An extensive repertoire of type III secretion effectors in Escherichia coli O157 and the role of lambdoid phages in their dissemination

Several pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli exploit type III secretion to inject effector proteins into human cells, which then subvert eukaryotic cell biology to the bacterium's advantage. We have exploited bioinformatics and experimental approaches to establish that the effector repertoire in the Sakai strain of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is much larger than previously thought. Homology searches led to the identification of > 60 putative effector genes. Thirteen of these were judged to be likely pseudogenes, whereas 49 were judged to be potentially functional. In total, 39 proteins were confirmed experimentally as effectors: 31 through proteomics and 28 through translocation assays. At the protein level, the EHEC effector sequences fall into > 20 families. The largest family, the NleG family, contains 14 members in the Sakai strain alone. EHEC also harbors functional homologs of effectors from plant pathogens (HopPtoH, HopW, AvrA) and from Shigella (OspD, OspE, OspG), and two additional members of the Map/IpgB family. Genes encoding proven or predicted effectors occur in > 20 exchangeable effector loci scattered throughout the chromosome. Crucially, the majority of functional effector genes are encoded by nine exchangeable effector loci that lie within lambdoid prophages. Thus, type III secretion in E. coli is linked to a vast phage metagenome, acting as a crucible for the evolution of pathogenicity.

Type III secretion contact-dependent model for the intracellular development of Chlamydia

The medically significant genus Chlamydia is a class of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate within vacuoles in host eukaryotic cells termed inclusions. Chlamydia's developmental cycle involves two forms; an infectious extracellular form, known as an elementary body (EB), and a non-infectious form, known as the reticulate body (RB), that replicates inside the vacuoles of the host cells. The RB surface is covered in projections that are in intimate contact with the inclusion membrane. Late in the developmental cycle, these reticulate bodies differentiate into the elementary body form. In this paper, we present a hypothesis for the modulation of these developmental events involving the contact-dependent type III secretion (TTS) system. TTS surface projections mediate intimate contact between the RB and the inclusion membrane. Below a certain number of projections, detachment of the RB provides a signal for late differentiation of RB into EB. We use data and develop a mathematical model investigating this hypothesis. If the hypothesis proves to be accurate, then we have shown that increasing the number of inclusions per host cell will increase the number of infectious progeny EB until some optimal number of inclusions. For more inclusions than this optimum, the infectious yield is reduced because of spatial restrictions. We also predict that a reduction in the number of projections on the surface of the RB (and as early as possible during development) will significantly reduce the burst size of infectious EB particles. Many of the results predicted by the model can be tested experimentally and may lead to the identification of potential targets for drug design. © Society for Mathematical Biology 2006.

Déterminants de la dysbêtalipoprotéinémie de type III : au-delà de l'apolipoprotéine E

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Déterminants de la dysbêtalipoprotéinémie de type III : au-delà de l'apolipoprotéine E

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Getting to the heart of cardiac remodeling; how collagen subtypes may contribute to phenotype

The objective of this study was to investigate the nature and biomechanical properties of collagen fibers within the human myocardium. Targeting cardiac interstitial abnormalities will likely become a major focus of future preventative strategies with regard to the management of cardiac dysfunction. Current knowledge regarding the component structures of myocardial collagen networks is limited, further delineation of which will require application of more innovative technologies. We applied a novel methodology involving combined confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy to investigate myocardial collagen within ex-vivo right atrial tissue from 10 patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery. Immuno-fluorescent co-staining revealed discrete collagen I and III fibers. During single fiber deformation, overall median values of stiffness recorded in collagen III were 37±16% lower than in collagen I [p<0.001]. On fiber retraction, collagen I exhibited greater degrees of elastic recoil [p<0.001; relative percentage increase in elastic recoil 7±3%] and less energy dissipation than collagen III [p<0.001; relative percentage increase in work recovered 7±2%]. In atrial biopsies taken from patients in permanent atrial fibrillation (n=5) versus sinus rhythm (n=5), stiffness of both collagen fiber subtypes was augmented (p<0.008). Myocardial fibrillar collagen fibers organize in a discrete manner and possess distinct biomechanical differences; specifically, collagen I fibers exhibit relatively higher stiffness, contrasting with higher susceptibility to plastic deformation and less energy efficiency on deformation with collagen III fibers. Augmented stiffness of both collagen fiber subtypes in tissue samples from patients with atrial fibrillation compared to those in sinus rhythm are consistent with recent published findings of increased collagen cross-linking in this setting.

Natural history of markers of collagen turnover in patients with early diastolic dysfunction and impact of eplerenone

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of eplerenone on collagen turnover in preserved systolic function heart failure (HFPSF).

BACKGROUND: Despite growing interest in abnormal collagen metabolism as a feature of HFPSF with diastolic dysfunction, the natural history of markers of collagen turnover and the impact of selective aldosterone antagonism on this natural history remains unknown.

METHODS: We evaluated 44 patients with HFPSF, randomly assigned to control (n = 20) or eplerenone 25 mg daily (n = 24) for 6 months, increased to 50 mg daily from 6 to 12 months. Serum markers of collagen turnover and inflammation were analyzed at baseline and at 6 and 12 months and included pro-collagen type-I and -III aminoterminal peptides, matrix metalloproteinase type-2, interleukin-6 and -8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of diastolic filling indexes and tissue Doppler analyses were also obtained.

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 80 +/- 7.8 years; 46% were male; 64% were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 34% an angiotensin-II receptor blocker, and 68% were receiving beta-blocker therapy. Pro-collagen type-III and -I aminoterminal peptides, matrix metalloproteinase type-2, interleukin-6 and -8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased with time in the control group. Eplerenone treatment had no significant impact on any biomarker at 6 months but attenuated the increase in pro-collagen type-III aminoterminal peptide at 12 months (p = 0.006). Eplerenone therapy was associated with modest effects on diastolic function without any impact on clinical variables or brain natriuretic peptide.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates progressive increases in markers of collagen turnover and inflammation in HFPSF with diastolic dysfunction. Despite high background utilization of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone modulators, eplerenone therapy prevents a progressive increase in pro-collagen type-III aminoterminal peptide and may have a role in management of this disease. (The Effect of Eplerenone and Atorvastatin on Markers of Collagen Turnover in Diastolic Heart Failure; NCT00505336).

EspZ of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli regulates type III secretion system protein translocation

UNLABELLED: Translocation of effector proteins via a type III secretion system (T3SS) is a widespread infection strategy among Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Each pathogen translocates a particular set of effectors that subvert cell signaling in a way that suits its particular infection cycle. However, as effector unbalance might lead to cytotoxicity, the pathogens must employ mechanisms that regulate the intracellular effector concentration. We present evidence that the effector EspZ controls T3SS effector translocation from enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli. Consistently, an EPEC espZ mutant is highly cytotoxic. Following ectopic expression, we found that EspZ inhibited the formation of actin pedestals as it blocked the translocation of Tir, as well as other effectors, including Map and EspF. Moreover, during infection EspZ inhibited effector translocation following superinfection. Importantly, while EspZ of EHEC O157:H7 had a universal "translocation stop" activity, EspZ of EPEC inhibited effector translocation from typical EPEC strains but not from EHEC O157:H7 or its progenitor, atypical EPEC O55:H7. We found that the N and C termini of EspZ, which contains two transmembrane domains, face the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial attachment, while the extracellular loop of EspZ is responsible for its strain-specific activity. These results show that EPEC and EHEC acquired a sophisticated mechanism to regulate the effector translocation.

IMPORTANCE: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are important diarrheal pathogens responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries and the developed world, respectively. The virulence strategy of EPEC and EHEC revolves around a conserved type III secretion system (T3SS), which translocates bacterial proteins known as effectors directly into host cells. Previous studies have shown that when cells are infected in two waves with EPEC, the first wave inhibits effector translocation by the second wave in a T3SS-dependent manner, although the factor involved was not known. Importantly, we identified EspZ as the effector responsible for blocking protein translocation following a secondary EPEC infection. Interestingly, we found that while EspZ of EHEC can block protein translocation from both EPEC and EHEC strains, EPEC EspZ cannot block translocation from EHEC. These studies show that EPEC and EHEC employ a novel infection strategy to regulate T3SS translocation.

Role of NleH, a type III secreted effector from attaching and effacing pathogens, in colonization of the bovine, ovine, and murine gut

The human pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 colonizes human and animal gut via formation of attaching and effacing lesions. EHEC strains use a type III secretion system to translocate a battery of effector proteins into the mammalian host cell, which subvert diverse signal transduction pathways implicated in actin dynamics, phagocytosis, and innate immunity. The genomes of sequenced EHEC O157:H7 strains contain two copies of the effector protein gene nleH, which share 49% sequence similarity with the gene for the Shigella effector OspG, recently implicated in inhibition of migration of the transcriptional regulator NF-kappaB to the nucleus. In this study we investigated the role of NleH during EHEC O157:H7 infection of calves and lambs. We found that while EHEC DeltanleH colonized the bovine gut more efficiently than the wild-type strain, in lambs the wild-type strain exhibited a competitive advantage over the mutant during mixed infection. Using the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which shares many virulence factors with EHEC O157:H7, including NleH, we observed that the wild-type strain exhibited a competitive advantage over the mutant during mixed infection. We found no measurable differences in T-cell infiltration or hyperplasia in colons of mice inoculated with the wild-type or the nleH mutant strain. Using NF-kappaB reporter mice carrying a transgene containing a luciferase reporter driven by three NF-kappaB response elements, we found that NleH causes an increase in NF-kappaB activity in the colonic mucosa. Consistent with this, we found that the nleH mutant triggered a significantly lower tumor necrosis factor alpha response than the wild-type strain.

Le diagnostic anténatal modifie-t-il la prise en charge néonatale et le devenir à 1 an des enfants suivis pour atrésie de l’œsophage de type III ?

International audience

Aligned poly(L-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) electrospun microfibers and knitted structure: a novel composite scaffold for ligament tissue engineering

We developed a novel technique involving knitting and electrospinning to fabricate a composite scaffold for ligament tissue engineering. Knitted structures were coated with poly(L-lactic-co-e-caprolactone) (PLCL) and then placed onto a rotating cylinder and a PLCL solution was electrospun onto the structure. Highly aligned 2-μm-diameter microfibers covered the space between the stitches and adhered to the knitted scaffolds. The stress–strain tensile curves exhibited an initial toe region similar to the tensile behavior of ligaments. Composite scaffolds had an elastic modulus (150 ± 14 MPa) similar to the modulus of human ligaments. Biological evaluation showed that cells proliferated on the composite scaffolds and they spontaneously orientated along the direction of microfiber alignment. The microfiber architecture also induced a high level of extracellular matrix secretion, which was characterized by immunostaining. We found that cells produced collagen type I and type III, two main components found in ligaments. After 14 days of culture, collagen type III started to form a fibrous network. We fabricated a composite scaffold having the mechanical properties of the knitted structure and the morphological properties of the aligned microfibers. It is difficult to seed a highly macroporous structure with cells, however the technique we developed enabled an easy cell seeding due to presence of the microfiber layer. Therefore, these scaffolds presented attractive properties for a future use in bioreactors for ligament tissue engineering.

Defeitos do tubo neural causam alterações estruturais no ureter? Estudo em fetos humanos

Anencefalia é o defeito do tubo neural mais severo. A morfologia do ureter de fetos anencéfalos é desconhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a estrutura do ureter de fetos humanos normais e anencéfalos (FHA). Nós estudamos 16 ureteres de 8 fetos sem anomalias congênitas (4 masculinos e 4 femininos) com idades entre 16 e 27 semanas pós concepção (SPC) e 14 ureteres de 7 FHA (4 masculinos e 3 femininos) com idades entre 19 e 33 SPC. Os ureteres foram dissecados e emblocados em parafina. Foram feitos cortes com 5 m e depois corados com Tricrômico de Masson, para quantificação das células de músculo liso (CML) e determinação da área da a luz do ureter, espessura e diâmetro. As amostras também foram coradas com Resorcina Fucsina de Weigert ( para observação das fibras elásticas) e Vermelho de Picro Sirius com polarização e análise imunohistoquímica das fibras do colágeno tipo III. Os dados da quantificação do músculo foram expressos em densidade volumétrica (Vv-%). As imagens foram capturadas com microscópio Olympus BX51 e câmera Olympus DP70. A análise morfológica da área do lúmen, espessura e diâmetro foram feitas usando o software Image J. As médias foram comparadas usando o teste t não pareado (p<0.05). O epitélio do ureter estava bem preservado em ambos os grupos, e não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não observamos fibras do sistema elástico em qualquer ureter analisados. Concentração de músculo liso (Vv) não diferiram significativamente (p = 0,4413) em FHA (12% 1,628) e grupo controle (13,51% 0,9231). A área de luz ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0341) em FHA (6365μm 1,282), quando comparado ao grupo controle (20,170 5,480 mM). O diâmetro ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0294) em FHA (166.7μm 10,99) quando comparado ao grupo controle (240 26,6 mM). A espessura ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0448) em FHA (30.57μm 2,034), quando comparado ao grupo controle (7,453 47.49μm). Colágeno tipo III foi observado em maior quantidade nos ureteres da FHA. Alterações estruturais ureterais nos fetos anencéfalos foram significativas em nosso estudo. O ureter de fetos com anencefalia mostraram mais concentração de colágeno tipo III, menor diâmetro, área e espessura. Nervos ureterais em FHA podem ser modificados devido a lesão cerebral com consequente dano no controle dos nervos ureterais. Isto pode levar a alterações estruturais no ureter de fetos anencéfalos.

Efeitos da associação de biomateriais com doadores de óxido nítrico no reparo tecidual cutâneo de camundongos

A aplicação tópica de doadores de óxido nítrico é conhecida pelos seus efeitos benéficos no reparo tecidual cutâneo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da associação de biomateriais com doadores de óxido nítrico no reparo tecidual cutâneo de camundongos. Camundongos swiss machos foram submetidos a lesões excisionais por punch de biópsia de 8 mm no dorso. Os animais foram separados em 4 grupos (n=6 em cada grupo) de acordo com a aplicação do curativo de polivinil álcool e hidrogel sobre a lesão de punch: a) grupo polivinil álcool com grupos tiol e Pluronic F-127 (PVA-SH/F127) - tratado com hidrogel sem S- nitrosoglutationa (GSNO) e filme sem óxido nítrico; b) grupo polivinil álcool S-nitrosado (PVA-SNO/F127-GSNO) - tratado com hidrogel contendo GSNO e filme com óxido nítrico; c) grupo PVA-SNO - tratado apenas com filme óxido nítrico e d) grupo PVA-SNO/ F127 - tratado com hidrogel sem GSNO e filme com óxido nítrico. Os animais foram tratados por 7 dias consecutivos com aplicação diária de curativos com seus respectivos biomateriais. Após 7 dias de tratamento, foram retirados os curativos e as lesões foram deixadas cicatrizar por segunda intenção. O grupo tratado com filme de PVA-SNO (d) associado ao hidrogel F127, comparado com os demais grupos descritos acima, apresentou melhora no reparo tecidual, melhora da contração da lesão, diminuição do gap epitelial e densidade celular, aceleração da fase inflamatória, aumento da diferenciação miofibroblástica e aumento da expressão de colágeno do tipo III (p<0,05, ao menos). Com base nesses dados, a combinação de filmes PVA liberadores de óxido nítrico com F-127 pode representar uma nova abordagem para o tratamento de lesões cutâneas.

Efeitos tardios no tecido ovariano de ratas Wistar após tratamento com Docetaxel e Ciclofosfamida

O câncer de mama (CM) é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo. Sabe-se que a maior incidência de CM ocorre nas mulheres pós-menopausa, entretanto é crescente o número de mulheres jovens acometidas por esta doença. O tratamento do CM pode incluir: quimioterapia, radioterapia e/ou hormonioterapia. A quimioterapia, por se ser um tratamento sistêmico, pode causar importantes efeitos colaterais, entre eles a falência ovariana induzida por quimioterapia (FOIQ). As principais consequências da FOIQ são a infertilidade, além de complicações tardias relacionadas à diminuição do estrogênio, como a osteoporose e doenças cardiovasculares. O regime quimioterápico TC, adota a associação do docetaxel com a ciclofosfamida, como uma opção por fármacos que resultem numa taxa de sobrevida livre do câncer, e menores efeitos colaterais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos tardios no ovário causados pelo tratamento com a associação dos quimioterápicos docetaxel e ciclofosfamida (TC), em modelo animal com ratos Wistar. Para verificar o sinergismo desses quimioterápicos e assim analisar o efeito da administração conjunta, ratos Wistar fêmeas foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo controle e um grupo que recebeu quimioterapia (TC). Os animais foram submetidos a eutanasia cinco meses após o fim do tratamento, e foram recolhidos o plasma e os ovários. Foram observadas alterações importantes. O nível de estradiol no plasma foi significativamente reduzido no grupo de TC em comparação com o grupo controle. Além disso, o número de núcleos apoptóticos foi maior no grupo TC. O papel da resposta inflamatória no desenvolvimento da lesão ovariana foi também investigado, e notou-se um aumento do número de mastócitos, e aumento da expressão de Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNF-α) no grupo TC. O envolvimento de fibrose nesse processo, foi também investigado. Os resultados mostraram que níveis de expressão de Fator de Crescimento Tumoral-β1 (TGF-β1), Colágeno Tipo I (Col-I) e Colágeno Tipo III (Col-III) estavam maiores no grupo TC em comparação com o grupo de controle. A análise ultraestrutural revelou a presença de feixes de colágeno no grupo tratado, e mostrou que a arquitetura do tecido do ovário estava mais desorganizada neste grupo comparado ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a combinação de ciclofosfamida e docetaxel, um recente regime quimioterápico proposto para o tratamento do CM, pode levar a importantes alterações no ovário. O processo inflamatório, desencadeado pela administração dos quimioterápicos, estimula a apoptose e liberação de TGF-β no estroma ovariano, que induz a produção de matriz extracelular e subsequente, substituição do tecido sadio por tecido fibrótico. A principal consequência deste processo é a diminuição, ou perda, da função ovariana, levando à menopausa precoce e possível infertilidade. É importante compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na infertilidade provocada pelo regime TC, a fim de estudar novos métodos que evitem este efeito indesejável em mulheres submetidas a tratamento do CM.