Using the Donabedian framework to examine the quality and safety of nursing service innovation

Aims and objectives To evaluate the safety and quality of nurse practitioner service using the audit framework of Structure,Process and Outcome. Background Health service and workforce reform are on the agenda of governments and other service providers seeking to contain healthcare costs whilst providing safe and effective health care to communities. The nurse practitioner service is one health workforce innovation that has been adopted globally to improve timely access to clinical care, but there is scant literature reporting evaluation of the quality of this service innovation. Design. A mixed-methods design within the Donabedian evaluation framework was used. Methods The Donabedian framework was used to evaluate the Structure, Process and Outcome of nurse practitioner service. A range of data collection approaches was used, including stakeholder survey (n=36), in-depth interviews (11 patients and 13 nurse practitioners) and health records data on service processes. Results The study identified that adequate and detailed preparation of Structure and Process is essential for the successful implementation of a service innovation. The multidisciplinary team was accepting of the addition of nurse practitioner service, and nurse practitioner clinical care was shown to be effective, satisfactory and safe from the perspective of the clinician stakeholders and patients. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the Donabedian framework of Structure, Process and Outcome evaluation is a valuable and validated approach to examine the safety and quality of a service innovation. Furthermore, in this study, specific Structure elements were shown to influence the quality of service processes further validating the framework and the interdependence of the Structure, Process and Outcome components. Relevance to clinical practice Understanding the structure and process requirements for establishing nursing service innovation lays the foundation for safe, effective and patient-centred clinical care.

Creation of a new evaluation benchmark for information retrieval targeting patient information needs

Searching for health advice on the web is becoming increasingly common. Because of the great importance of this activity for patients and clinicians and the effect that incorrect information may have on health outcomes, it is critical to present relevant and valuable information to a searcher. Previous evaluation campaigns on health information retrieval (IR) have provided benchmarks that have been widely used to improve health IR and record these improvements. However, in general these benchmarks have targeted the specialised information needs of physicians and other healthcare workers. In this paper, we describe the development of a new collection for evaluation of effectiveness in IR seeking to satisfy the health information needs of patients. Our methodology features a novel way to create statements of patients’ information needs using realistic short queries associated with patient discharge summaries, which provide details of patient disorders. We adopt a scenario where the patient then creates a query to seek information relating to these disorders. Thus, discharge summaries provide us with a means to create contextually driven search statements, since they may include details on the stage of the disease, family history etc. The collection will be used for the first time as part of the ShARe/-CLEF 2013 eHealth Evaluation Lab, which focuses on natural language processing and IR for clinical care.

The ENHANCES study--Enhancing Head and Neck Cancer patients' Experiences of Survivorship: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Few cancers pose greater challenges than head and neck (H&N) cancer. Residual effects following treatment include body image changes, pain, fatigue and difficulties with appetite, swallowing and speech. Depression is a common comorbidity. There is limited evidence about ways to assist patients to achieve optimal adjustment after completion of treatment. In this study, we aim to examine the effectiveness and feasibility of a model of survivorship care to improve the quality of life of patients who have completed treatment for H&N cancer. Methods This is a preliminary study in which 120 patients will be recruited. A prospective randomised controlled trial of the H&N Cancer Survivor Self-management Care Plan (HNCP) involving pre- and post-intervention assessments will be used. Consecutive patients who have completed a defined treatment protocol for H&N cancer will be recruited from two large cancer services and randomly allocated to one of three study arms: (1) usual care, (2) information in the form of a written resource or (3) the HNCP delivered by an oncology nurse who has participated in manual-based training and skill development in patient self-management support. The trained nurses will meet patients in a face-to-face interview lasting up to 60 minutes to develop an individualised HNCP, based on principles of chronic disease self-management. Participants will be assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome measure is quality of life. The secondary outcome measures include mood, self-efficacy and health-care utilisation. The feasibility of implementing this intervention in routine clinical care will be assessed through semistructured interviews with participating nurses, managers and administrators. Interviews with patients who received the HNCP will explore their perceptions of the HNCP, including factors that assisted them in achieving behavioural change. Discussion In this study, we aim to improve the quality of life of a patient population with unique needs by means of a tailored self-management care plan developed upon completion of treatment. Delivery of the intervention by trained oncology nurses is likely to be acceptable to patients and, if successful, will be a model of care that can be implemented for diverse patient populations.

Blood transfer devices for malaria rapid diagnostic tests : evaluation of accuracy, safety and ease of use

Background: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are increasingly used by remote health personnel with minimal training in laboratory techniques. RDTs must, therefore, be as simple, safe and reliable as possible. Transfer of blood from the patient to the RDT is critical to safety and accuracy, and poses a significant challenge to many users. Blood transfer devices were evaluated for accuracy and precision of volume transferred, safety and ease of use, to identify the most appropriate devices for use with RDTs in routine clinical care. Methods: Five devices, a loop, straw-pipette, calibrated pipette, glass capillary tube, and a new inverted cup device, were evaluated in Nigeria, the Philippines and Uganda. The 227 participating health workers used each device to transfer blood from a simulated finger-prick site to filter paper. For each transfer, the number of attempts required to collect and deposit blood and any spilling of blood during transfer were recorded. Perceptions of ease of use and safety of each device were recorded for each participant. Blood volume transferred was calculated from the area of blood spots deposited on filter paper. Results: The overall mean volumes transferred by devices differed significantly from the target volume of 5 microliters (p < 0.001). The inverted cup (4.6 microliters) most closely approximated the target volume. The glass capillary was excluded from volume analysis as the estimation method used is not compatible with this device. The calibrated pipette accounted for the largest proportion of blood exposures (23/225, 10%); exposures ranged from 2% to 6% for the other four devices. The inverted cup was considered easiest to use in blood collection (206/ 226, 91%); the straw-pipette and calibrated pipette were rated lowest (143/225 [64%] and 135/225 [60%] respectively). Overall, the inverted cup was the most preferred device (72%, 163/227), followed by the loop (61%, 138/227). Conclusions: The performance of blood transfer devices varied in this evaluation of accuracy, blood safety, ease of use, and user preference. The inverted cup design achieved the highest overall performance, while the loop also performed well. These findings have relevance for any point-of-care diagnostics that require blood sampling.

Respiratory Exacerbations in Indigenous Children From Two Countries With Non-Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease/Bronchiectasis

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory exacerbations (AREs) cause morbidity and lung function decline in children with chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study, we determined the patterns of AREs and factors related to increased risks for AREs in children with CSLD/bronchiectasis. METHODS: Ninety-three indigenous children aged 0.5 to 8 years with CSLD/bronchiectasis in Australia (n = 57) and Alaska (n = 36) during 2004 to 2009 were followed for > 3 years. Standardized parent interviews, physical examinations, and medical record reviews were undertaken at enrollment and every 3 to 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: Ninety-three children experienced 280 AREs (median = 2, range = 0-11 per child) during the 3-year period; 91 (32%) were associated with pneumonia, and 43 (15%) resulted in hospitalization. Of the 93 children, 69 (74%) experienced more than two AREs over the 3-year period, and 28 (30%) had more than one ARE in each study year. The frequency of AREs declined significantly over each year of follow-up. Factors associated with recurrent (two or more) AREs included age < 3 years, ARE-related hospitalization in the first year of life, and pneumonia or hospitalization for ARE in the year preceding enrollment. Factors associated with hospitalizations for AREs in the first year of study included age < 3 years, female caregiver education, and regular use of bronchodilators. CONCLUSIONS: AREs are common in children with CSLD/bronchiectasis, but with clinical care and time AREs occur less frequently. All children with CSLD/bronchiectasis require comprehensive care; however, treatment strategies may differ for these patients based on their changing risks for AREs during each year of care.

Comparison of measured sleeping metabolic rate and predicted basal metabolic rate during the first year of life : evidence of a bias changing with increasing metabolic rate

Objective: To compare measurements of sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) in infancy with predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) estimated by the equations of Schofield. Methods: Some 104 serial measurements of SMR by indirect calorimetry were performed in 43 healthy infants at 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Predicted BMR was calculated using the weight only (BMR-wo) and weight and height (BMR-wh) equations of Schofield for 0-3-y-olds. Measured SMR values were compared with both predictive values by means of the Bland-Altman statistical test. Results: The mean measured SMR was 1.48 MJ/day. The mean predicted BMR values were 1.66 and 1.47 MJ/day for the weight only and weight and height equations, respectively. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that BMR-wo equation on average overestimated SMR by 0.18 MJ/day (11%) and the BMR-wh equation underestimated SMR by 0.01 MJ/day (1%). However the 95% limits of agreement were wide: -0.64 to + 0.28 MJ/day (28%) for the former equation and -0.39 to + 0.41 MJ/day (27%) for the latter equation. Moreover there was a significant correlation between the mean of the measured and predicted metabolic rate and the difference between them. Conclusions: The wide variation seen in the difference between measured and predicted metabolic rate and the bias probably with age indicates there is a need to measure actual metabolic rate for individual clinical care in this age group.

“It puts a human face on the researched”: A qualitative evaluation of an Indigenous research governance model

Objective This study aimed to describe the Inala Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Jury for Health Research, and evaluate its usefulness as a model of Indigenous research governance within an urban Indigenous primary health care service from the perspectives of Jury members and researchers. Methods Informed by a phenomenological approach and using narrative inquiry, a focus group was conducted with Jury members and key informant interviews were undertaken with researchers who had presented to the Community Jury in its first year of operation. Results The Jury was a site of identity work for researchers and Jury members, providing an opportunity to observe and affirm community cultural protocols. Although researchers and Jury members had differing levels of research literacy, the Jury processes enabled respectful communication and relationships to form which positively influenced research practice, community aspirations and clinical care. Discussion The Jury processes facilitated transformative research practice among researchers, and resulted in transference of power from researchers to the Jury members to the mutual benefit of both. Conclusion Ethical Indigenous health research practice requires an engagement with Indigenous peoples and knowledges at the research governance level, not simply as subjects or objects of research.

Konsumerismi, potilaiden ja kuluttajien aktiivinen toiminta sekä erityisesti lääkäreiden kokemukset ja näkemykset potilaista kuluttajina

Consumerism emphasises the patient s position and freedom of choice. Consumerism is being promoted by a range of phenomena occurring in society and health care. Different actors hold different views on the patient as a consumer and on his or her participation. Consumer demand is created outside the patient physician relationship and the commercialisation of services generates new expectations with respect to physician s work. More and more patients may be interested in adopting a more equal position in the care relationship, and trying to negotiate with the physician or to even dictate how he or she should be cared for. In Finland, very little research has been conducted on patients and consumers organising themselves at national system level, patients as choosers, and physicians attitudes to various consumerist phenomena or the choice made by the patient. In the empirical data for this study, the term consumer-patient refers to active consumers and patients making choices related to their clinical care prior to a physician s diagnosis. Consumer-patients are also represented by consumer and patient organisations and movements. The main research question is: How do physicians regard the care choice made by the patient? This question is addressed from a perspective encompassing patients and consumers organised activities and individuals active behaviour in health care as well as physicians experiences and their views on patients as consumers making choices related to their care. The first part (Study I), examines the patient organisation field, information sources used including the websites of such organisations, files from Finland s Slot Machine Association, RAY, a survey conducted by a Finnish television news department and interviews of patient organisations. Based on observation and a physician survey, Study II examines physicians attitudes to the idea that patients could obtain information through consumer movements about physicians care practices before seeking medical care. Studies III−IV use a physician survey to examine physicians attitudes to direct-to-consumer-advertising of prescription drugs (DTCA) and their experiences and views of patient requests related to treatments and examinations. Study V uses comparative surveys to examine the attitudes of health care professionals and the population to the introduction of new technologies in health care, using genetic screenings and tests as an example. The number of patient organisations increased, with a particular escalation as of the 1990s. The characteristics and operating methods of the organisations varied greatly. Physicians organisations adopted a negative or neutral attitude towards the consumer movements idea of distributing information on care practices, whereas individual physicians attitudes were slightly more positive. Physicians regarded direct-to-consumer-advertising of prescription drugs as negative, but took a more permissive attitude towards indirect advertising. More than every third physician considered drug advertisements in general to be harmful or useless in the distribution of drug information to patients or consumers. More than half of physicians conducting patient work reported that they (very) often encountered patients who stated upon arrival for a consultation that they wanted specific treatments or examinations, and that the number of such situations had increased. Such situations were viewed as positive with regard to the care relationship by every fifth physician and as negative by two fifths. Physicians justified a reserved attitude to the patients consumer role by referring to their medical expertise and position as care decision-makers, the patient physician relationship and the public health care system. Reasons for a positive attitude included the patient s participation and co-operation, the patient physician relationship and the patient s knowledge. Professionals were more reserved than lay people about the introduction and extension of genetic technologies in health care. A significant minority of the physicians did not take a clear pro or con attitude to the patients consumer role or to the use of new technologies in health care. The physicians age, gender, place of work and specialisation influenced their attitudes to the patient s consumer role, and private physicians viewed it in a more positive light than those working in public health care. Active consumer-patients challenge the society to hold a discussion of the patient s choice, participation in care decision-making and participation in health care policy in general. Their transformation into customers and consumers implies not only a new division of individuals roles and powers, but also contributes to changing relationships between system level roles: between citizens and the state and between public and private health care. This phenomenon raises various issues related to health care policy. In conclusion, topics are presented for discussion, practical measures and further research. Keywords: health care, consumerism, distribution of technologies, commercialisation, physicians, patients, consumers, patient s choice, patient s role.

Validating adult and paediatric nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language in two acute hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Despite being commonly prevalent in acute care hospitals worldwide, malnutrition often goes unidentified and untreated due to a lack in the implementation of a nutrition care pathway. The aim of this study was to validate nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language. After converting into Vietnamese, Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) were used to identify malnutrition in the adult setting; and the Paediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) and paediatric Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA) were used in the paediatric setting in two acute care hospitals in Vietnam. This cross-sectional observational study sampled 123 adults (median age 78 years [39–96 years], 63% males) and 105 children (median age 20 months [2–100 months], 66% males). In adults, nutrition risk and malnutrition were identified in 29% and 45% of the cohort respectively. Nutrition risk and malnutrition were identified in 71% and 43% of the paediatric cohort respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the screening tools were: 62% and 99% for the MST compared to the SGA; 89% and 42% for the PNST compared to the SGNA. This study provides a stepping stone to the potential use of evidence-based nutrition screening and assessment tools in Vietnamese language within the adult and paediatric Vietnamese acute care setting. Further work is required into integrating a complete nutrition care pathway within the acute care setting in Vietnamese hospitals.

The IRYSS-COPD appropriateness study: objectives, methodology, and description of the prospective cohort

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often experience exacerbations of the disease that require hospitalization. Current guidelines offer little guidance for identifying patients whose clinical situation is appropriate for admission to the hospital, and properly developed and validated severity scores for COPD exacerbations are lacking. To address these important gaps in clinical care, we created the IRYSS-COPD Appropriateness Study. Methods/Design: The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology was used to identify appropriate and inappropriate scenarios for hospital admission for patients experiencing COPD exacerbations. These scenarios were then applied to a prospective cohort of patients attending the emergency departments (ED) of 16 participating hospitals. Information was recorded during the time the patient was evaluated in the ED, at the time a decision was made to admit the patient to the hospital or discharge home, and during follow-up after admission or discharge home. While complete data were generally available at the time of ED admission, data were often missing at the time of decision making. Predefined assumptions were used to impute much of the missing data. Discussion: The IRYSS-COPD Appropriateness Study will validate the appropriateness criteria developed by the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology and thus better delineate the requirements for admission or discharge of patients experiencing exacerbations of COPD. The study will also provide a better understanding of the determinants of outcomes of COPD exacerbations, and evaluate the equity and variability in access and outcomes in these patients.

A escrita alfabética, sua natureza e representação: contribuições à Fonoaudiologia aplicada à Educação

Introdução: Essa pesquisa situa-se no campo epistemológico da Fonoaudiologia Educacional. A prática fonoaudiológica no Brasil tem sua gênese vinculada a medidas de uniformização e normatização da língua. As ações fonoaudiológicas foram, desde a sua origem, influenciadas pelo positivismo e pelo pensamento naturalista, o que se traduziu em uma atuação, marcadamente, clínico-médica e numa concepção normativa de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da escrita. Esforços têm sido empreendidos para se instituir no campo educacional uma atuação fonoaudiológica diferenciada, que se destitua do caráter curativo e normativo e se volte para a promoção do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. No entanto, apesar dos esforços em busca da modificação e ampliação da atuação fonoaudiológica educacional, esse caráter clínico-médico persiste. Entende-se que tal perpetuação é sustentada por paradigmas enraizados e mantidos até hoje na formação do fonoaudiólogo e do educador. Trata-se de visões que universalizam questões relativas à linguagem e ao processo de aprendizagem da escrita e medicalizam padrões que se apresentam fora do esperado como normalidade. Objetivo: Caracterizar a natureza e a representação da escrita alfabética, visando a contribuir para a superação da cultura naturalística e biologizante na abordagem das questões sobre a aprendizagem e o domínio da língua escrita no campo da Fonoaudiologia Educacional. Metodologia: Pesquisa científica de base teórico-conceitual. Resultados: Essa pesquisa revela que o sistema estrutural da escrita constitui um fenômeno com propriedades gramaticais e representacionais que se distinguem da fala. Evidencia-se que a relação entre a língua escrita e a língua oral não é direta, de tal modo que a escrita alfabética não é uma transcodificação da fala. Além disso, essa tese sustenta que a natureza da escrita não é biológica, mas eminentemente cultural, de tal maneira que sua apropriação e domínio constituem um processo conceitual singular. Tal concepção implica o entendimento de que diferentes sujeitos socioculturais interagem e conceituam a escrita de modos diversos. Essa diversidade ocorre porque sujeitos sociais plurais apresentam modos diferenciados de organização e operação mental que, por sua vez, implicam diferentes formas de interação com o mundo, com o outro e com a escrita, resultando em diferenças individuais na estruturação e no uso da fala e da escrita. A partir desses conceitos, sistematizam-se princípios norteadores para a constituição de uma atuação fonoaudiológica educacional, no campo da escrita, destituída de qualquer caráter clínicomédico. Conclusões: O entendimento de que a apropriação da escrita não tem natureza biológica permite a compreensão de que os diferentes modos de escrita não podem ser validados por regras universais baseadas em um sistema mental apriorístico, nem, tampouco, considerados produtos de uma condição de anormalidade intrínseca ao sujeito. Essa tese demonstrou que a manutenção de uma concepção de um determinismo biológico para as dificuldades na aprendizagem ou domínio da escrita, na verdade, envolve uma questão paradigmática. Enfim, os parâmetros que definem as categorias do que é normal e do que é anormal na estruturação e no uso da escrita não são regidos por princípios biológicos, mas por categorias paradigmáticas. Assim, a ideia de um distúrbio de aprendizagem da escrita se sustenta somente sob determinado paradigma.

Integralidade no cuidado à saúde da mulher: refletindo sobre a atuação dos profissionais em unidades básicas de saúde do município de Toledo PR

Este estudo tem como objetivo entender como as práticas de saúde das mulheres são desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde, frente ao princípio de integralidade, em unidades básicas de saúde de um município do Estado do Paraná. O estudo teve como suporte teórico a integralidade da atenção, não só como princípio do SUS, mas também como exercício de boas práticas de produção de cuidado que devem estar presentes no atendimento das necessidades de saúde das mulheres, em busca da conquista de uma saúde mais digna e solidária para todos. O Sistema Único de Saúde deve estar orientado e capacitado para a atenção integral à saúde da mulher, numa perspectiva que contempla a promoção da saúde, a proteção e a prevenção às necessidades de saúde da população feminina, o controle de patologias mais prevalentes nesse grupo e a garantia do direito à saúde. Por esta razão, a humanização e a qualidade da atenção implicam promoção, reconhecimento e respeito aos direitos humanos, garantindo a saúde integral e seu bem-estar. A metodologia envolveu uma abordagem qualitativa realizada em duas unidades básicas de saúde do município de Toledo-PR. Utilizou-se como técnica de coleta de dados a observação a 15 atendimentos médicos a mulheres em ginecologia e clínico geral e entrevista com 10 mulheres freqüentadoras de duas unidades de saúde. A análise do material produzido foi organizada em torno de certos aspectos-chave de certas categorias. Identificamos, nos atendimentos observados, que há uma cordialidade desintegral dos profissionais que atendem às mulheres com certa gentileza, mas que ao mesmo tempo são desatentos a certos aspectos fundamentais de um atendimento integral. Deixam a desejar do ponto de vista técnico, comprometendo a integralidade do atendimento, focando sua atenção na queixa principal trazida pela mulher, com atendimentos restritos somente na conversa, ou exame clínico centrado na queixa principal, não explorando aspectos para a prevenção. Tornam, assim, o atendimento seletivo e centralizado, mas cercado por uma cordialidade junto às mulheres, que classificam tal cordialidade como uma sensação de bom atendimento, satisfação ilusória do ponto de vista técnico, em que a atenção clínica não responde a suas necessidades. Estas mulheres não reconhecem esta má prática, relatando uma resolutividade no atendimento diante da resolução da queixa imediata, como o acesso a alguns exames, medicamentos. Identificamos também que algumas mulheres sonham com um atendimento integral, e em alguns atendimentos se percebe a tentativa do profissional de buscar uma atenção que vá além da queixa principal, buscando entender com se dá o modo de andar a vida de certas mulheres. Concluímos que desafios ainda são colocados quando olhamos para a organização dos serviços de saúde na perspectiva da atenção integral. Considera-se fundamental a organização dos serviços de saúde para estarem pautados em cuidados efetivos à saúde da mulher, em busca da produção da integralidade que será traduzida em mais saúde para as mulheres.

Estilos de Pensamento da assistência médica aos pacientes oncológicos na rede pública de saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo principal da pesquisa é descrever os Estilos de Pensamento que operam em duas das principais clínicas envolvidas na assistência clínica ao paciente oncológico em uma Rede Estadual de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro: a oncologia e os cuidados paliativos. Para atingir esses objetivo, a proposta é desenvolver uma pesquisa qualitativa a fim de depreender como se configura o objeto de intervenção clínica nos discursos e nas práticas desses Coletivos de Pensamento. A metodologia escolhida foi a entrevista semi-estruturada. Parte-se, inicialmente, da origem e dos elementos que caracterizam a racionalidade biomédica e o modelo de cuidado integral em saúde, analisando as implicações desses modelos no entendimento dos doenças oncológicas e no seu tratamento. Em seguida, desenvolve-se os conceitos de "Estilo de Pensamento" e "Coletivo de Pensamento" de Ludwik Fleck e o do conceito de "enactment" de Annemarie Mol. Utilizo esses conceitos para refletir sobre a construção do conhecimento e da prática médica, em especial nos seus aspectos sociais, ligados à formação e à especialização. Logo após, faz-se uma descrição histórica dos grupos profissionais estudados: a oncologia e os cuidados paliativos. Pro fim, segue-se a descrição da pesquisa de campo e dos resultados coletados nas entrevistas realizadas. O estudo evidenciou que os Estilos de Pensamento dos Paliativistas e oncologistas são muito distintos, quase incomensuráveis, porém também foi possível identificar preocupações e valores comuns e possíveis campos de interseção entre esses dois grupos.

Valores e atitudes de médicos e pacientes sobre o processo de decisão clínica: o caso da terapêutica hormonal no climatério

Situado no contexto da qualidade em saúde, este estudo versa sobre a decisão clínica e autonomia do paciente. Parte-se da premissa que, demais da competência técnica profissional e utilização de tecnologia adequada, o respeito aos direitos dos pacientes é atributo essencial à boa qualidade do atendimento médico. Tomando como exemplo a abordagem terapêutica do climatério, foi feita análise qualitativa do processo de decisão clínica, com base nas informações obtidas através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com médico ginecologistas e com pacientes em fase de climatério. O propósito foi buscar apreender os valores dos médicos e dos pacientes e tentar compreender a lógica de seus comportamentos e atitudes, no que se refere especificamente aos papéis desempenhados por eles nesse processo. Com base nos resultados da análise, discute-se a complexidade da aplicação do princípio da autonomia na prática clínica e apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre a acreditação, como estratégia possível de contribuição a esse processo e à melhoria da qualidade do atendimento médico, por sua grande identificação como os aspectos relativos aos direitos dos pacientes, aos processos de educação permanente e à melhoria contínua da qualidade.

Which diagrams and when? Health workers' choice and usage of different diagram types for service improvement

Diagrammatic representations, such as process mapping and care pathways, have been often used for service evaluation and improvement in healthcare. While a broad range of diagrammatic representations exist, their application in healthcare has been very limited. There is a lack of understanding about how and which diagrams could be usable and useful to health workers. In this study, ten mental health workers were asked to discuss positive and negative issues around their service delivery using one or two diagrams of their choice out of seven different diagrams representing their service: care pathway diagram; organisation diagram; communication diagram; service blueprint; patient state transition diagram; free form diagram; geographic map. Their interactions with diagrams were video-taped for analysis. The patient state transition diagram was the most popular choice in spite of relatively low previous familiarity. The overall findings provided insight into a better use of diagrams in healthcare. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.