce-MRA berichtet. Bei der Klassifikation von Gefäßstenosen wertet die ce-MRA öfter höher als die DSA, diese Überbewertung ist in der Literatur bekannt und konnte ebenfalls in der vorliegenden Arbeit bestätigt werden. Diese Überschätzung resultiert aus „Spin-Dephasierung“ durch turbulente Blutströmung im Bereich einer Stenose oder besteht auf Grund von Partialvolumeneffekten. Die Verwendung eines intravaskulären Kontrastmittels, wie bsw. MS-325, zur MR-Angiographie bringt den Vorteil, dass sowohl dynamische als auch Steady-state Untersuchungen aller vaskulären Strukturen im menschlichen Körper durchge-führt werden können. Da eine hohe Signalintensität über einen langen Zeitraum besteht, können auch mehrere Körperregionen während einer einzigen Untersu-chung dargestellt werden. Nachteilig ist jedoch die Beeinträchtigung der Bildge-bung durch venöse Überlagerung. Mittels computergestützter Bildnachbearbeitung ist es jedoch möglich, Venen in Steady-state-Sequenzen zu unterdrücken und daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, hochaufgelöste, überlage-rungsfreie Datensätze zu erhalten. Diese könnten dann der erste Schritt in Rich-tung einer Perfusionsbildgebung am Fuß sein, um bsw. den Erfolg von Revaskularisationsmaßnahmen auch auf Kapillarebene beurteilen zu können.