Fertilidad del suelo bajo prácticas agroecológicas y manejo convencional en el cultivo de café, Nicaragua 2009 - 2010

La implementación de prácticas agroecológicas en plantaciones de café (Coffea arabica L.), es vital para el mantenimiento y aumento de la fertilidad de los suelos y el manejo sostenible del sistema. Este estudio se realizó de junio de 2009 a enero de 2010 en el Jardín Botánico y en el Centro Experimental Campos Azules, en Masatepe, Nicaragua, ubicados entre los 11°54” de latitud norte y 86° 09” de longitud oeste. El propósito fue evaluar dos prácticas agroecológicas y un manejo convencional en el cultivo de café sobre la fertilidad física, química y biológica del suelo. Se utilizó un arreglo unifactorial en diseño bloques completo al azar (BCA)con tres repeticiones. El tratamiento agroecológico uno consistió en la aplicación de 2.27 kg de pulpa de café más 1.82 kg de gallinaza por planta y aspersiones mensuales de dos litros de biofermentado con manejo mecánico y selectivo de los árboles de sombra y arvenses. En el segundo tratamiento agroecológico, se aplicó 2.27 kilogramos de pulpa de café por planta con igual manejo de árboles de sombra y arvenses que el agroecológico uno. En ambos tratamientos agroecologicos, las especies arbóreas fueron guaba [Inga laurina(Sw.) Willd] y genízaro [Samanea saman (Jacq) Merr., J. Wash]. El manejo convencional consistió en la aplicación de 318 kg ha-1de fertilizante sintético, aplicando 25% en forma de urea al 46% y el restante 75% a través de la fórmula 12-30-10 y 27-09-18 en tres aplicaciones durante la época lluviosa, así como dos aplicaciones foliares de microelementos y, herbicidas para el manejo de arvenses. Las variables fueron densidad aparente, porosidad, retención de agua, materia orgánica, nitrógeno total, carbono orgánico, pH, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, diversidad de macrofauna del suelo, cuantificación de bacterias y hongos. No existen diferencias entre los componentes de la fertilidad física y química del suelo, sin embargo, los sistemas con prácticas agroecológicas registran mayor porosidad y retención de humedad, y menor densidad aparente; así como valores más altos de materia orgánica, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, carbono orgánico, nitrógeno total, pH e índices de diversidad de macrofauna. No se registra diferencia en las poblaciones de bacterias, pero sí de hongos en el período lluvioso. El rendimiento acumulado de café no difier e pero existe una tendencia en el sistema agroecológico uno al incremento e incluso a superar al manejo convencional. Los resultados sugieren que la implementación de prácticas agroecológicas contribuye de manera sustancial con la fertilidad global del suelo.

[A_Laguardia_SanJuan] Levantamiento fotogramétrico de la portada Sur o “de los abuelos” de la iglesia de San Juan de Laguardia (Álava)

[ES] La documentación contenida en este registro ha servido de base para los siguientes documentos:

Resultado contable - Base Imponible en las Cuentas Anuales

Este artículo tiene como objeto plantear las relaciones entre el resultado contable y la base imponible en las cuentas anuales. Ello implica la relacion existente entre dos opticas con finalidades diferentes. Por un lado, desde el punto de vista mercantil, informar al posible interesado en relación a la imagen fiel del patrimonio,situación finaciera y de los resultados de la empresa y por otro lado desde la óptica tributaria, la valoración,la cuantificación, de un hecho imponible.

Desarrollo y aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de medida de compuestos orgánicos volátiles en la atmósfera

331 p.

Estudio pronóstico del tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo con angiografía pulmonar por tomografía computarizada multidetector

170 p. : il., graf.

Development of new applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) hyphenated with different sample introduction systems

225 p. : il. Texto en español con conclusiones en inglés

Kosmetikoen osagai hautatuak determinatzeko kromatografia elektrozinetiko mizelarrean oinarritutako metodoen garapena eta aplikazioa

361 p.

Bases fisiológicas del crecimiento diferencial en especies de almeja del género Ruditapes: estudio de alometrías

La coexistencia de las especies R. philippinarum y R. decussatus en la costa atlántica, empleando los mismos recursos y con tasas de crecimiento diferenciadas, parece indicio de estrategias fisiológicas diferentes. Dichas estrategias pueden identificarse mediante la cuantificación de parámetros fisiológicos que intervienen en el crecimiento, el cual es resultante del balance energético. En el presente estudio, se ha hecho una aproximación a ello, eligiendo como parámetros a analizar, la tasa de aclaramiento (componente de ganancia energética) y la tasa metabólica (componente de pérdida energética). El crecimiento diferencial viene determinado por diferentes combinaciones de comportamientos fisiológicos, recogidos en modelos fisiológicos de crecimiento (modelo de adquisición de energía, de limitación de costes basales y de eficiencia metabólica). Con el objetivo de realizar una comparación inter-específica entre ambas especies, se ha estudiado además la relación alométrica de estos parámetros con el tamaño, ya que la distribución de tamaños es una característica de la población y constituye la base sobre la que se construyen curvas de crecimiento. De acuerdo a informes emitidos por la FAO, R. philippinarum presenta mayores tasas de crecimiento por lo que cabría esperar mayor tasa de aclaramiento y menor tasa metabólica en esta especie. Sin embargo los resultados no se corresponden con ello, siendo la tasa de aclaramiento mayor para R. decussatus y no encontrándose diferencias en la tasa metabólica. Las relaciones alométricas tampoco difieren entre especies. No se puede asociar la mayor tasa de crecimiento de R. philippinarum a ninguno de los modelos de crecimiento, ya que las diferencias inter-específicas en los parámetros estudiados son nulas o contrarias a lo esperado. La falta de disponibilidad de semillas de la especie R. decussatus para este estudio limita en parte estas conclusiones, ya que los patrones de crecimiento diferencial pueden diferir profundamente entre estadíos juvenil y adulto. Alternativamente las anomalías comentadas podrían explicarse por la presencia de híbridos de ambas especies entre los ejemplares estudiados y donde la heterosis del crecimiento podría disipar las diferencias entre especies.

La estratigrafía analítica: 25 años de ensayo y aprendizaje en el análisis e interpretación del registro arqueológico

Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.

Manejo de la técnica Western Blot. Determinaciones relacionadas con obesidad y diabetes.

23 p.

Propuesta de un modelo de competitividad portuaria: aplicación para Bilbao y las líneas marítimas de contenedores

[ES] Este trabajo de investigación pretende proponer un modelo de cuantificación de la competitividad portuaria que puede alcanzar un puerto comercial para un tráfico de contenedores. Derivado de este objetivo, podría conseguirse una Estrategia a la medida para un puerto concreto orientada a la búsqueda de mercados, fundamentalmente. Para este último aspecto, esta investigación se centra en el Puerto de Bilbao y los servicios directos de línea regular en contenedor en las rutas intercontinentales que conectan Europa con América y el Caribe. La finalidad principal es la elaboración de un modelo teórico tratado dentro del área de la ciencia de la Economía de la Empresa como antecedente inmediato y básico de la Dirección Estratégica. Se consideran varios factores en el proceso de selección de un puerto que pueden contribuir a las preferencias de elección, tanto los relativos a las características del mismo, como a su hinterland para los grupos de usuarios. También se analizarán los estudios sobre modelos y métodos de competitividad portuaria considerados por la literatura especializada en los últimos años. La metodología a utilizar será una combinación de distintos métodos, para la consecución de cada uno de los objetivos. La investigación se apoya en el análisis de Importance–Performance (IPa) que consiste en evaluar tanto la satisfacción del cliente y la calidad del servicio. El análisis IPa tiene preponderancia para la obtención de un índice de competitividad de un puerto de contenedores. Dicho índice podría ser calculado mediante el uso de postulados y reglas de la matemática, en concreto de la Teoría de la Decisión/ Investigación de Operaciones.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air by fluorescence spectroscopic techniques

250 p. + anexos

Serie Vídeos tutoriales para fonética (volumen 2). Video 1. Lista de Swadesh

Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

Serie Vídeos tutoriales para fonética (volumen 2). Video 2. Elicitación preguntando por imágenes u objetos

Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.