949 resultados para Compreensão da leitura


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Esta é uma pesquisa piagetiana clássica que se insere na trilha aberta por Emília Ferreiro na área da psicogênese da alfabetização. A questão central investigada é a de saber qual o conhecimento que os adultos nãoalfabetizados possuem do sistema de escrita. Foram entrevistados 35 sujeitos utilizando o método piagetiano de interrogatório clínico. o material empregado estava composto por cupom fiscal de supermercado, bilhete de loteria, calendário, conta de luz, receita médica, nota fiscal padrão, fotos do meio urbano, recortes de revistas, desenhos com legendas, impressos padronizados de anúncios (do tipo "vende-se" , "aluga-se", "é proibido fumar", Solicitava-se o reconhecimento de classificação de textos "legíveis", palavra e da oração, interpretação de textos acompanhados ou não de imagem, realização de cálculos mentais e produção de escrita. Verificou-se que, embora não haja ainda uma compreensão global do funcionamento do sistema alfabético de escrita, os adultos não-alfabetizados apresentam conceitos etc.), entre outros. letras e números, análise ao nível da emissão verbal, passando por aquele que atribui uma letra para cada macro-partição da emissão verbal (sílaba), até o mais aprimorado que detecta então os elementos mínimos da emissão (fonemas) e trata de fazer a correspondência entre letras e fonemas. Este último nível desvenda o modo pelo qual que correspondem a níveis progressivos de desenvolvimento cognitivo. Esses níveis vão desde aquele que ainda não estabeleceu um vínculo entre a escrita e a pauta sonora da pesquisas com crianças pré-alfabetizadas verifica-se que nas há uma identidade estrutural entre crianças e adultos na forma de se apropriar do conhecimento do modo de funcionamento da língua escrita. Os adultos não apresentam as noções mais primitivas manifestadas pelas crianças pois possuem uma boa distinção entre letras e números, Conquistaram a possibilidade de realizar cálculos mentais, compreendem melhor a importância das segmentações do texto, não agridam nomes semanticamente relacionados para interpretar "sobras de texto" na análise de orações, etc. A pesquisa contribui para um melhor entendimento do processo de aprendizagem da leitura e escrita e pode ser utilizada para uma analise crítica dos métodos pedagógicos tradicionais de alfabetizal;ão de adultos.

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O ponto de partida deste estudo foi a elaboração de um questionário e a aplicação do mesmo a alunos concluintes do ensino médio em 1999, percebendo-se a partir dele que os alunos consideravam a prova de vestibular de língua inglesa como difícil. Assim, surgiu a necessidade de avaliar a prova de língua inglesa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul quanto ao grau de proficiência exigido do candidato e quanto ao modelo de leitura subjacente a essa prova. Para tal foram analisadas as provas de vestibular dos anos de 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 e 2000, quanto ao tipo de tarefas e a tipologia textual que apresentam, apresentando os dados coletados através de categorias pré-determinadas. Após a coleta dos dados pôde-se levantar algumas conclusões: a) as questões de compreensão, vocabulário e gramática, embora não tenham sofrido alterações na sua distribuição com o correr dos anos, têm privilegiado principalmente as questões que enfocam mais os recursos lingüísticos necessários para a leitura do texto; b) a proposta do manual do candidato da UFRGS está em contraste com o que se pôde observar na análise das provas, visto que aponta para um modelo interativo de leitura, enquanto na prática enfatiza um modelo autônomo de leitura, onde o sentido do texto se encerra no texto propriamente dito, uma vez que o leitor não conta com recursos extralingüísticos que possam ajudá-lo a construir o sentido do texto; c) o nível de proficiência, no que diz respeito às questões, vocabulário e tipologia textual, pode ser considerado de nível avançado +, de acordo com os critérios propostos pela ACTFL, não só pela profundidade mas também pela abstração encontradas nos textos analisados.

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Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa numa escola urbana de ensino básico, situada no município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, no ano de 2002. O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender o olhar do adolescente sobre o seu processo educativo e as relações de violência, percebidas e/ou vivenciadas na escola. A fundamentação teórica utilizada nesta pesquisa foi: De Marco, para compreensão dos espaços arquitetônicos; Outerial e Aberastury, com relação à adolescência; Arendt e Spósito, para abordagem sobre a violência; Abramo, na compreensão dos grupos juvenis; e Charlot, na relação com o saber. O método utilizado foi a história de vida, adaptada para educação. Como técnicas de operacionalização, destacam-se a observação participante e a entrevista aberta. O resultado desta pesquisa demonstra que as ações de violência partiram mais dos adultos do que dos jovens. Há uma ausência de conhecimento sobre a fase da adolescência, por parte dos adultos. Existe uma predominância dos sentimentos de impotência e frustração, por parte dos docentes. A pesquisa mostra, ainda, como os jovens, com seus saberes juvenis, criam caminhos para superar suas próprias dificuldades, assim como podem ser compreensivos, diante das dificuldades dos adultos. A pesquisa concluiu que a violência é superestimada dentro da escola e que seria relativamente fácil contorná-la, se os adultos compreendessem mais os jovens, oportunizassem a estes a expressão, bem como reconhecessem e trabalhassem pedagogicamente os agrupamentos juvenis.

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Elaborado a partir de entrevistas, depoimentos e escritos de CLARIVAL DO PRADO VALLADARES (1918-1983), e das críticas dos críticos, até a data de sua morte, esse roteiro tem por objetivo facilitar o trabalho de pesquisadores e estudiosos que desejarem se aprofundar na leitura da vida e obra de um educador brasileiro, que foi, a seu tempo, médico, crítico, iconógrafo, iconólogo, fotógrafo, historiador da arte, poeta e escritor. Clarival Valladares criou, com recursos metodológicos novos, que trouxe da Anatomia Patológica para a História da Arte, condições para a instauração da iconologia (brasileira) - disciplina que procura descobrir o significado dos valores simbólicos que perpassam a criação pictórica - sem a ajuda da qual não poderemos proceder à justa avaliação de nosso acervo cultural e artístico. Com os mesmos recursos, e dentro de urna visão original, em termos de Brasil, Clarival escreveu a História de sua Terra, através dos olhos que a viram e registraram - os artistas. Não só dos artistas consagrados, mas sobretudo dos artistas mais ligados à realidade de sua comunidade e, portanto, da natureza brasileira. Seguindo o roteiro da vida deste Educador, a autora do trabalho, sua filha e discípula, pretende transmitir, ainda, a lição de energia de uma pessoa que, além de ser um pensador, um filósofo, um pesquisador em profundidade, foi um homem de ação.

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A necessidade de se desenvolverem instrumentos adequados a avaliação de programas educacionais é premente no momento atual. Segundo os estudos mais recentes no campo da medida educacional, os testes com referência a critério são os que atendem a esta necessidade. Este estudo teve por objetivo a construção de dois testes deste tipo para a avaliação do Programa de Alfabetização Funcional do MOBRAL nos dominios da aquisição das competências basicas em leitura e escrita. Inicialmente foram selecionadas e descritas quatro competências para serem medidas por cada teste. As competências foram selecionadas tendo como base os objetivos do programa apresentados no Roteiro de Orientação ao Alfabetizador (1977). A segunda etapa do estudo consistiu na criação das especificações para cada competência selecionadas nos dois dominios. A partir destas especificações foram construidos 32 itens para o teste de leitura e 40 para o de escrita. Estes itens foram, distribuidos randomicamente em 5 formas experimentais para cada teste. O teste de leitura é composto de itens de múltipla escolha e o teste de escrita de itens de resposta construida. Os criterios de correção e os padrões minimos de desempenho foram estabelecidos para cada teste. Para a analise destes padrões minimos foram calculados as medias e os desvios-padrão para cada forma aplicada. Estes resultados permitem a manutenção dos padrões minimos usados em estudos posteriores. A análise dos itens foi feita em duas etapas: na primeira foram calculados os indices de discriminância pelo processo tradicional e na segunda os indices de sensitivida de pelo processo desenvolvido por Gronlund (1976). Os resultados obtidos permitiram o aproveitamento de todos os itens. Os itens foram divididos em duas formas equivalentes para cada teste, cada um pode ser subdividido em três subtestes para a medida isolada das competências descritas. Para o exame de validade foram estabelecidos os indices de validade descritiva e de seleção de dominio. A fidedignidade dos testes ficou assegurada com a construção de mais de 5 itens para competência Gronlund (1976).

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Comment expliquer l'attrait et la fascination exerces sur les gens, et particulierement, sur les enfants, par la télévision? Quel est son enchantement? D'ou vient ce pouvoir de toucher, indistinctement, des individues et des groupes sociaux? Le témoignage de 450 jeunes, y compris des enfants et des adolescents, répresentatifs de couches populaires de la ville de Rio de Janeiro - aupres desquels nous avons realisé notre étude - nous apporte des données qui permettent de vérifier le fait que la TV, en tant que moyen de communication, et d'apres les messagens qu'elle véhicule, atteint surtout la subjectivité des gens. On constate, ainsi , qu'à travers la TV, le mythe est vécu, dans l'optique électronique: de façon explicité ou non, les récits télévisifs parlent de questions fondamentales pour l'homme, telles que l'indagation sur l'origine de l'espèce humaine, l'éternelle peur de la mort , de l'inconnu, de l'anormal et le désir de dominer le temps et de vivre le rêve du bonheur éternel. Or, le discours même des enfants sur la TV est aussi mythologique; elles y voient un appareil magique, dont il suffit de tourner le bouton pour arriver à d’autres mondes. D'autre part, pour les adolescents, la TV remplit des fonctions diversifiées; en plus d'avoir un rôle important dans leur loisir, elle est aussi appelée à résoudre des complexes problèmes d’éducation, comme les difficultés dans le rapport des jeunes avec leurs parents ou le choix d’une profession. On attend ici qu’elle ait un pouvoir pareil ã celui des super-héros ou des fées. Si l’on considère, partant, que la TV peut être efficace au niveau de 1’idéologie , et que, par contre, le spectateur, lui aussi, peut demeurer actif et autonome devant les messagens qui lui sont dirigés, il faut penser à des projects dont le but soit l'éducation des gens par rapport à la TV.

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Brazilian law passes through a crisis of effectiveness commonly attributed to the extravagance of fundamental rights and public shortage. However, public finances are not dogmatically structured to solve the conflicts around the limitations of public spending. There are ethical conditioning factors, like morality, proportionality and impartiality, however, these principles act separately, while the problem of public shortage is holistic. Also, the subjectivity of politics discretionary in the definition of public spending, which is supported in an indeterminate concept of public interest, needs material orientation about the destination of public funds, making it vulnerable to ideological manipulation, resulting in real process of catching rights. Not even the judicial activism (such as influx of constitutionalism) is shown legally appropriate. The Reserve of Possible, also presents basic ethical failure. Understanding the formation of public shortage is therefore essential for understanding the crisis of effectiveness of state responsibilities, given the significant expansion of the state duty of protection, which does not find legal technique of defense of the established interests. The premise of argument, then, part of the possibility of deducting minimal model ethical of desire to spend (public interest) according to objective parameters of the normative system. Public spending has always been treated disdainfully by the Brazilian doctrine, according to the legal character accessory assigned to the monetary cost. Nonetheless, it is the meeting point between economics and law, or is in the marrow of the problem of public shortage. Expensive Subjects to modernity, as the effectiveness of fundamental rights, pass necessarily an ethical legal system of public spending. From the ethical principles deducted from the planning, only the democratic principle guides the public spending through the approval of public spending in the complex budget process. In other words, there is an ethical distancing of economic reality in relation to state responsibilities. From the dogmatic belief of insufficiency, public spending is evaluated ethically, according to the foundations of modern constitutionalism, in search of possible of the financial reserve, certain that the ethics of public economy is a sine qua non condition for legal ethics.

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The Novena of St. Anthony in Pradoso, is an annual celebration that takes place between June 1 and June 13. Since its preparation to the conclusion of the celebration are employed traditional knowledges and techniques, which are shared by the community. Such knowledges, built over generations, associated with popular religion, form it into the educational processes that build, through orality, practices and experiences of everyday life, the sense of belonging. An analysis of scenes, knowledges and subjects involved in the celebration, shows the form and content of practices capable of building symbolic territories of belonging. Thus, the Novena of St. Anthony in Pradoso, while an human territoriality, is designed as a locus of learning of belonging, reaffirming community values such as solidarity, service, brotherhood, integration, among others. While empirical reference for an analysis of the importance of belonging, the Novena of St. Anthony in Pradoso, offers subsidies for the production of knowledge, focused on understanding the need for a reconnection of technical and humanistic knowledges

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Study of Teacher Education Policy: a reading from the analysis of Programa Especial de Formação de Professores para a Educação Básica Proeb - aims to analyze the initial teacher training developed by the Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA. Proeb is a policy of in-service training of teachers, formulated and implemented in the context of current educational policies for basic education. This work assumes that the guidelines developed in the last decades of the twentieth century are linked to international organizations that spread in Latin America continent a homogeneous model of training which has as main features to be held in service through the mode the distance and the school as a leading locus. In Brazil, these guidelines are supported on the Law of Directives and Bases of National Education No. 9.394/96 and Report 09/2001, which deals with the Syllabus Guidelines for the formation of Basic Education Teachers. To carry out the study was taken as reference, the syllabus developed for the deployment of Proeb from 1998 to 2002, specifically the proposal operationalized in the Degree Course of Mathematics in the city of Vitória do Mearim in Maranhão. To conduct the study, it was used literature as a way to deepen understanding, clarify and aim the conceptual aspect of the object researched. The documental research was consisted in the analysis of legal documents concerning the reform of education policies, teacher training and pedagogical project Proeb/UFMA and, finally, the semi-structured interviews were used to allow a better understanding of the subjects involved with research. The data analysis has shown that the curriculum designed to operationalize the course of undergraduate mathematics Proeb/UFMA, despite having guidelines that point to the separation of theory/practice dichotomy and establish as a principle work as an educational principle, has an disciplinary curriculum organization that reinforces the instrumental view of the syllabus, not enabling in practice, the execution of their initial proposal. Concerning to the view of graduates on the course, they highlight the weaknesses of the course, but also evidence that it has allowed an improvement of initial training, through the disciplines of the common core syllabus of courses and special training. It is possible seeing in graduates words, that the course have had repercussions in their teaching and improving their integration into the labor market and in the community of Vitória do Mearim. Overall, these developments have indicated evidence of teacher professionalization, although they are incipient. The work has shown that for the professionalization of teachers is introduced, the syllabus of undergraduate teacher education must overcome the traditional view of syllabus and implement contextualized curricula in a multidisciplinary approach involving, in equal proportions, the general education and training specific course. Accordingly, it is believed in need to review the role of the University in the formative process, as well as recovering as part of educational policies, the omnilateral size of teacher education

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This dissertation sutdies the mediative function in the planning of literary text reading classes of Portuguese. Its main central focus proposes that planning favors the pedagogical reading work of literary texts in the teaching of Portuguese, for they are regarded as one of the mediative elements the teaching-learning process. It also allows for its subjects to rethink the practice, theorizing it. As a theoretical basis the studies on participative planning are used, especially the studies concerning dialogic planning. The language/literature teaching perspective adopted in this work is guided by the socio-interactive conception of language, in a way that reading is seen as a comprehensive and interactive activity. Given the research process, the analysis of the reading process involved the Reader s Response, once that this theory considers the role of the reader and her/his interaction with the text. The study is grounded upon the following research question: which role(s) does the pedagogical planning play as a mediator of the reading teaching-learning process? The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate the pedagogical planning activity as a mediative instrument in the practice of reading in the Portuguese classes. The study is constituted of three stages, the third being emphasized (2002/2005) in which the direction of the participative action-research was used, as a way of acknowledging the pedagogical role in the teaching plan, as an instrument capable of rendering reorganization in the teaching-learning process of reading classes. We have as participants teachers of Portuguese in the elementary school (Ensino Fundamental, 3º ciclo), besides other segments of public schools, in the city of Pau dos Ferros RN, in which the previous studies were developed. The results point to the relevance in the role of the teacher, as a more experienced reader, in developing of pedagogical strategies that may come to favor the teaching of reading, having in the pedagogical sphere an instrument of theoretical reflection and sistematization of activities to be implemented in the classroom. The conclusions highlight the class plan as the mediative instrument to be incorporated and internalized into the teaching practice, amplifying and modifying the teacher s intervention forms, favoring, thus, her/his pedagogical mediation

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Most knowledge and techniques developed by mankind since ancient times had the main purpose to study and understand the various phenomena of Nature. Science, like one of these narratives, works as a translation, transcribing what, is systematically observed. Within the set of transformations on the modern sciences, the dialogue with related areas became quite narrow and, occasionally, functional, and the dialogue with non-related areas, in turn, does not takes place by any matters. The focus of this research is the teaching of Biological Sciences, and the undergraduate courses as strategic places to disseminate a broad understanding of Nature, that broadens the conceptual relations between different disciplinary axes, previously fragmented. In order to do so, I take a four-way metaphorical approach as a methodological construction base. Three of them proposed by Joël de Rosnay, represented by artifacts: The Telescope, The Microscope and the Macroscope. And finally, a proposition that complements the approach, that i named The Naked Eye. In Telescope, which allows a more general construct of a phenomenon, I discuss the teaching of Biological Sciences in Brazil. In the microscope, which allows us to analyze in detail a scenario, I construct a rank of the major courses in biological sciences and propose a discussion on the understanding of nature on the undergraduate programs. In Macroscope, who allows, at the same time, zoom in and out to the phenomenon observed, I call for a transdisciplinary dialogue, based on the authors Ilya Prigogine, Basarab Nicolescu, Henri Atlan and Bruno Latour, which can certainly contribute to the curriculum of the Biologists training programs, that builds knowledge pertinent to a complex observation of Nature. I complete the set of the quaternary reading and understanding of the world from the Naked Eye, as the first strategy of perception in our species. For this, I invite the philosopher of Nature Chico Lucas da Silva as my interlocutor

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This paper discusses aspects related to the mathematical language and its understanding, in particular, by students of final years of elementary school. Accordingly, we aimed to develop a proposal for teaching, substantiated by mathematical modeling activities and reading, which takes advantage of the student of elementary school a better understanding of mathematical language for the content of proportion. We also aim to build / propose parameters for the assessment of reading proficiency of the language of the student in analyzing and modeling process, its ability to develop/improve/enhance this proficiency. For this purpose, we develop a qualitative research, with procedures for an action research whose analysis of the data is configured as Content Analysis. We refer to epistemological and didactic, in the studies: Piaget (1975, 1990), Vygotsky (1991, 2001), Bakhtin (2006), Freire (1974, 1994), Bicudo and Garnica (2006), Smole and Diniz (2001), Barbosa (2001), Burak (1992), Biembengut (2004), Bassanezi (2002), Carrasco (2006), Becker (2010), Zuin and Reyes (2010), among others. We understand that to acquire new knowledge one must learn to read and reading to learn it, this process is essential for the development of reading proficiency of a person. Modeling, in turn, is a process which enables contact with different forms of reading providing elements favorable to the development here mentioned. The evaluation parameters we use to analyze the level of reading proficiency of mathematical language proved to be effective and therefore a valuable tool that allows the teacher an efficient evaluation and whose results can guide you better in the planning and execution of their practice

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The Federal Government through its Plans and Programs invests in various policies intended to achieve the main goal of the millennium, provide basic education for all. Among them, we highlight in this paper The National Textbook Program, with emphasis on Complementary Works. These works are presented through different genres, such as poems, poetry, short stories, parables, novels, literature, educational materials etc.. providing a range of possible teaching work. However, little is known about the levels of education of teachers as intended. Based on the discussions and studies in this direction, sparked concerns us in the process of teaching and learning in math classes. This made us pay attention to a possibility of study where reading could be included in this process. In this sense, the present study aims at investigating the potential of conceptual and didactic use of Complementary Works on developing the skills of reading and writing mathematics of the first three years of elementary school, and from there, propose a courseware with guidelines for use of these works by teachers of 1st to 3rd year of elementary school. For this, we outline the issues of reading and understanding of mathematical interests as those of our study. In this sense, the proposal was built from the bibliographic works that address the contributions of reading for learning mathematical content, like Machado (2001), Nacarato (2009); Dantas (2011), Smole and Diniz ( 2001). As a result, we created the Guidance for the use of Complementary Works for Teachers to Teach Mathematics with a view to support the practice of teachers and future teachers who teach mathematics. Supported the use of Complementary Works, especially those distributed in public schools by the National Textbook - PNLD and have mathematical content, this guide is intended to present some of the possible use of this feature in math classes. (Education Observatory - Capes / INEP. Ed. 038-2010. TELL Research Group - UFRN - PPGED / PPGEL / PPGECNM - PROPESQ)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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This paper investigates the cognitive processes that operate in understanding narratives in this case, the novel Macunaíma, by Mário de Andrade. Our work belongs to the field of Embodied-based Cognitive Linguistics and, due to its interdisciplinary nature, it dialogues with theoretical and methodological frameworks of Psycholinguistics, Cognitive Psychology and Neurosciences. Therefore, we adopt an exploratory research design, recall and cloze tests, adapted, with postgraduation students, all native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The choice of Macunaíma as the novel and initial motivation for this proposal is due to the fact it is a fantastic narrative, which consists of events, circumstances and characters that are clearly distant types from what is experienced in everyday life. Thus, the novel provides adequate data to investigate the configuration of meaning, within an understanding-based model. We, therefore, seek, to answer questions that are still, generally, scarcely explored in the field of Cognitive Linguistics, such as to what extent is the activation of mental models (schemas and frames) related to the process of understanding narratives? How are we able to build sense even when words or phrases are not part of our linguistic repertoire? Why do we get emotionally involved when reading a text, even though it is fiction? To answer them, we assume the theoretical stance that meaning is not in the text, it is constructed through language, conceived as a result of the integration between the biological (which results in creating abstract imagery schemes) and the sociocultural (resulting in creating frames) apparatus. In this sense, perception, cognitive processing, reception and transmission of the information described are directly related to how language comprehension occurs. We believe that the results found in our study may contribute to the cognitive studies of language and to the development of language learning and teaching methodologies