Land use and thermal comfort in the county of Ourinhos, SP

This study aims to analyze the thermal comfort in urban areas for different land uses. The ENVImet microclimatic model has been used for urban boundary layer simulation, providing the following thermal comfort indexes: PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfaction). The chosen area covers the central area in the city of Ourinhos, located in southeastern Brazilian city, with subtropical climate. Four simulations were accomplished: an area with real buildings and vegetation on site, a “grassy” area where buildings have been replaced by grass in the central area, another grassy area, known as “grass/tree”, with additional trees in, and a final area called “Park” also grassy, where trees were added all over the area. The structures which showed thermal comfort within the ISO 7730 standards were the grassy area with no trees at 9 a.m., and a paved area, as well as the park area at 3 p.m. Other situations have presented values of PMV and PPD off the limits required by the rules; they were very close to those values. The only point that presented a far cry from the comfort required was the spot in the asphalt at 9 a.m. The other situations showed PMV and PPD values not far from the limits of comfort. Only the point on the asphalt showed values far from the limit of comfort at 9 a.m.

An approach to aircraft seat comfort using interface pressure mapping

The objective of the present study is to propose a method to dynamically evaluate discomfort of a passenger seat by measuring the interface pressure between the occupant and the seat during the performance of the most common activities of a typical flight(1). This article reports the results of resting and reading studies performed in a simulator that represents the interior of a commercial aircraft.

Human thermal comfort: an irreversibility-based approach emulating empirical clothed-body correlations and the conceptual energy balance equation

Exergetic analysis can provide useful information as it enables the identification of irreversible phenomena bringing about entropy generation and, therefore, exergy losses (also referred to as irreversibilities). As far as human thermal comfort is concerned, irreversibilities can be evaluated based on parameters related to both the occupant and his surroundings. As an attempt to suggest more insights for the exergetic analysis of thermal comfort, this paper calculates irreversibility rates for a sitting person wearing fairly light clothes and subjected to combinations of ambient air and mean radiant temperatures. The thermodynamic model framework relies on the so-called conceptual energy balance equation together with empirical correlations for invoked thermoregulatory heat transfer rates adapted for a clothed body. Results suggested that a minimum irreversibility rate may exist for particular combinations of the aforesaid surrounding temperatures. By separately considering the contribution of each thermoregulatory mechanism, the total irreversibility rate rendered itself more responsive to either convective or radiative clothing-influenced heat transfers, with exergy losses becoming lower if the body is able to transfer more heat (to the ambient) via convection.

Multi-Comfort House: Rehabilitación y desarrollo de una comunidad en Trent Basin, Nottingham, UK

[ES] Regeneración de un área industrial en Nottingham bajo criterios de eficiencia energética y sostenibilidad medioambiental.  La actuación comprende la propuesta de nuevos edificios de vivienda colectiva, rehabilitación de edificios industriales existentes y diseño del espacio libre. 

Outdoor e indoor: Abitare il comfort. Strategie di riqualificazione del quartiere Pilastro a Bologna

Il caso studio affrontato nella tesi è il complesso residenziale Pilastro, costruito tra gli anni 1962 e 1985 a Bologna. Collocato nella parte nord-est della città, all’interno del quartiere San Donato, il quartiere si presenta come una delle periferie più adatte ad ospitare i nuovi progetti di sviluppo urbano, in virtù della sua posizione strategica rispetto ai diversi poli e alla rete infrastrutturale principale. Questo studio consiste in una serie di analisi, effettuate al fine di giungere a trattare gli aspetti progettuali, che rispondono a una serie di problematiche riscontrate nella parte conosciuta come “Primo Impianto”. Le criticità affrontate sono: - Fenomeno di Canyon Urbano dovuto al rapporto tra la morfologia urbana e il microclima; - Limiti nella fruibilità degli spazi esterni (outdoor), a causa della presenza di spazi non caratterizzati, dotati di uno scarso livello di comfort termico durante il periodo estivo; - Problemi riguardo l’aspetto viabilistico e le sezioni stradali; - Bassa prestazione energetica correlata alla vetustà degli edifici; - Basso livello di comfort interno (indoor) degli edifici. La Tesi ha come obiettivo la definizione di diverse strategie progettuali che tengano conto delle condizioni climatiche relative al benessere termico come criterio per la riqualificazione degli spazi esterni e degli edifici esistenti. Quest’ultima terrà altresì conto della prestazione energetica dei fabbricati. Un aspetto complementare è quello del ragionamento sull’incidenza della progettazione degli spazi esterni (outdoor) sugli aspetti relativi al benessere negli spazi interni (indoor). Metodo L’approccio seguito nel trattare le problematiche ha come punto di partenza lo studio degli spazi esterni, che continua anche al livello del costruito. Attraverso diverse analisi a livello urbanistico, sono stati indagati una serie di aspetti come la morfologia urbana, i servizi, gli spazi aperti, la popolazione e la mobilità, etc. Il comparto studio, collocato nella parte nord-est del Primo Impianto in Via Lodovico Frati, è composto da edifici residenziali in linea e lo spazio “in between” che si affaccia alla strada. Al fine di considerare le condizioni climatiche e la loro incidenza nel comfort urbano, sono stati studiati diversi parametri fisici incidenti, valutati con l’ausilio del software di simulazione Envi-met, con l’output di cui, è stato possibile ottenere mappe di valori del comfort outdoor, sia della condizione esistente che in quella dopo l’intervento progettuale. Per quanto riguarda gli edifici, per valutare il livello di comfort negli ambienti interni è stato usato il software di simulazione EnergyPlus, mentre per valutare la prestazione energetica è stato usato il software Termolog Epix 5. L’output dei risultati ottenuti dai software di simulazione è uno strumento importante di verifica per le diverse scelte progettuali.

Next-state comfort in learning a vertical stick transportation sequence

Over the last decade, the end-state comfort effect (e.g., Rosenbaum et al., 2006) has received a considerable amount of attention. However, some of the underlying mechanisms are still to be investigated, amongst others, how sequential planning affects end-state comfort and how this effect develops over learning. In a two-step sequencing task, e.g., postural comfort can be planned on the intermediate position (next state) or on the actual end position (final state). It might be hypothesized that, in initial acquisition, next state’s comfort is crucial for action planning but that, in the course of learning, final state’s comfort is taken more and more into account. To test this hypothesis, a variant of Rosenbaum’s vertical stick transportation task was used. Participants (N = 16, right-handed) received extensive practice on a two-step transportation task (10,000 trials over 12 sessions). From the initial position on the middle stair of a staircase in front of the participant, the stick had to be transported either 20 cm upwards and then 40 cm downwards or 20 cm downwards and then 40 cm upwards (N = 8 per subgroup). Participants were supposed to produce fluid movements without changing grasp. In the pre- and posttest, participants were tested on both two-step sequencing tasks as well as on 20 cm single-step upwards and downwards movements (10 trials per condition). For the test trials, grasp height was calculated kinematographically. In the pretest, large end/next/final-state comfort effects for single-step transportation tasks and large next-state comfort effects for sequenced tasks were found. However, no change in grasp height from pre- to posttest could be revealed. Results show that, in vertical stick transportation sequences, the final state is not taken into account when planning grasp height. Instead, action planning seems to be solely based on aspects of the next action goal that is to be reached.

Influence of Comfort on 3D Selection Task Performance in Immersive Desktop Setups

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have the potential to afford natural interaction in the three-dimensional (3D) space around a user. However, interaction performance in 3D mid-air is often reduced and depends on a variety of ergonomics factors, the user's endurance, muscular strength, as well as fitness. In particular, in contrast to traditional desktop-based setups, users often cannot rest their arms in a comfortable pose during the interaction. In this article we analyze the impact of comfort on 3D selection tasks in an immersive desktop setup. First, in a pre-study we identified how comfortable or uncomfortable specific interaction positions and poses are for users who are standing upright. Then, we investigated differences in 3D selection task performance when users interact with their hands in a comfortable or uncomfortable body pose, while sitting on a chair in front of a table while the VE was displayed on a headmounted display (HMD). We conducted a Fitts' Law experiment to evaluate selection performance in different poses. The results suggest that users achieve a significantly higher performance in a comfortable pose when they rest their elbow on the table.

Comfort of two shoulder actuation mechanisms for arm therapy exoskeletons: a comparative study in healthy subjects

Robotic exoskeletons can be used to study and treat patients with neurological impairments. They can guide and support the human limb over a large range of motion, which requires that the movement trajectory of the exoskeleton coincide with the one of the human arm. This is straightforward to achieve for rather simple joints like the elbow, but very challenging for complex joints like the human shoulder, which is comprised by several bones and can exhibit a movement with multiple rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Thus, several research groups have developed different shoulder actuation mechanism. However, there are no experimental studies that directly compare the comfort of two different shoulder actuation mechanisms. In this study, the comfort and the naturalness of the new shoulder actuation mechanism of the ARMin III exoskeleton are compared to a ball-and-socket-type shoulder actuation. The study was conducted in 20 healthy subjects using questionnaires and 3D-motion records to assess comfort and naturalness. The results indicate that the new shoulder actuation is slightly better than a ball-and-socket-type actuation. However, the differences are small, and under the tested conditions, the comfort and the naturalness of the two tested shoulder actuations do not differ a lot.