Influência da mesa na resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado

A resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado sem armadura transversal em suas nervuras é avaliada através de seu comportamento estrutural ao cisalhamento. Para quantificar a participação da altura da mesa e da mesa colaborante na resistência característica ao cisalhamento, foram confeccionados 8 painéis de lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado com variações da altura das mesas, visando avaliar as recomendações das normas NBR 6118 (2007), ACI 318 (2011) e EUROCODE 2 (2002) no que se refere ao desempenho das lajes nervuradas unidirecionais de concreto armado ao cisalhamento. As lajes, simplesmente apoiadas nas bordas, apresentaram-se em dois grupos, buscando abranger os limites prescritos pela norma brasileira: o primeiro com 4 lajes de (2000 x 1300) mm² com distância entre os eixos de nervuras de 610 mm e o segundo com 4 lajes de (2000 x 2000) mm² com distância entre eixos de nervuras de 960 mm, sendo que houve uma variação da altura da mesa de 30, 50, 80 e 100 mm. A armadura de flexão foi mantida constante em todos os casos e a armadura de cisalhamento foi suprimida, para que todas as lajes tivessem rupturas por cisalhamento. As lajes apresentaram aumento da resistência com o aumento da altura da mesa, indicado pelo considerável ganho de contribuição do concreto na resistência ao cisalhamento, bem como a grande deformação das armaduras longitudinais e de distribuição, e pelos elevados valores das flechas. Portanto, no cálculo de resistência ao cisalhamento de lajes nervuradas, poderia ser repensada a falta da utilização da altura da mesa como variável, visto que sua contribuição à resistência ao cisalhamento é real.

Análise numérica de seções reforçadas de concreto armado considerando o estado inicial de tensões

O presente trabalho trata da formulação e da implementação computacional, em MATLAB^®, para a análise numérica de seções reforçadas de concreto armado, submetidas à flexão composta, considerando o estado de tensões anterior ao reforço. A referida análise se dá com a geração de diagramas de interação momento fletor esforço normal por dois métodos, quais sejam: a) varredura dos domínios de deformação da NBR6118/2003; b) determinação dos picos de diagramas momento fletor – esforço normal – curvatura. Em ambos os procedimentos utiliza-se o método numérico do ponto médio na integração do cálculo dos esforços resistentes, e o método de Newton Raphson para a obtenção de raízes é usado na determinação da deformação no eixo de referência da seção, durante a determinação dos diagramas momento fletor -esforço normal - curvatura. Preliminarmente, concluiu-se que a primeira das duas metodologias aplicadas é inviável. Posteriormente, com a confirmação da eficácia da segunda metodologia, foi possível expandir o escopo do trabalho de modo a permitir a análise de seções de formatos quaisquer executadas em várias etapas, considerando o estado de tensões inicial em cada uma das etapas. A implementação computacional referente a este trabalho se baseou no programa para análise numérica de seções SECLAB, desenvolvido pelo professor Remo Magalhães de Souza.

Aplicação de modelos matemáticos bi e tri-paramétricos na predição de isotermas de adsorção de umidade do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) em pó

Doze modelos matemáticos (seis bi-paramétricos e seis tri-paramétricos), amplamente utilizados na predição de isotermas, foram estudados, com o objetivo de predizer isotermas de adsorção de umidade do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) em pó, obtido em "sprey dryer". As isotermas de adsorção de umidade do produto à 15° C, 25° C e 35° C, foram ajustadas por análise de regressão não-linear, usando o aplicativo STATGRAPHICS 5.1. Entre os modelos testados os que apresentaram melhores resultados nos ajustes foram as equações tri-paramétricas de GAB, BET modificada e Anderson, e as equações bi-paramétricas de Handerson e Oswin.

Análise crítica de produção científica no tema de modelos matemáticos em dengue

Analisa-se diferentes aspectos da epidemiologia da transmissão da dengue através de modelos matemáticos. Supo˜e-se que o controle vetorial atua como uma taxa de mortalidade adicional em cada fase do ciclo de vida do mosquito Ae. aegypti e estuda-se a eficiência dos diferentes mecanismos utilizados pela Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN) no estado de São Paulo para o controle da doença. A modelagem usual de equações diferencias ordinárias (EDO) permite a obtenção de valores limiares para a taxa de oviposição do vetor e para a transmissão da doença, as quais depende das suposições biológicas que geram o modelo, dos parâmetros entomológicos do mosquito, do período de incubação do vírus, e da imunidade e dinâmica vital do homem. Estes limiares dividem o espaço de solução em ausência do vetor, presença do vetor e ausência de transmissão da dengue, e presença do vetor com transmissão da dengue. Estes valores fornecem uma estimativa do esforço de controle necessário para diminuir ou parar a transmissão da dengue. A suposição de população vetorial grande com distribuição espacial homogênea (modelos de equações diferencias ordinárias discutidos anteriormente) é verificada através da modelagem discreta de autômatos celulares (AC). Mostra-se que a heterogeneidade espacial gerada pela distribuição de criadouros facilita a colonização e dispersão do inseto. Como os parâmetros entomológicos do vetor dependem da temperatura, observa-se que no verão o processo de dispersão e colonização do mosquito é facilitado, e que o controle adulticida deve ser aplicado nesta época. Já no inverno deve-se investir no controle das formas imaturas. A viabilidade da técnica de insetos estéries é...

Comportamento caótico em modelos matemáticos de câncer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Verificação de terceira ordem de estruturas de concreto armado de edíficios

The change in design of a building can occur during its construction process, especially when this change involves greater amount of profit for the building company, as it is the case of adding extra floors. However, there must be an analysis of the structure of the building in order to see if it is possible to increase the number of floors without the need of reinforcement, as this need would result in higher costs for the building company. This graduation report presents this analysis by using the methods of third order verification of reinforced concrete structures

Análise e simulação de modelos matemáticos para a estimativa da geração de gases em bioprocessos de decomposição anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos em aterros sanitários

Brazil faces a complex problem in respect to municipal solid waste, having been in recent years an increase of its generation without the country there be adequate for proper disposal thereof. In many states , the percentage of waste destined improperly , ie , in dumps , landfills, send- outs , among others , is greater than that disposed in landfills , which would be the most correct way to be made. It can be argued that this discrepancy is due to the high cost of implementation and operation of the landfill, and the same need large areas with physical characteristics that suit their operations . When there is a provision in properly constructed landfills , municipal solid waste grounded generate gases with high potential energy through biochemical reactions during the anaerobic decomposition of organic material stored . Such gases can be used for power generation within the landfill or other economic means . To estimate the gas generation will be sufficient for such economic compensation , there are mathematical models that make estimating the amount of gas produced . These models calculate the energy capacity and generation , using parameters obtained based on the characteristics of solid waste , climate of the region where they are grounded and grounding time . Such models have been raised and studied so that it was possible to perform simulations that demonstrate the behavior of biogas generation related to the external conditions of the landfill that interfere with biological reactions within. The results show differences between the values obtained , it shows that the preparation of the models found and used in the simulations were allocated amounts for different parameters that determine this difference in the estimate . Therefore, to rule, the models have difficulty understanding this because there is no clarity in the formulation of the equations , and the definition of variables and parameters would require a detailed study to...

Estudo da eficiência de reforços estruturais em vigas de concreto armado com o uso de chapas de aço coladas com resina epóxi: uma análise qualitativa

In civil engineering, a structure is the whole sustainment of a construction and, thus, it is important that it remains intact throughout its lifetime. An engineering construction must last for decades without losing its functionality. However its purpose may be altered and several times the original structure does not meet the new needs of use. Still, in new buildings, the functionality is altered due to possible flaws in execution and the structure, invariably does not reach the desired solicitation needs. In cases like this, the commonly adopted solutions are, basically, the demolishment followed by the reconstruction of the desired mold or the structural reinforcement. This second option, for long years, has not been put to practice due to certain factors such as the high costs for its implantation, use of inadequate reinforcement execution techniques, and the culture of people involved in the area regarding its use and, in this case, the option would always be the reconstruction. Thoughtout the years, some techniques were developed to allow the execution of structural reinforcements with low costs and in efficient ways. An interesting, fast, efficient and economical technique is the structural reinforcement through metal sheets put together with epoxy resin that can be applied in beams, slabs and pillars. In the present work the different behavior of beams reinforced with this technique. Steel is a very recommended material for these reinforcements due to its characteristics related to traction, compression and the effectiveness of the technique related to its cost. For the attachment the epoxy resin is recommended, since it allows the joining of two materials, in this case, steel and concrete. The efficiency of this union is so considerably high that it rarely produces any flaws in adherence and, normally, when it happens it is due to problems in the execution process, not in the union of materials

Utilização de parâmetros qualitativos dos resíduos aterrados como referência no processo de seleção de valores empregados em modelos matemáticos para a estimativa de geração de metano

The study of mathematical modeling assists in evaluation of the capacity of production and measurement of generation time of biogas in landfills, enabling the implantation of projects of energy generation from methane. Thus, the work aims, by simulating scenarios of potential methane generation in the landfill in Rio Claro, the use of field data from methane flow and waste grounded parameters as references for selecting values of k e L0 used to estimate methane generation model in LandGEM. As a result it was found that compared the characteristics adopted in the four scenarios recommended by the USEPA literature with those found in the landfill of Rio Claro (high amount of organic matter in the waste landed and daily practice of leachate recirculation), the scenario that apparently better represent the rate of methane generation is the scenario 01, with k = 0.7 and L0 = 96. Now, the adjustment of parameters in relation to the data field of methane flow, the value of L0 which best fits the methane generation from the landfill in Rio Claro is 150, while for k the line behavior that best represents the reality are values between 0.7 and 0.3. Regarding the parameters of the waste grounded, between the suggested values of k, 0,3 is most consistent with the intermediate level of biological degradation of the residue grounded, while L0 due to the biodegradability of the waste, a new value between 120 and 150 may be more appropriate for the study

Avaliação de momentos fletores em estruturas de fundação tipo radier em concreto armado

It aims the comparison of these moments between an analytical plates theory and a computational numerical simulation. It is accented the details of studies about analytical theory as well the process, step by step, of a program that has as an influence the method of finite elements. The theory of plates has an extremely importance when it is talked about slabs and it takes as a base some fundamental hypotheses (that the middle point of the plate is considered flat and under formable) the points that are normal in relation to the middle surface is not considered because of its intensity that is irrelevant in comparison to the rest. The computational programs offer good results when they are applied in a correct way and, it resolves numerous functions in a short period of time. The objective is to highlight the importance of bending moments, its points of maximum and minimum, that has the objective of realize a good reinforcement sizing for a reinforced concrete. Furthermore, it can propitiate an economy in places that is demanded a small quantity of steel, before dimensioned for a load that is distributed in all the surface of the plate, at the same intensity

A utilização de modelos matemáticos para a otimização de processos

This dissertation has as main theme the discuss about how the use of mathematical models for process optimization. The current scenario of strong competition to conquer the consumer market necessitates the development of improvements to better performance of the process as a whole, is to reduce costs, increase efficiency or effectiveness. Thus, the use of methodologies to assist in this process is becoming increasingly viable. Methodologies developed in the past are being studied and improved. An example is the Desirability, the object of the present study, which was developed in the 80's and has been improved over time. To understand and study this methodology was applied to the desirability function in three instances, where it was used Design of Experiments (DOE), taken from scientific papers, using the Solver tool (Excel ®) and desirability (Minitab ®). Thus, in addition to studying the methodology, it was possible to compare the performance of tools used for optimization in different situations. From the results of this study, it was possible to validate the superiority of one of the models studied compared fairly

Qualidade da construção civil de estrutura de concreto armado, alvenaria de vedação e revestimento externo de obras verticais

The main purpose of this research is to raise, through lab rehearsals, the geometric properties of some oxisols from the region of Vale do Paraíba as well as comparing them to demands prescribed by Technical Specifications ESP08/05 of the Road Department of the State of Paraná, for sub-base or fine grained lateritic soil base (SAFL) and in the Technical Specification ET-DEP00/006 of the Road Department of the State of São Paulo (DER/SP) for subbase or crushed stone base. According to the results that were obtained it will be feasible to appraise the usage of these sorts of soils in structure layers of low-weight traffic pavements

Estudo comparativo de modelos matemáticos de qualidade de águas superficiais

Surface water quality models have been developed since 1925, when Streeter e Phelps created first order equations that represent the balance between DO and BOD. Since then, and specially after the ‘60s, new computational technologies evolved, making it possible to create more complex models, which try to represent, through mathematics, natural phenomena like eutrophication and rivers self-depuration. As main objective of such models is the understanding of aquatic systems and the relationship between them and the environment, so that it can support decision makers in creating water manage plans and in elaborating environmental projects of such resources. Regarding to that, it is of crucial importance the understanding of the models structures, so that one can choose the most appropriate model for the river in question. While one-dimensional models like QUAL2K are more appropriate for long and narrow rivers, bi- or tridimensional models (CE-QUAL-W2, WASP and CEQUAL- ICM) are more commonly used in wide and slower rivers, with higher lateral and/or vertical mixes rates. Besides, the more complex is the river studied more complex the model should be, which demands more costs and time for the model to be applied

Modelos matemáticos e computacionais em dengue

This work was developed starting the study of traditionals mathematical models that describe the epidemiology of infectious díseases by direct or indirect transmission. We did the classical approach of equilibrium solutions search, its analysis of stability analytically and by numerical solutions. After, we applied these techniques in a compartimental model of Dengue transmission that consider the mosquito population (susceptible vector Vs and 'infected vector VI), human population (suseeptíble humans S, infected humans I and recovered humans R) and just one sorotype floating in this population. We found the equilibrium solutions and from their analises, it was possible find the reprodution rate of dísease and which define if the disease will be endemic or not in the population.- ext, we used the method described a..~, [1] to study the infíuence of seasonalíty at vírus transmission, when it just acts on one of rates related with the vector. Lastly, we made de modeling considering the periodicity of alI rates, thereby building, a modeI with temporal dependence that permits to study periodicity of transmission through of the approach of parametrical ressonance and genetic algorithm

Estudo da velocidade de despassivação de aços em estruturas de concreto armado, em meio de cloreto

The aim of the present study was to investigate the corrosion resistance in chloride medium of two cylindrical steel samples from civil construction (CA-50 and CA-60). For this purpose, electrochemical measurements were performed in NaCl solution, 4.0 g/L, naturally aerated. According to electrochemical responses, it was observed an active dissolution process at open circuit potential for both steels. In this comparative study, the differences between CA-50 and CA60 were not significant, since the values of polarization resistance estimated by EIS were the same order of magnitude for both types of steel (oscillating between 200 and 500 Ohm). For all evaluated thicknesses of concrete reinforcement, these values ranged between 2 and 9 kOhm, and the lower value was associated with lower thickness, particularly at 7, 21 and 35 days. When these results were compared with those determined for the CA-60, it was found that the layer of concrete reinforcement provide a protection against corrosion in chloride medium at least ten times larger