Conception d’un guide d’élaboration d’une épreuve de mathématiques dans une visée certificative pour la fin du cycle primaire au Burkina Faso

La présente recherche s’inscrit dans la mouvance actuelle orientée vers l’approche par compétences (APC) en Afrique de l’ouest. Née des exigences économiques et professionnelles à l’échelle mondiale, l’APC a connu son essor dans les années 1990. Par conséquent, le mode de recrutement sur le marché de l’emploi est basé sur les compétences des postulants. Il était donc légitime que l’école intègre cette nouvelle donne afin que les finissants puissent remplir les exigences socioprofessionnelles en temps opportun. De Ketele (2001, dans Hirtt 2009, p.6) est de cet avis quand il soutient que : « c’est en effet le monde socio-économique qui a déterminé la notion de compétence parce que les adultes que l’école a formés n’étaient pas suffisamment aptes à entrer dans la vie professionnelle ». L’APC rompt donc le caractère insulaire de l’école en faisant intervenir de nouveaux enjeux au niveau de l’enseignement, de l’apprentissage, des pratiques évaluatives des enseignants et des encadrements légaux dans les pays qui l’ont adoptée. Pour des contraintes socioéconomiques, le Burkina Faso a résolument opté de mettre en oeuvre une approche éclectique qui emprunte à l’APC certaines bases didactiques et pédagogiques. Cette option vise à doter le système éducatif burkinabé de mécanismes efficaces et efficients pour un enseignement de qualité tout en assurant la réussite et l’intégration socioprofessionnelle du plus grand nombre des sortants de l’école. Notre étude se situe dans cette nouvelle donne et vise l’amélioration du processus d’évaluation des élèves en fin du cycle primaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu et validé un guide d’élaboration d’épreuves de mathématique dans une visée certificative pour ledit niveau afin de soutenir prioritairement les agents chargés de l’élaboration des épreuves officielles. En nous basant sur le paradigme de l’apprentissage, le constructivisme et la démarche méthodologique de Loiselle et Harvey (2009), nous avons examiné, dans un premier temps, les épreuves nationales développées au Québec et au Burkina Faso. Cette analyse a permis d’en relever les caractéristiques et d’identifier les éléments devant être retenus dans le cahier des charges au regard du profil des sortants défini dans le programme burkinabé. Dans un deuxième temps, un cahier des charges (version initiale.) a été développé en quatre sections afin de présenter les principes qui le sous-tendent : (1) l’élaboration des situations d’évaluation, (2) l’élaboration des outils d’administration de l’épreuve, (3) l’élaboration des outils de correction et de consignation et (4) les grilles d’évaluation. Dans un troisième temps, un groupe d’experts canadiens et deux groupes d’experts burkinabé se sont exprimés sur le degré de pertinence et de clarté de chaque section à partir de l’une ou l’autre version du Guide. Leurs observations et commentaires nous ont permis de le bonifier. D’une manière générale, les pourcentages des degrés d’accord pour la pertinence et la clarté des contenus développés au niveau de chaque section sont satisfaisants. Cependant, les recommandations des experts ont suscité des ajustements sur : 1) le contenu du guide soit de conserver une seule épreuve en mathématiques et de retirer les énoncés concernant les volets lecture et écriture en français; 2) le contenu de certains tableaux : à compléter ou à fusionner et; 3) la qualité de la langue : certaines phrases ont été reformulées, les erreurs de numérotation de certaines sous-sections ont été corrigées. La version finale serait celle qui est adaptée au contexte burkinabé. Ce guide est destiné aux structures chargées de l’évaluation des apprentissages et des acquis des élèves au Burkina Faso. Il constitue aussi un référentiel pour la formation initiale et continue des enseignants et des encadreurs. Bien que la recherche ait rempli des conditions méthodologiques et éthiques, la mise en oeuvre de ses résultats se limite au contexte burkinabé. Cependant, ils pourront soutenir ou orienter d’autres recherches qui s’inscrivent dans la même dynamique.

Knowledge Building in Landscape Architecture

The objective of this study was to develop an internet-based seminar framework applicable for landscape architecture education. This process was accompanied by various aims. The basic expectation was to keep the main characteristics of landscape architecture education also in the online format. On top of that, four further objectives were anticipated: (1) training of competences for virtual team work, (2) fostering intercultural competence, (3) creation of equal opportunities for education through internet-based open access and (4) synergy effects and learning processes across institutional boundaries. This work started with the hypothesis that these four expected advantages would compensate for additional organisational efforts caused by the online delivery of the seminars and thus lead to a sustainable integration of this new learning mode into landscape architecture curricula. This rationale was followed by a presentation of four areas of knowledge to which the seminar development was directly related (1) landscape architecture as a subject and its pedagogy, (2) general learning theories, (3) developments in the ICT sector and (4) wider societal driving forces such as global citizenship and the increase of open educational resources. The research design took the shape of a pedagogical action research cycle. This approach was constructive: The author herself is teaching international landscape architecture students so that the model could directly be applied in practice. Seven online seminars were implemented in the period from 2008 to 2013 and this experience represents the core of this study. The seminars were conducted with varying themes while its pedagogy, organisation and the technological tools remained widely identical. The research design is further based on three levels of observation: (1) the seminar design on the basis of theory and methods from the learning sciences, in particular educational constructivism, (2) the seminar evaluation and (3) the evaluation of the seminars’ long term impact. The seminar model itself basically consists of four elements: (1) the taxonomy of learning objectives, (2) ICT tools and their application and pedagogy, (3) process models and (4) the case study framework. The seminar framework was followed by the presentation of the evaluation findings. The major findings of this study can be summed up as follows: Implementing online seminars across educational and national boundaries was possible both in term of organisation and technology. In particular, a high level of cultural diversity among the seminar participants has definitively been achieved. However, there were also obvious obstacles. These were primarily competing study commitments and incompatible schedules among the students attending from different academic programmes, partly even in different time zones. Both factors had negative impact on the individual and working group performances. With respect to the technical framework it can be concluded that the majority of the participants were able to use the tools either directly without any problem or after overcoming some smaller problems. Also the seminar wiki was intensively used for completing the seminar assignments. However, too less truly collaborative text production was observed which could be improved by changing the requirements for the collaborative task. Two different process models have been applied for guiding the collaboration of the small groups and both were in general successful. However, it needs to be said that even if the students were able to follow the collaborative task and to co-construct and compare case studies, most of them were not able to synthesize the knowledge they had compiled. This means that the area of consideration often remained on the level of the case and further reflections, generalisations and critique were largely missing. This shows that the seminar model needs to find better ways for triggering knowledge building and critical reflection. It was also suggested to have a more differentiated group building strategy in future seminars. A comparison of pre- and post seminar concept maps showed that an increase of factual and conceptual knowledge on the individual level was widely recognizable. Also the evaluation of the case studies (the major seminar output) revealed that the students have undergone developments of both the factual and the conceptual knowledge domain. Also their self-assessment with respect to individual learning development showed that the highest consensus was achieved in the field of subject-specific knowledge. The participants were much more doubtful with regard to the progress of generic competences such as analysis, communication and organisation. However, 50% of the participants confirmed that they perceived individual development on all competence areas the survey had asked for. Have the additional four targets been met? Concerning the competences for working in a virtual team it can be concluded that the vast majority was able to use the internet-based tools and to work with them in a target-oriented way. However, there were obvious differences regarding the intensity and activity of participation, both because of external and personal factors. A very positive aspect is the achievement of a high cultural diversity supporting the participants’ intercultural competence. Learning from group members was obviously a success factor for the working groups. Regarding the possibilities for better accessibility of educational opportunities it became clear that a significant number of participants were not able to go abroad during their studies because of financial or personal reasons. They confirmed that the online seminar was to some extent a compensation for not having been abroad for studying. Inter-institutional learning and synergy was achieved in so far that many teachers from different countries contributed with individual lectures. However, those teachers hardly ever followed more than one session. Therefore, the learning effect remained largely within the seminar learning group. Looking back at the research design it can be said that the pedagogical action research cycle was an appropriate and valuable approach allowing for strong interaction between theory and practice. However, some more external evaluation from peers in particular regarding the participants’ products would have been valuable.

Conceptos y métodos fundamentales en ecología del paisaje (landscape ecology). Una interpretación desde la geografía

L'ecologia del paisatge neix en una vinculació ben estreta amb la geografia i viu un espectacular desenvolupament a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX. En l’actualitat, és una perspectiva científica transdisciplinària, consolidada i reconeguda, que intenta comprendre i ajudar a resoldre els principals reptes ambientals contemporanis pel que fa a la conservació del patrimoni natural i cultural. En aquestes pàgines, es repassa de forma sintètica els conceptes clau i els mètodes, eminentment quantitatius, emprats per l’ecologia del paisatge per analitzar la situació i l’evolució dels paisatges

[Ressenya del llibre Rediscovering geography: new relevance for science and society, de Rediscovering Geography Committee, National Research Council]

El llibre ressenyat pretén ser una síntesi i una avaluació de la situació de la geografia als Estats Units. Estructurat en vuit capítols, els sis primers són una anàlisi de diversos aspectes de la geografia i els dos últims expliquen quina estratègia hauria de portar-se a terme per enfortir el paper de la geografia en el món acadèmic i en la societat en general

Els Ensenyaments d'ordenació del territori i urbanisme a les universitats catalanes: Societat Catalana d'Ordenació del Territori-Institut d'Estudis Catalans (setembre de 2000-juny de 2001)

Over the academic year 2000-2001, the Societat Catalana d'Ordenació del Territori organised, together with other departments of Catalan public universities, a debate on the teaching of regional and urban planning within the following disciplines: environmental science, geography, architecture, engineering, economy, law and landscape management. Moreover it was considered that attention should be paid to urban and regional planning related to postgraduate degrees. The aim was on one hand to analyse present situation, and on the other, to propose future strategies

Development of a social studies unit on world geography written at a third grade reading level

This paper discusses a curriculum for teaching world geography at a third grade level.

Basic world geography for upper school students

This paper contains curriculum for teaching of world geography.

Contested and contesting identities: minority languages vs. the teaching of 'world' languages within the global cultural economy

This paper juxtaposes postmodernist discourses on language, identity and cultural power with historical forms of language inequalities grounded in the nation-state. The discussion is presented in three sections. The first section focuses on the mixed legacies of language-state relations within the pluralist nation-state, colonial and postcolonial language policies. The second section examines the concept of linguistic minority rights beyond the nation-state. This incorporates discussion of transmigration, the breaking up of previous power blocs in Eastern Europe and the role of language in the articulation of emergent 'ethnic' nationalisms. The third section examines the concept of multilingualism within the interactive cultural landscape defined by 'informationalism'. Discussing the collective impact of these variables on the shaping of new cultural, economic and political inequalities, the paper highlights the tensions in which the concept of linguistic minority rights exists in the world today.

Human geographies of climate change: landscape, temporality and lay knowledges.

In this paper we bring together work on landscape, temporality and lay knowledges to propose new ways of understanding climate change. A focus on the familiar landscapes of everyday life offers an opportunity to examine how climate change could be researched as a relational phenomenon, understood on a local level, with distinctive spatialities and temporalities. Climate change can be observed in relation to landscape but also felt, sensed, apprehended emotionally as part of the fabric of everyday life in which acceptance, denial, resignation and action co-exist as personal and social responses to the local manifestations of a global problem.

Museum geography: exploring museums, collections and museum practice in the UK

In the UK alone there are more than 2500 museums of interest to international and home audiences. Despite their prevalence and a strong museological culture in the UK and beyond, the geographic study of museums is relatively under-developed. To date there has been no systematic overview of this field either in the UK or internationally. This review article is intended as a contribution towards an emerging ‘museum geography’. Beginning with an exploration of research on museums, collections and museum practice, the author then considers the recent ‘spatial turn’ in museum studies and discusses how geographers have variously encountered museums, collections and museum practice to date. The article then reviews the potential for the future study of museums by geographers. In so doing, the author suggests that the study of museums offers some exciting opportunities for geographical research and teaching.

Landscape perception by forest understory birds in the Atlantic Rainforest: black-and-white versus shades of grey

Even among forest specialists, species-specific responses to anthropogenic forest fragmentation may vary considerably. Some appear to be confined to forest interiors, and perceive a fragmented landscape as a mosaic of suitable fragments and hostile matrix. Others, however, are able to make use of matrix habitats and perceive the landscape in shades of grey rather than black-and-white. We analysed data of 42 Chiroxiphia caudata (Blue Manakin), 10 Pyriglena leucoptera (White-shouldered Fire-eye) and 19 Sclerurus scansor (Rufous-breasted Leaftosser) radio-tracked in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil between 2003 and 2005. We illustrate how habitat preferences may determine how species respond to or perceive the landscape structure. We compared available with used habitat to develop a species-specific preference index for each of six habitat classes. All three species preferred old forest, but relative use of other classes differed significantly. S. scansor perceived great contrast between old forest and matrix, whereas the other two species perceived greater habitat continuity. For conservation planning, our study offers three important messages: (1) some forest specialist species are able to persist in highly fragmented landscapes; (2) some forest species may be able to make use of different anthropogenic habitat types to various degrees; whereas (3) others are restricted to the remaining forest fragments. Our study suggests species most confined to forest interiors to be considered as potential umbrella species for landscape-scale conservation planning.

Is bird incidence in Atlantic forest fragments influenced by landscape patterns at multiple scales?

The degree to which habitat fragmentation affects bird incidence is species specific and may depend on varying spatial scales. Selecting the correct scale of measurement is essential to appropriately assess the effects of habitat fragmentation on bird occurrence. Our objective was to determine which spatial scale of landscape measurement best describes the incidence of three bird species (Pyriglena leucoptera, Xiphorhynchus fuscus and Chiroxiphia caudata) in the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest and test if multi-scalar models perform better than single-scalar ones. Bird incidence was assessed in 80 forest fragments. The surrounding landscape structure was described with four indices measured at four spatial scales (400-, 600-, 800- and 1,000-m buffers around the sample points). The explanatory power of each scale in predicting bird incidence was assessed using logistic regression, bootstrapped with 1,000 repetitions. The best results varied between species (1,000-m radius for P. leucoptera; 800-m for X. fuscus and 600-m for C. caudata), probably due to their distinct feeding habits and foraging strategies. Multi-scale models always resulted in better predictions than single-scale models, suggesting that different aspects of the landscape structure are related to different ecological processes influencing bird incidence. In particular, our results suggest that local extinction and (re)colonisation processes might simultaneously act at different scales. Thus, single-scale models may not be good enough to properly describe complex pattern-process relationships. Selecting variables at multiple ecologically relevant scales is a reasonable procedure to optimise the accuracy of species incidence models.

The use of software Mapavox for teaching graphics and games to blind and low vision students: a development through practices

Current policies on education to visually impaired point for a growing trend of including students with special educational needs in regular schools. However, most often this inclusion is not accompanied by an appropriate professional trained or infrastructure, which has been presented as a big problem for regular school teachers who have students with visual impairments in their classroom. Based on this situation, the Group of Extension in Tactile Cartography from UNESP - University of the State of São Paulo - Campus de Rio Claro - SP - Brazil has been developing educational material of geography and cartography to blind students at a special school. Among the materials developed in this study highlight the development of graphics and board games provided with sound capabilities through MAPAVOX, software developed in partnership with UFRJ - Federal University from Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil. Through this software, sound capabilities can be inserted into built materials, giving them a multi-sensory character. In most cases the necessary conditions for building specific materials to students with visual impairments is expensive and beyond the reach of features from a regular school, so the survey sought to use easy access and low cost materials like Cork, leaf aluminum, material for fixing and others. The development of these materials was supported by preparation in laboratory and its subsequent test through practices involving blind students. The methodology used on the survey is based on qualitative research and non comparative analysis of the results. In other words, the material is built based on the special students perception and reality construction, not being mere adaptations of visual materials, but a construction focused on the reality of the visually impaired. The results proved were quite successful as the materials prepared were effective on mediating the learning process of students with disabilities. Geographical and cartographic concepts were seized by the students through the technology used, associated with the use of materials that took into account in its building process the perception of the students.