926 resultados para Crema Nocciola Cacao Acidi grassi


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MYCN oncogene amplification/expression is a feature of many childhood tumors, and some adult tumors, and it is associated with poor prognosis. While MYC expression is ubiquitary, MYCN has a restricted expression after birth and it is an ideal target for an effective therapy. PNAs belong to the latest class of nucleic acid-based therapeutics, and they can bind chromosomal DNA and block gene transcription (anti-gene activity). We have developed an anti-gene PNA that targets specifically the MYCN gene to block its transcription. We report for the first time MYCN targeted inhibition in Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) by the anti-MYCN-PNA in RMS cell lines (four ARMS and four ERMS) and in a xenograft RMS mouse model. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma, comprising two main subgroups [Alveolar (ARMS) and Embryonal (ERMS)]. ARMS is associated with a poorer prognosis. MYCN amplification is a feature of both the ERMS and ARMS, but the MYCN amplification and expression levels shows a significant correlation and are greater in ARMS, in which they are associated with adverse outcome. We found that MYCN mRNA and protein levels were higher in the four ARMS (RH30, RH4, RH28 and RMZ-RC2) than in the four ERMS (RH36, SMS-CTR, CCA and RD) cell lines. The potent inhibition of MYCN transcription was highly specific, it did not affect the MYC expression, it was followed by cell-growth inhibition in the RMS cell lines which correlated with the MYCN expression rate, and it led to complete cell-growth inhibition in ARMS cells. We used a mutated- PNA as control. MYCN silencing induced apoptosis. Global gene expression analysis (Affymetrix microarrays) in ARMS cells treated with the anti-MYCN-PNA revealed genes specifically induced or repressed, with both genes previously described as targets of N-myc or Myc, and new genes undescribed as targets of N-myc or Myc (mainly involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell motility, metastasis, angiogenesis and muscle development). The changes in the expression of the most relevant genes were confirmed by Real-Time PCR and western blot, and their expression after the MYCN silencing was evaluated in the other RMS cell lines. The in vivo study, using an ARMS xenograft murine model evaluated by micro-PET, showed a complete elimination of the metabolic tumor signal in most of the cases (70%) after anti-MYCN-PNA treatment (without toxicity), whereas treatment with the mutated-PNA had no effect. Our results strongly support the development of MYCN anti-gene therapy for the treatment of RMS, particularly for poor prognosis ARMS, and of other MYCN-expressing tumors.

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Blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum Link is one of the most destructive rot of pome fruit in all growing areas (Snowdon, 1990; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1991; Tonini,1996) In the past, Penicillium rot has been controlled by fungicide postharvest treatment mainly by thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl (Hardenburg and Spalding, 1972), but their intense use produced the appearance of resistant strains with a great reduction of their activity The aims of the present study were to characterize the isolates of Pencillium sp causing blue mold on pear in Italy by physiological and biochemical parameters. In particular differencing also the behavior of isolates to relationship with sensitivity or resistance to TBZ treatments. We have examined the early stage of infection in relation to enzyme activity, local modulation of pH, production of organic acids, and to secondary metabolism of pathogen. The results described here confirm that the majority of P. expansum isolates from pears packing houses are resistant to TBZ, Among the TBZ-resistant isolates scored in this work, different isolates (RR) showed higher percentage of conidial germination on TBZ-amended medium compared to non amended medium. This may indicate a stimulatory effect of TBZ on conidial germination. Therefore TBZ treatments are not only ineffective for controlling P. expansum, but they may also increase the severity of blue mould on fruits. In the absence of fungicide, isolates showed a significant difference for infection severity, R and RR isolates are characterized by higher pathogenic fitness on fruits, producing larger lesions than S isolates. These data are supported by the study with laboratory-induced resistant isolates, which shows the lack of correlation between TBZ resistance and osmotic sensitivity, and highlights the association between TBZ resistance and infection severity (Baraldi et al 2003). Enzymatic screening gave a positive reaction to esterase, urease, pectinase activity, in addition, the pathogen is able to synthesize a complex enzyme act to degrade the main components of the cell wall especially pectin and cellulose. Isolated sensitive and resistant are characterized by a good activity of pectinase, especially from poligactoronase, which, as already reported by several studies (D'hallewin et al, 2004; Prusky et al, 2004), are the basis of degradative process of cell wall. Also, although the measure was minor also highlighted some activities of cellulase, but even note in the production of this kind of cellulase and hemicellulase P. Expansum were not targeted, studies have found no other source of information in this regard. Twenty isolates of Penicillium expansum, were tested in vitro ad in vivo for acid production ability and pH drop. We have found that modulation of pH and the organic acids extrusion were influence to various parameter:  Initial pH: in general, the greatest reduction of pH was observed in isolates grown at pH 7, except for four isolates that maintained the pH of the medium close to 7, the others significantly decreased the pH, ranging from 5.5 to 4.1.. In extreme acid condition (pH 3,0) growth and modulation of pH is most lower respect optimal condition (pH 5,0). Also isolates R and RR have showed a greater adaptation to environmental condition more than isolates S.  Time: although the acidification continues for some days, PH modulation is strongest in early hours (48-72 hours)of inoculation process. Time also affects the quality of organic acids, for example in vitro results showed an initial abundant production of succinc acid, followed to important production of galacturoinc acid.  Substrates: there are many differences for the type of acids produced in vitro and in vivo. Results showed in vivo an abundant production of galacturonic, malic, and citric acids and some unknown organic acids in smaller concentrations. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed intra-specific differences, and patulin was found in all isolates, but most significant reduction was observed between in vitro and in vivo samples. There was no correlation between the concentration of patulin, and the percentage of infected fruits, but sample with a lower infection severity of rotten area than the others, showed a significantly lower mycotoxin concentration than samples with a higher lesion diameter of rotten area. Beyond of patulin was detected the presence of another secondary metabolite, penitrem A.

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Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ideal tool for evaluating toxicant exposure in health risk assessment. Chemical substances or their metabolites related to environmental pollutants can be detected as biomarkers of exposure using a wide variety of biological fluids. Individual exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, and o-xylene –“BTX”) were analysed with a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (μHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the BTX exposure biomarker SPMA, SBMA and o-MBMA in human urine. Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) is a biomarker proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for assessing occupational exposure to benzene (Biological Exposure Index of 25 microg/g creatinine). Urinary S-benzylmercapturic (SBMA) and o-methyl S-benzyl mercapturic acid (o-MBMA) are specific toluene and o-xylene metabolites of glutathione detoxicant pathways, proposed as reliable biomarkers of exposure. To this aim a pre-treatment of the urine with solid phase extraction (SPE) and an evaporation step were necessary to concentrate the mercapturic acids before instrumental analysis. A liquid chromatography separation was carried out with a reversed phase capillary column (Synergi 4u Max-RP) using a binary gradient composed of an acquous solution of formic acid 0.07% v/v and methanol. The mercapturic acids were determinated by negative-ion-mass spectrometry and the data were corrected using isotope-labelled analogs as internal standards. The analytical method follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and was applied to assess exposure to BTX in a group of 396 traffic wardens. The association between biomarker results and individual factors, such as age, sex and tobacco smoke were also investigated. The present work also included improvements in the methods used by modifying various chromatographic parameters and experimental procedures. A partial validation was conducted to evaluate LOD, precision, accuracy, recovery as well as matrix effects. Higher sensitivity will be possible in future biological monitoring programmes, allowing evaluation of very low level of BTX human exposure. Keywords: Human biomonitoring, aromatic hydrocarbons, biomarker of exposure, HPLC-MS/MS.

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It is well-known that crystalline materials obtain their fundamental physical properties from the molecular arrangement within the solid, and altering the placement and or interactions between these molecules can impact the properties of the particular solid. Solid state chemistry looks at an attempt to alter the chemical and physical solid-state properties of APIs through many different strategies as the formation of salts, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates, and cocrystals. The final aim of this work is to study the chemical and physical propriety of new crystal structures. The work consists of three parts. The first is the cocrystallization of α,ω-alkanedicarboxylics acids with pirimidine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of this adduct have been carried out at RT, 150 and 200 K. The cocrystals show an alteration of their melting point similar to pure acids. The two significant deviations are for the cocrystals with succinico and glutarico acids. The second object of work is the structure determination of β polymorph undecandioic acids. In literature is known the other polymorph α. We observed that the thermodynamic relation for this dimorphics system is monotropic. In the third part we synthesized and analyzed the stability of four new salts of serine and oxalic acid. This project highlights the advantage of the solid state synthesis.

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Studio, a livello teorico basandosi sulla teoria DFT, del precursore dell’acido fosforico di Brønsted derivato dall’R-BINOL, delineazione delle conformazioni possibili e della loro stabilità come supporto base alla via sperimentale. Ricerca di una via di sintesi ottimizzata, basata sulla reazione di Suzuki-coupling, che permetta di ottenere i precursori ipotizzati in precedenza (si veda la figura 9) con buone rese e successiva separazione degli atropoisomeri mediante HPLC semipreparartiva. Caratterizzazione completa degli isomeri conformazionali utilizzando tecniche spettroscopiche (NMR ed ECD), studio cinetico per ottenere il valore della barriera rotazionale sperimentale (ΔG#) dei gruppi metilnaftalenici attraverso equilibrazione termica e confronto con i dati teorici. Ricerca di una via di sintesi che consenta la funzionalizzazione dei precursori ad acidi fosforici senza alterazione della conformazione atropoisomerica e con assenza di racemizzazione ed equilibrazione. Studio dell’attività catalitica dei vari atropoisomeri in una sintesi asimmetrica nota per osservare sia come varia la reattività in funzione della conformazione molecolare, sia per ottenere confronti con altri organocatalizzatori conosciuti.

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Le cardiomiopatie che insorgono a seguito di infarto miocardico sono causa di elevata morbilità e mortalità dalle importanti ricadute cliniche, dovute alle patologie insorgenti a seguito dell’ischemia e della cicatrice post-infatuale. Il ventricolo sinistro danneggiato va incontro a un rimodellamento progressivo, con perdita di cardiomiociti e proliferazione dei fibroblasti, risultante in un’architettura e in una funzionalità dell’organo distorta. I fibroblasti cardiaci sono i principali responsabili della fibrosi, il processo di cicatrizzazione caratterizzato da un’eccessiva deposizione di matrice extracellulare (ECM). Negli ultimi anni gli sforzi del nostro laboratorio sono stati volti a cercare di risolvere questo problema, attraverso l’uso di una molecola da noi sintetizzata, un estere misto degli acidi butirrico, retinoico e ialuronico, HBR, capace di commissionare le cellule staminali in senso cardio-vascolare. Studi in vivo mostrano come l’iniezione diretta di HBR in cuori di animali sottoposti a infarto sperimentale, sia in grado, tra le atre cose, di diminuire la fibrosi cardiaca. Sulla base di questa evidenza abbiamo cercato di capire come e se HBR agisse direttamente sui fibroblasti, indagando i meccanismi coinvolti nella riduzione della fibrosi in vivo.. In questa tesi abbiamo dimostrato come HBR abbia un’azione diretta su fibroblasti, inibendone la proliferazione, senza effetti citotossici. Inoltre HBR induce una significativa riduzione della deposizione di collagene.. HBR agisce sull’espressione genica e sulla sintesi proteica, sopprimendo la trascrizione dei geni del collagene, così come dell’a-sma, inibendo la trasizione fibroblasti-miofibroblasti, e promuovendo la vasculogenesi (attraverso VEGF), la chemoattrazione di cellule staminali (attraverso SDF) e un’attività antifibrotica (inibendo CTGF). HBR sembra modulare l’espressione genica agendo direttamente sulle HDAC, probabilmente grazie alla subunità BU. L’abilità di HBR di ridurre la fibrosi post-infartuale, come dimostrato dai nostri studi in vivo ed in vitro, apre la strada a importanti prospettive terapeutiche.

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Il primo studio ha verificato l'affidabilità del software Polimedicus e gli effetti indotti d'allenamento arobico all’intensità del FatMax. 16 soggetti sovrappeso, di circa 40-55anni, sono stati arruolati e sottoposti a un test incrementale fino a raggiungere un RER di 0,95, e da quel momento il carico è stato aumentato di 1 km/ h ogni minuto fino a esaurimento. Successivamente, è stato verificato se i valori estrapolati dal programma erano quelli che si possono verificare durante a un test a carico costante di 1ora. I soggetti dopo 8 settimane di allenamento hanno fatto un altro test incrementale. Il dati hanno mostrato che Polimedicus non è molto affidabile, soprattutto l'HR. Nel secondo studio è stato sviluppato un nuovo programma, Inca, ed i risultati sono stati confrontati con i dati ottenuti dal primo studio con Polimedicus. I risultati finali hanno mostrato che Inca è più affidabile. Nel terzo studio, abbiamo voluto verificare l'esattezza del calcolo del FatMax con Inca e il test FATmaxwork. 25 soggetti in sovrappeso, tra 40-55 anni, sono stati arruolati e sottoposti al FATmaxwork test. Successivamente, è stato verificato se i valori estrapolati da INCA erano quelli che possono verificarsi durante un carico di prova costante di un'ora. L'analisi ha mostrato una precisione del calcolo della FatMax durante il carico di lavoro. Conclusione: E’ emersa una certa difficoltà nel determinare questo parametro, sia per la variabilità inter-individuale che intra-individuale. In futuro bisognerà migliorare INCA per ottenere protocolli di allenamento ancora più validi.

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Analisi dello sviluppo delle recenti metodologie di sequenziamento di acidi nucleici, con particolare attenzione a NGS e metodi high-throughput sequencing.

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La tesi tratta della modellazione tridimensionale attraverso software di rilievo fotografico Agisoft Photoscan di alcuni portici della città di Bologna, della successiva segmentazione dei modelli tridimensionali e della classificazione e identificazione delle componenti architettoniche dei casi studio analizzati andando a definire un nuovo approccio di studio semantico al sistema porticato della città di Bologna.

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In recent times, the choices of consumers have been more conscious and oriented to foods with health benefits. The present paper deals with the study of oil from crushing of olive and huzelnut with the aim of obtaining a “functional food”. Different samples of oil derived from the crushing of olive (O), olive with 5% of hazelnut (O5N) and olive with 10% of hazelnut (O10N), exposed to different temperatures (28 and 35°C) and times (15 and 30 minutes) of malaxation. The samples of oil were initially subjected to a qualitative assessment by the analysis of peroxide and free acidity. Following further analyses were carried out namely the determination of fatty acids and triglycerides by FAST GC-FID, the determination of tocopherols by HPLC-FLC, the analysis of sterols by GC/MS and the spectroscopic analysis with FT-MIR combined with statistical analysis with PCA and PLS. The results showed that increasing the time and temperature of malaxation there aren’t relevant significant differences (p<0,05) in the composition of fatty acids, triglycerides and tocopherols in the different oils, but there are higher extraction yields. The increase of content of hazelnut in phase of crushing causes the decrease of triglycerides C50 and C52, the increase of the class C54, total tocopherols and of total sterols as well. The samples analysed with FT-MIR spectroscopy have showed, on the contrary to conventional analytical techniques, a good discrimination between different oils despite of the similar chemical composition of olive and hazelnuts. After the PLS models were built from spectra FT-MIR in order to estimate the content of triglycerides C50, C52 and C54 and total tocopherols, with good R2 in full cross validation (R2>0,821).

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Tra i prodotti vegani più richiesti vi sono i “formaggi” vegani, alimenti fermentati a base di frutta secca o ottenuti attraverso trattamenti su latte di mandorla e latte di soia, e successivamente fermentati. Nella mia attività ho caratterizzato un alimento fermentato vegano e studiato la successione microbica durante la fermentazione di un “formaggio” ottenuto partendo da anacardi e preparato in maniera artigianale. Oltre agli aspetti microbiologici, ho analizzato anche alcune caratteristiche fisico chimiche. Durante il processo di produzione gli anacardi vengono messi in ammollo per 8 ore a temperatura ambiente e, successivamente, i semi vengono scolati e risciacquati sotto acqua corrente. Gli anacardi vengono poi addizionati di acqua e microrganismi probiotici e tritati in un mixer fino al raggiungimento di una crema omogenea. A questo punto il prodotto viene lasciato riposare a temperatura ambiente per 48 ore durante le quali ha luogo la fermentazione e poi addizionato di ingredienti. Le indagini chimico fisiche effettuate hanno evidenziato che il pH si mostra già basso prima dell’inizio della fermentazione vera e propria e scende a 4.5 dopo 48 ore di riposo a causa dell’accumulo di acidi organici, ed in particolare di acido lattico e acetico che indicando un’attività fermentativa condotta dai batteri lattici. Le analisi microbiologiche hanno confermato che l’effettivo agente di fermentazione era costituito da questi batteri che sono stati identificati a livello molecolare. Le specie identificate due eterofermentanti (Weissella e Leuconostoc), presenti soprattutto nelle prime fasi della fermentazione, ed una omofermentante (Pediococcus), prende il sopravvento mano a mano che la fermentazione procede. Il lavoro svolto ha permesso di ottenere alcune importanti informazioni per la produzione industriale di un “formaggio” vegano fermentato. Il processo studiato presenta numerosi punti di rischio che devono essere presi in considerazione prima di poter giungere alla messa a punto di un prodotto definitivo.

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El cultivo del cacao en pequeña escala, sustento básico de muchas familias del Alto Beni, es afectado por los impactos del cambio climático. Para el desarrollo sostenible, es necesario que las fincas adquieran resiliencia: la capacidad de un sistema para reducir su sensibilidad hacia factores de estrés y perturbaciones, manteniendo su productividad, capacidad auto-organizativa, de aprendizaje y adaptación al cambio. Investigamos las diferencias en la resiliencia entre las fincas orgánicas y no orgánicas de cacao, y los rasgos significativos que inciden en la resiliencia socio-ecológica de los sistemas agrícolas del cacao. Definimos indicadores de resiliencia con expertos locales y productores durante un taller y con grupos focales. Los indicadores de la capacidad de amortiguación fueron: materia orgánica de los suelos, densidad aparente del suelo, e infestación con Moniliophthora perniciosa, diversidad arbórea, diversidad de cultivos, hormigas y fuentes de ingresos de las familias productoras. Los indicadores de auto-organización fueron: afiliación a organizaciones productoras, nivel de subsistencia, rendimientos de cacao e ingreso familiar anual. La capacidad de adaptación se evaluó indagando la cantidad de capacitaciones en que participaron las familias y la cantidad de fuentes de información que poseían. Entrevistamos 52 hogares: 30 orgánicos, 22 no orgánicos. Las fincas orgánicas en el área eran más diversificadas y rendían más. El ingreso familiar anual de las fincas orgánicas era sustancialmente mayor al de las no orgánicas. Probablemente el mayor rendimiento se debió principalmente a que los productores orgánicos participaron en más capacitaciones debido a su pertenencia a las organizaciones locales. Concluimos que las organizaciones locales de agricultura orgánica contribuyeron a crear resiliencia proporcionando servicios de extensión mediante el establecimiento de parcelas, creación de capacidades y seguros sociales