347 resultados para Cryptococcus albidus


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En aquest treball de recerca, s’han estudiat les dues isoformes de metal·lotioneïna CnMT1 i CnMT2 presents en el fong patogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Recentment s’ha descobert que aquest fong té com a factor de virulència, els nivells de coure del medi on es troba. Les dues isoformes produïdes en medis rics en Zn(II) s’han utilitzat per a fer valoracions amb Cu(I) i Cd(II), i s’ha seguit l’evolució dels experiments mitjançant les tècniques DC, UV-vis, i ESI-MS. S’ha pogut observar que les dues isoformes tenen preferència per enllaçar Cu(I). Per altra banda també s’ha establert una gran homologia entre les dues seqüències.

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The objective of this work was to investigate possible modes of action of the yeast Cryptococcus magnus in controlling anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on post harvested papaya fruits. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the effect of the yeast on inoculations done after harvest. Results showed that C. magnus is able to colonize wound surfaces much faster than the pathogen, outcompeting the later for space and probably for nutrients. In addition, C. magnus produces a flocculent matrix, which affects hyphae integrity. The competition for space and the production of substances that affect hyphae integrity are among the most important modes of action of this yeast.

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Over the past two decades, several fungal outbreaks have occurred, including the high-profile 'Vancouver Island' and 'Pacific Northwest' outbreaks, caused by Cryptococcus gattii, which has affected hundreds of otherwise healthy humans and animals. Over the same time period, C. gattii was the cause of several additional case clusters at localities outside of the tropical and subtropical climate zones where the species normally occurs. In every case, the causative agent belongs to a previously rare genotype of C. gattii called AFLP6/VGII, but the origin of the outbreak clades remains enigmatic. Here we used phylogenetic and recombination analyses, based on AFLP and multiple MLST datasets, and coalescence gene genealogy to demonstrate that these outbreaks have arisen from a highly-recombining C. gattii population in the native rainforest of Northern Brazil. Thus the modern virulent C. gattii AFLP6/VGII outbreak lineages derived from mating events in South America and then dispersed to temperate regions where they cause serious infections in humans and animals.

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Detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum or cerebrospinal fluid allows cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis within few hours with >90% sensitivity. In an HIV-positive patient with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, initial antigen detection by immunoagglutination was negative. We thus evaluated a new immunochromatographic detection assay that exhibited a higher sensitivity.

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As podridões pós-colheita podem ocasionar perdas substanciais em maçãs (Malus domestica). O mofo azul (Penicillium expansum), a podridão amarga (Glomerella cingulata) e a podridão olho-de-boi (Pezicula malicorticis) estão entre as mais comuns. Grande atenção tem sido dada ao uso de alternativas de controle às doenças pós-colheita. A aplicação pós-colheita de leveduras, como o Cryptococcus laurentii, é uma das opções. Neste estudo testou-se a eficiência de C. laurentii (isolado 36) para o controle de podridões em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Após aplicação dos produtos, através de imersão, os frutos foram armazenados em laboratório (15-20 ºC / 60-70% UR) ou em câmara fria (1 ºC / 90-95% UR). Os patógenos foram inoculados na concentração de 10² conídios ml-1, a levedura a 10(7) células ml-1 e os fungicidas a 150 mg l-1. Em testes de laboratório, a aplicação de C. laurentii reduziu as podridões (G. cingulata, P. expansum e P. malicorticis) da maçã tanto quanto os fungicidas testados (thiabendazol e iprodione). Nos testes efetuados em câmara fria, constatou-se que, após o armazenamento, o tratamento de maçãs com C. laurentii foi tão eficiente quanto os tratamentos com fungicidas (thiabendazol, iprodione, digluconato de clorohexidina, dicloro-s-triazinatriona sódica, dicloroisocianurato de sódio e hipoclorito de sódio) na redução da podridão causada por P. expansum. Aplicação de C. laurentii não alterou a firmeza de polpa nem o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) dos frutos.

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Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are associated with dry bird excreta but rarely recovered from birds' digestive tract. The objective of the present study was (1) to verify the existence of C. neoformans and C. gattii in crop and cloaca of wildlife and captivity birds hypothesizing about a possible primary source of this yeast in the excreta, and (2) to determine the fungi's invasive capability in avian species through latex agglutination. For that purpose, 172 cloacal and 77 crop samples of domestic pigeon, Passerine, and Psittacine birds were collected. None of these samples was positive, suggesting that the yeast is not saprobiotic in the digestive tract of these birds. Only one out of 82 serum samples collected from pigeons and Psittacine birds was positive (title 1:2) showing that Cryptococcus sp. probably has a low invasive capability in birds, and is thus considered only a dry excreta colonizer.

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The in vivo antifungal activity of the naphthoquinone beta-lapachone against disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated. Swiss mice were immunosuppressed daily with dexamethasone (0.5 mg per mouse) intraperitoneally for 3 days, the procedure was repeated 4 days later, and the animals were then challenged intravenously with C. neoformans (10(6) CFU/mL) 1 week later. Seven days after infection, the mice were divided into groups and treated daily with beta-lapachone (10 mg/kg, iv) for 7 (N = 6) and 14 days (N = 10). Amphotericin B (0.5 mg/kg) was used as comparator drug and an additional group received PBS. Treatment with beta-lapachone cleared the yeast from the spleen and liver, and the fungal burden decreased approximately 10(4) times in the lungs and brain 14 days after infection when compared to the PBS group (P < 0.05). This result was similar to that of the amphotericin B-treated group. Protection was suggestively due to in vivo antifungal activity of this drug and apparently not influenced by activation of the immune response, due to similar leukocyte cell counts among all groups. This study highlights the prospective use of beta-lapachone for treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis.

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Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) UANL, 2012.

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Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii est responsable de la majeure partie des infections au Cryptococcus chez les individus infectés au VIH-1. Cryptococcus gattii infecte généralement les personnes immunocompétentes. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la susceptibilité différentielle de ces espèces lors de l’infection au VIH-1, nous avons établi et caractérisé un modèle novateur de la cryptococcose chez des souris transgéniques (Tg) CD4C/HIVMutA exprimant des gènes du VIH-1, et qui développent une maladie similaire au SIDA. Les objectifs sont de démontrer une différence significative au niveau de la survie, de la réponse inflammatoire et du recrutement cellulaire pulmonaire en fonction de la présence du transgène et de l’espèce de Cryptococcus inoculée. Des analyses de survie, d’histopathologie et de cytométrie en flux sur les populations cellulaires pulmonaires ont été effectuées. Les souris Tg infectées avec C. neoformans H99 ou C23 ont démontré une survie réduite et une augmentation de la dissémination comparativement aux souris non-Tg, contrairement aux souris Tg infectées au C. gattii R265 ou R272. L’examen histopathologique des poumons de souris Tg infectées au H99 a montré une faible réponse inflammatoire, contrairement aux souris non-Tg. Pour la souche R265, il y avait une très faible réponse inflammatoire chez les deux types de souris. Enfin, l’étude des populations cellulaires du poumon a révélé chez les souris Tg une augmentation des pourcentages de macrophages interstitiels et de cellules polymorphonucléaires, ainsi qu’une diminution des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+, indépendamment de l’infection au Cryptococcus. Ce modèle novateur représente donc un outil très pertinent pour l’étude de l’immunopathogenèse de la cryptococcose dans le contexte du VIH.

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A criptococose é uma micose sistêmica adquirida pela inalação de basidiosporos ou leveduras desidratadas de Cryptococus neoformans e Cryptococus gattii, estas duas espécies podem causar criptococose oportunista e primária respectivamente. C. neoformans está constituído de tipos moleculares VNI-VNIV e C. gattii de VGI-VGIV que apresentam distribuição geográfica diferenciada, como por exemplo, o tipo VNI é cosmopolita e está associado a AIDS e VGI predominando na Austrália e EUA, o tipo VGII predominando no Brasil e America Latina. Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar estudo comparado dos tipos moleculares VNI de C. neoformans, VGI e VGII de C. gattii analisando diferentes aspectos tais como: 1- Determinar o perfil da suscetibilidade in vitro da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de fluconazol (FLZ), itraconazol (ITZ), 5-fluorocitosina (5FC) e anfotericina B (AMB), isoladamente e de forma combinada de AMB com 5FC e AMB com Voriconazol (VRZ); 2- Determinar CIM pela citometria de fluxo (CMF) frente a FLZ, ITZ e AMB; 3- Definir a concentração mínima letal (CML) de AMB e 5FC, isoladamente e em combinação; 4- Avaliar a ação da melanina frente a 5FC e AMB na forma combinada e isolada de 5FC; 5- Induzir a resistência in vitro para FLZ e padronizar os fluorocromos: acetoximetil - calceína (calceina-AM), acetoximetil - 2\2019, 7\2019 -bis-(2-carboxietil)-5-(e -6)- carboxifluoresceína (BCECF-AM), rodamina 123 (Rh123) e iodeto de 3, 3\2019 \2013dipentiloxacarbocianina (DiOC5) na CMF para verificar a expressão de bombas de efluxo; 6- Comparar a expressão de bombas de efluxo Os resultados permitiram identificar diferentes fenótipos de suscetibilidade que foram analisados e comparados entre as duas espécies e os tipos moleculares, permitindo a produção de quatro artigos; sendo assim, concluímos que: 1- Na análise das CIMs o tipo molecular VGII apresentou-se menos suscetível em relação a VGI e VNI; já na combinação in vitro de AMB e VRZ foi observado 100% de indiferença, e na combinação de AMB e 5FC observou-se necessidade de padronização da concentração da glicose para obter testes que possam ser futuramente relacionados a casos clínicos; 2- O método de CMF demonstrou ser alternativa de leitura automatizada, reprodutível, para os testes de suscetibilidade antifúngica com uso de Laranja de Acridina e FUN-1; 3- Foi verificada a importância da realização do teste da CML para verificar a ação protetora da melanina frente a combinação de AMB e 5FC. 4- A expressão da melanina, na combinação de AMB e 5FC reduz a detecção do sinergismo e o efeito aditivo in vitro. 5. Os isolados induzidos à resistência ao FLZ permitiram obter resultados estatisticamente significativos na verificação de Bombas de efluxo in vitro na CMF com uso de fluorocromo Dioc5 e bloqueador de protonóforos CCCP; 6- Foi verificado que 65% de isolados não induzidos a resistência e 90% de isolados induzidos a resistência do tipo molecular VGII expulsam o FLZ com certa vantagem em relação aos tipos moleculares VGI e VNI. Os resultados deste trabalho contribuem para compreensão do comportamento in vitro de C. neoformans e C. gattii frente a drogas antifúngicas cujos resultados poderão ser aplicados em estudos clínicos de correlação in vitro e in vivo para melhor compreensão da terapêutica antifúngica da criptococose e validação dos testes de suscetibilidade para estas duas espécies

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Patterns of the biosynthesis ofmajor metabolites of the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus NRRL Y-1511 were investigated during cultivation on sugar-based media. When lactose or sucrose was employed as substrate under nitrogen-limited conditions, the yeast strain accumulated high quantities of intra-cellular total sugars (ITS) at the beginning of fermentation (up to 68% w/w), with ITS values progressively decreasing to 20%, w/w, at the end of the fermentation. Decrease in ITS content and consumption of extracellular lactose led to a subsequent rise in lipid accumulation, reaching 29.8% in dry cell weight at 80 g/L of initial lactose concentration. Lactose was a more favorable substrate for lipid production than sucrose. In nitrogen-excess conditions, ITS were produced in significant quantities despite the continuous presence of nitrogen in the medium. Growth on lactose was not followed by secretion of extra-cellular b-galactosidase. High quantities of extra-cellular invertase were observed during growth on sucrose. The composition of ITS was highly influenced by the sugar used as substrate. Cellular lipids contained mainly palmitic and to lesser extent linoleic and stearic acids. This is the first report in the literature that demonstrates the interplay between the biosynthesis of intra-cellular total sugars and lipid synthesis for oleaginous yeast strains.

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The therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B and voriconazole alone and in combination with one another were evaluated in immunodeficient mice (BALB/c-SCID) infected with a fluconazole-resistant strain of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. The animals were infected intravenously with 3 x 10(5) cells and intraperitoneally treated with amphotericin B (1.5 mg/kg/day) in combination with voriconazole (40 mg/kg/days). Treatment began 1 day after inoculation and continued for 7 and 15 days post-inoculation. The treatments were evaluated by survival curves and yeast quantification (CFUs) in brain and lung tissues. Treatments for 15 days significantly promoted the survival of the animals compared to the control groups. Our results indicated that amphotericin B was effective in assuring longest-term survival of infected animals, but these animals still harbored the highest CFU of C. neoformans in lungs and brain at the end of the experiment. Voriconazole was not as effective alone, but in combination with amphotericin B, it prolonged survival for the second-longest time period and provided the lowest colonization of target organs by the fungus. None of the treatments were effective in complete eradication of the fungus in mice lungs and brain at the end of the experiment.

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The increased incidence of infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, which mainly affects immunocompromised patients but can also infect immunocompetent individuals, has needed additional studies on this micro-organism`s pathogenicity and factors related to virulence, such as enzyme production, for a better understanding of the aetiology of cryptococcosis. The aim of this study was to verify the applicability of non-denaturing PAGE for analysis of laccases by quantification of the amount of melanin pigment produced by clinical and environmental strains of C. neoformans. After incubation of the gel with the substrate L-dopa, strains produced melanin spots of a bright brown to black colour. Quantification of these spots was performed by densitometry analysis and the amount of melanin produced was calculated and compared among the strains. All strains showed laccase activity. Serotype B strains showed a higher melanin intensity than serotype A strains. Over half of the clinical strains (56.2%) showed the lowest melanin intensities, suggesting that melanin production may not be the main virulence factor against host defence. The clinical strain ICB 88 revealed two melanin spots on the gel, indicating the presence of two laccase isoforms. The environmental strains showed the highest values of melanin intensity, which may be related to previous exposure to environmental stress conditions.

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Forty Cryptococcus gattii strains were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing with fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were 0.5-64.0 for fluconazole, < 0.015-0.25 for itraconazole, 0.015-0.5 for amphotericin B and 0.062-2.0 for terbinafine. A bioassay for the quantitation of fluconazole in murine brain tissue was developed. Swiss mice received daily injections of the antifungal, and their brains were withdrawn at different times over the 14-day study period. The drug concentrations varied from 12.98 to 44.60 mu g/mL. This assay was used to evaluate the therapy with fluconazole in a model of infection caused by C. gattii. Swiss mice were infected intracranially and treated with fluconazole for 7, 10 or 14 days. The treatment reduced the fungal burden, but an increase in fungal growth was observed on day 14. The MIC for fluconazole against sequential isolates was 16 mu g/mL, except for the isolates obtained from animals treated for 14 days (MIC = 64 mu g/mL). The quantitation of cytokines revealed a predominance of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in the non-treated group and elevation of IL-4 and IL-10 in the treated group. Our data revealed the possibility of acquired resistance during the antifungal drug therapy.