Creative brand launch in phamaceutical over-the-counter markets – case Burana

The purpose of this study is to examine how a launch of a pharmaceutical over-the-counter sold (OTC) brand can be done by using creative solutions and thus affecting the product life cycle. The study is inspired by a phenomenon called Burana. The Burana brand has been a market leader of OTC painkillers in Finland for the past 27 years. The aim of this study is to “solve the mystery” behind Burana brand’s success by focusing on the launch phase of Burana as an OTC medicine. Farmos Group Ltd (the owner of the brand in 1980´s) had not originally invented the product in question – ibuprofen – and the product had already reached it´s maturity phase, if not even decline from the product life cycle aspect when this phenomenon takes place. This has made the marketing choices, the product launch phase as well as the product management even more interesting from the company point of view as well as from a learning point of view. The methodology in this study is qualitative with a descriptive research strategy, while the study is conducted as a longitudinal single-case study. The methods used in this study have been collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data, which is based on the interviewees’ comments and observed behavior. According to the study, the successful launch phase helped in setting the product one step ahead of the competitors and thus aided the brand leadership and prolonged the product life cycle. Another notable aspect that became clear from the interviews and the documentary of Burana´s launch phase was the innovative idea of involving the people of the distribution chain into the product launch through education. As this study has pointed out, it is not enough to for a company to build an innovative team of employees, but also to offer them an involved and encouraging management. According to the interviews, the support from the company management gave the marketing team the encouragement to be innovative. It can be thus stated that the management of a company has an essential role in fostering the creativity within the company.

Continuous Counter-current Solvent Extraction of Magnesium and Calcium from Lithium-rich Brine

Solvent extraction of calcium and magnesium impurities from a lithium-rich brine (Ca ~ 2,000 ppm, Mg ~ 50 ppm, Li ~ 30,000 ppm) was investigated using a continuous counter-current solvent extraction mixer-settler set-up. The literature review includes a general review about resources, demands and production methods of Li followed by basics of solvent extraction. Experimental section includes batch experiments for investigation of pH isotherms of three extractants; D2EHPA, Versatic 10 and LIX 984 with concentrations of 0.52, 0.53 and 0.50 M in kerosene respectively. Based on pH isotherms LIX 984 showed no affinity for solvent extraction of Mg and Ca at pH ≤ 8 while D2EHPA and Versatic 10 were effective in extraction of Ca and Mg. Based on constructed pH isotherms, loading isotherms of D2EHPA (at pH 3.5 and 3.9) and Versatic 10 (at pH 7 and 8) were further investigated. Furthermore based on McCabe-Thiele method, two extraction stages and one stripping stage (using HCl acid with concentration of 2 M for Versatic 10 and 3 M for D2EHPA) was practiced in continuous runs. Merits of Versatic 10 in comparison to D2EHPA are higher selectivity for Ca and Mg, faster phase disengagement, no detrimental change in viscosity due to shear amount of metal extraction and lower acidity in stripping. On the other hand D2EHPA has less aqueous solubility and is capable of removing Mg and Ca simultaneously even at higher Ca loading (A/O in continuous runs > 1). In general, shorter residence time (~ 2 min), lower temperature (~23 °C), lower pH values (6.5-7.0 for Versatic 10 and 3.5-3.7 for D2EHPA) and a moderately low A/O value (< 1:1) would cause removal of 100% of Ca and nearly 100% of Mg while keeping Li loss less than 4%, much lower than the conventional precipitation in which 20% of Li is lost.

Évaluation du potentiel de séquestration de carbone dans le sol de cultures intensives sur courtes rotations de saules dans le sud du Québec

Dans la dernière décennie, plusieurs hectares de terre agricole ont été convertis à la culture intensive sur courtes rotations (CICR) de saules dans le sud du Québec (Canada). Peu d’études ont été réalisées afin de déterminer comment se comporte la dynamique du carbone organique (Corg) dans le sol suivant cette conversion. Nous avons donc comparé la quantité du Corg et de deux pools labiles de carbone (carbone extractible à l’eau chaude et les sucres aminés) entre des CICR en phase initiale d’établissement (1-2 ans) et des parcelles appariées représentant le système de culture qui prévalait avant la transformation en culture de saules (culture fourragère) et d’autres cultures d’intérêt. La même chose a été faite pour une CICR en exploitation (depuis 9 ans) à un autre site. La quantité de Corg du sol n’était pas différente entre les CICR et les parcelles sous culture fourragère. Une plus haute concentration de sucres aminés dans le Corg total des CICR en établissement, par rapport aux autres parcelles sur le même site, permet de soupçonner que les perturbations liées à l’établissement ne mènent pas à une minéralisation accrue du Corg à court terme. La proportion de sucres aminés fongiques, qui diminue théoriquement lors de perturbations, était aussi plus élevée sous la plus jeune culture. Sous la CICR de neuf ans, le Corg était redistribué dans le profil vertical et les pools labiles étaient de plus petite taille (à une profondeur de 20-40 cm) comparativement à une parcelle témoin. La conversion d’une culture fourragère en plantation de saules en CICR n’a pas mené à la formation d’un puits de carbone. L’étude laisse entrevoir qu’un tel puits pourrait être créé si la conversion se faisait à partir d’un aménagement impliquant la culture en rotation de plantes annuelles et des labours.

Effet de l’irrigation par l’eau usée sur la biomasse aérienne et souterraine d’une culture intensive de saules en courtes rotations

Le but de cette étude est de comprendre l’effet d’une irrigation par les eaux usées et /ou de la fertilisation par les engrais chimiques sur la productivité aérienne et souterraine d’une plantation de saule Salix miyabeana SX67 en CICR dans un contexte de filtre végétal. Nous avons d’une part évalué l’impact de diverses doses d’eau usées et/ou de la fertilisation minérale sur les rendements en biomasse ligneuse d’une culture de saules au cours d’un cycle de croissance de deux ans. D’autre part et pour la même période nous avons comparé le développement racinaire (biomasse, morphologie et distribution dans le sol) suite aux divers traitements. Les résultats ont montré qu’au terme de deux ans de croissance, les traitements par les eaux usées aussi bien que celle par les engrais a permis l’augmentation des rendements de la biomasse aérienne de notre culture de saules avec un effet plus prononcé suite au traitements des eaux usées qu’à celui du fertilisant chimique. Nous avons mesuré des productivités en biomasse aussi élevées que 39,4 Mg ha-1 et 54,7 Mg ha-1 et ce pour les parcelles qui ont reçu la plus grande quantité d'eaux usées, respectivement pour les saules non fertilisé et fertilisé (D3-NF et D3-F). La majeure partie du système racinaire était en superficie avec 92-96% des racines (racine fine et racine grosse) concentrées dans les premiers 40 cm de sol et nous avons trouvé que la biomasse des racines fines était comprise entre 1,01 et 1,99 Mg ha-1. Généralement la fertilisation chimique n’a pas eu d’effet sur les rendements en biomasse des racines totales et/ou fines. Bien que l’irrigation par les eaux usées ait entraîné une réduction statistiquement significative de la biomasse racinaire, néanmoins cette réduction n'était pas linéaire (avec une réduction de la biomasse de D0 à D1, une augmentation de D1 à D2 pour réduire de nouveau de D2 à D3). Cette tendance porte à penser qu'au-delà d'une certaine quantité d'eau et de nutriments (suite à l’irrigation par les eaux usées), le développement du système racinaire des saules est affecté négativement, et bien que la biomasse aérienne soit restée élevée sous le traitement D3, nous pensons que le développement de la plante a été quelque peu déséquilibré. Aucun changement significatif n'a été constaté dans les traits morphologiques liés à l'irrigation par les eaux usées.

Cereal/legume rotations affect chemical properties and biological activities in two West African soils

A more widespread use of cereal/legume rotations has been suggested as a means to sustainably meet increasing food demands in sub-Saharan West Africa. Enhanced cereal yields following legumes have been attributed to chemical and biological factors such as higher levels of mineral nitrogen (Nmin) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) but also to lower amounts of plant parasitic nematodes. This study was conducted under controlled conditions to examine the relative contribution of AM, plant parasitic nematodes and increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability to cereal/legume rotation effects on two West African soils. Sample soils were taken from field experiments at Gaya (Niger) and Fada (Burkina Faso) supporting continuous cereal and cereal/legume rotation systems and analysed for chemical and biological parameters. Average increases in cereal shoot dry matter (DM) of rotation cereals compared with continuous cereals were 490% at Gaya and 550% at Fada. Shoot P concentration of rotation millet was significantly higher than in continuous millet and P uptake in rotation cereals was on average 62.5-fold higher than in continuous cereals. Rotation rhizosphere soils also had higher pH at both sites. For the Fada soil, large increases in Bray1-P and organic P were observed in bulk and rhizosphere soils. Plant parasitic nematodes in roots of continuous cereals were 60–80-fold higher than in those of rotation cereals. In both cropping systems mycorrhizal infection rates were similar at 37 days after sowing (DAS) but at 57 DAS AM infection was 10–15% higher in rotation sorghum than in continuous sorghum. This study provides strong evidence that cereal/legume rotations can enhance P nutrition of cereals through improved soil chemical P availability and microbiologically increased P uptake.

Is counter-terrorism policy evidence-based? : what works, what harms, and what is unknown. '??Est?? basada la pol??tica antiterrorista en la evidencia? : lo que es efectivo, lo que es perjudicial, y lo desconocido'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. I: Mathematical basis

It is shown that Bretherton's view of baroclinic instability as the interaction of two counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs) can be extended to a general zonal flow and to a general dynamical system based on material conservation of potential vorticity (PV). The two CRWs have zero tilt with both altitude and latitude and are constructed from a pair of growing and decaying normal modes. One CRW has generally large amplitude in regions of positive meridional PV gradient and propagates westwards relative to the flow in such regions. Conversely, the other CRW has large amplitude in regions of negative PV gradient and propagates eastward relative to the zonal flow there. Two methods of construction are described. In the first, more heuristic, method a ‘home-base’ is chosen for each CRW and the other CRW is defined to have zero PV there. Consideration of the PV equation at the two home-bases gives ‘CRW equations’ quantifying the evolution of the amplitudes and phases of both CRWs. They involve only three coefficients describing the mutual interaction of the waves and their self-propagation speeds. These coefficients relate to PV anomalies formed by meridional fluid displacements and the wind induced by these anomalies at the home-bases. In the second method, the CRWs are defined by orthogonality constraints with respect to wave activity and energy growth, avoiding the subjective choice of home-bases. Using these constraints, the same form of CRW equations are obtained from global integrals of the PV equation, but the three coefficients are global integrals that are not so readily described by ‘PV-thinking’ arguments. Each CRW could not continue to exist alone, but together they can describe the time development of any flow whose initial conditions can be described by the pair of growing and decaying normal modes, including the possibility of a super-modal growth rate for a short period. A phase-locking configuration (and normal-mode growth) is possible only if the PV gradient takes opposite signs and the mean zonal wind and the PV gradient are positively correlated in the two distinct regions where the wave activity of each CRW is concentrated. These are easily interpreted local versions of the integral conditions for instability given by Charney and Stern and by Fjørtoft.

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. II: Application to the Charney model

The constant-density Charney model describes the simplest unstable basic state with a planetary-vorticity gradient, which is uniform and positive, and baroclinicity that is manifest as a negative contribution to the potential-vorticity (PV) gradient at the ground and positive vertical wind shear. Together, these ingredients satisfy the necessary conditions for baroclinic instability. In Part I it was shown how baroclinic growth on a general zonal basic state can be viewed as the interaction of pairs of ‘counter-propagating Rossby waves’ (CRWs) that can be constructed from a growing normal mode and its decaying complex conjugate. In this paper the normal-mode solutions for the Charney model are studied from the CRW perspective. Clear parallels can be drawn between the most unstable modes of the Charney model and the Eady model, in which the CRWs can be derived independently of the normal modes. However, the dispersion curves for the two models are very different; the Eady model has a short-wave cut-off, while the Charney model is unstable at short wavelengths. Beyond its maximum growth rate the Charney model has a neutral point at finite wavelength (r=1). Thereafter follows a succession of unstable branches, each with weaker growth than the last, separated by neutral points at integer r—the so-called ‘Green branches’. A separate branch of westward-propagating neutral modes also originates from each neutral point. By approximating the lower CRW as a Rossby edge wave and the upper CRW structure as a single PV peak with a spread proportional to the Rossby scale height, the main features of the ‘Charney branch’ (0

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. Part III: Primitive-equation disturbances on the sphere

Baroclinic instability of perturbations described by the linearized primitive quations, growing on steady zonal jets on the sphere, can be understood in terms of the interaction of pairs of counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs). The CRWs can be viewed as the basic components of the dynamical system where the Hamiltonian is the pseudoenergy and each CRW has a zonal coordinate and pseudomomentum. The theory holds for adiabatic frictionless flow to the extent that truncated forms of pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy are globally conserved. These forms focus attention on Rossby wave activity. Normal mode (NM) dispersion relations for realistic jets are explained in terms of the two CRWs associated with each unstable NM pair. Although derived from the NMs, CRWs have the conceptual advantage that their structure is zonally untilted, and can be anticipated given only the basic state. Moreover, their zonal propagation, phase-locking and mutual interaction can all be understood by ‘PV-thinking’ applied at only two ‘home-bases’—potential vorticity (PV) anomalies at one home-base induce circulation anomalies, both locally and at the other home-base, which in turn can advect the PV gradient and modify PV anomalies there. At short wavelengths the upper CRW is focused in the mid-troposphere just above the steering level of the NM, but at longer wavelengths the upper CRW has a second wave-activity maximum at the tropopause. In the absence of meridional shear, CRW behaviour is very similar to that of Charney modes, while shear results in a meridional slant with height of the air-parcel displacement-structures of CRWs in sympathy with basic-state zonal angular-velocity surfaces. A consequence of this slant is that baroclinically growing eddies (on jets broader than the Rossby radius) must tilt downshear in the horizontal, giving rise to up-gradient momentum fluxes that tend to accelerate the barotropic component of the jet.

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. Part IV: Nonlinear life cycles

Pairs of counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs) can be used to describe baroclinic instability in linearized primitive-equation dynamics, employing simple propagation and interaction mechanisms at only two locations in the meridional plane—the CRW ‘home-bases’. Here, it is shown how some CRW properties are remarkably robust as a growing baroclinic wave develops nonlinearly. For example, the phase difference between upper-level and lower-level waves in potential-vorticity contours, defined initially at the home-bases of the CRWs, remains almost constant throughout baroclinic wave life cycles, despite the occurrence of frontogenesis and Rossby-wave breaking. As the lower wave saturates nonlinearly the whole baroclinic wave changes phase speed from that of the normal mode to that of the self-induced phase speed of the upper CRW. On zonal jets without surface meridional shear, this must always act to slow the baroclinic wave. The direction of wave breaking when a basic state has surface meridional shear can be anticipated because the displacement structures of CRWs tend to be coherent along surfaces of constant basic-state angular velocity, U. This results in up-gradient horizontal momentum fluxes for baroclinically growing disturbances. The momentum flux acts to shift the jet meridionally in the direction of the increasing surface U, so that the upper CRW breaks in the same direction as occurred at low levels