Latin American Consensus: Children Born Small for Gestational Age

Background: Children born small for gestational age (SGA) experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than those born appropriate for gestational age. In Latin America, identification and optimal management of children born SGA is a critical issue. Leading experts in pediatric endocrinology throughout Latin America established working groups in order to discuss key challenges regarding the evaluation and management of children born SGA and ultimately develop a consensus statement. Discussion: SGA is defined as a birth weight and/or birth length greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) below the population reference mean for gestational age. SGA refers to body size and implies length-weight reference data in a geographical population whose ethnicity is known and specific to this group. Ideally, each country/region within Latin America should establish its own standards and make relevant updates. SGA children should be evaluated with standardized measures by trained personnel every 3 months during year 1 and every 6 months during year 2. Those without catch-up growth within the first 6 months of life need further evaluation, as do children whose weight is <= -2 SD at age 2 years. Growth hormone treatment can begin in SGA children > 2 years with short stature (< -2.0 SD) and a growth velocity < 25th percentile for their age, and should continue until final height (a growth velocity below 2 cm/year or a bone age of > 14 years for girls and > 16 years for boys) is reached. Blood glucose, thyroid function, HbA1c, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) should be monitored once a year. Monitoring insulin changes from baseline and surrogates of insulin sensitivity is essential. Reduced fetal growth followed by excessive postnatal catch-up in height, and particularly in weight, should be closely monitored. In both sexes, gonadal function should be monitored especially during puberty. Summary: Children born SGA should be carefully followed by a multidisciplinary group that includes perinatologists, pediatricians, nutritionists, and pediatric endocrinologists since 10% to 15% will continue to have weight and height deficiency through development and may benefit from growth hormone treatment. Standards/guidelines should be developed on a country/region basis throughout Latin America.

Kinematic parameters and membership probabilities of open clusters in the Bordeaux PM2000 catalogue

Aims. We derive lists of proper-motions and kinematic membership probabilities for 49 open clusters and possible open clusters in the zone of the Bordeaux PM2000 proper motion catalogue (+ 11 degrees <= delta <= + 18 degrees). We test different parametrisations of the proper motion and position distribution functions and select the most successful one. In the light of those results, we analyse some objects individually. Methods. We differenciate between cluster and field member stars, and assign membership probabilities, by applying a new and fully automated method based on both parametrisations of the proper motion and position distribution functions, and genetic algorithm optimization heuristics associated with a derivative-based hill climbing algorithm for the likelihood optimization. Results. We present a catalogue comprising kinematic parameters and associated membership probability lists for 49 open clusters and possible open clusters in the Bordeaux PM2000 catalogue region. We note that this is the first determination of proper motions for five open clusters. We confirm the non-existence of two kinematic populations in the region of 15 previously suspected non-existent objects.

EVOLUTION OF DISPARITY BETWEEN THE REGULAR AND VARIANT PHLOEM IN BIGNONIEAE (BIGNONIACEAE)

Premise of the study: The phloem is a plant tissue with a critical role in plant nutrition and signaling. However, little is still known about the evolution of this tissue. In lianas of the Bignoniaceae, two distinct types of phloem coexist: a regular and a variant phloem. The cells associated with these two phloem types are known to be anatomically different; however, it is still unclear what steps were involved in the evolution of such differences. Methods: Here we studied the anatomical development of the regular and variant phloem in representatives of all 21 genera of Bignonieae and used a phylogenetic framework to investigate the timing of changes associated with the evolution of each phloem type. Key results: We found that the variant phloem always appears in a determinate location, between the leaf orthostichies. Furthermore, the variant phloem was mostly occupied by very wide sieve tubes and generally included a higher concentration of fibers, indicating an increase in conduction and mechanical support. On the other hand, the regular phloem included much more parenchyma, more and wider rays, and tiny sieve tubes that resembled terminal sieve tubes from plants with seasonal formation of vascular tissues; these findings suggest reduced conduction and higher storage capacity in the regular phloem. Conclusions: Overall, differences between the regular and variant phloem increased over time, leading to further specialization in conduction in the variant phloem and an increase in storage specialization in the regular phloem.

Aerobic profile of climbers during maximal arm test

This study compared measurements of upper body aerobic fitness in elite (EC; n = 7) and intermediate rock climbers (IC; n = 7), and a control group (C; n = 7). Subjects underwent an upper limb incremental test on hand cycle ergometer, with increments of 23 W.min(-1), until exhaustion. Ventilation (VE) data were smoothed to 10 s averages and plotted against time for the visual determination of the first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds. Peak power output was not different among groups [EC = 130.9 (+/- 11.8) W; IC = 122.1 (+/- 28.4) W; C = 115.4 (+/- 15.1) W], but time to exhaustion was significantly higher in EC than IC and C. VO(2PEAK) was significantly higher in EC [36.8 (+/- 5.7) mL.kg(-1).min(-1)] and IC [35.5 (+/- 5.2) mL.kg(-1).min(-1)] than C [28.8 (+/- 5.0) mL.kg(-1).min(-1)], but there was no difference between EC and IC. VT1 was significantly higher in EC than C [EC = 69.0 (+/- 9.4) W; IC = 62.4 (+/- 13.0) W; C = 52.1 (+/- 11.8) W], but no significant difference was observed in VT2 [EC = 103.5 (+/- 18.8) W; IC = 92.0 (+/- 22.0) W; C = 85.6 (+/- 19.7) W]. These results show that elite indoor rock climbers elicit higher aerobic fitness profile than control subjects when measured with an upper body test.

Development and evaluation of neural network freeway incident detection models using field data

This paper discusses a multi-layer feedforward (MLF) neural network incident detection model that was developed and evaluated using field data. In contrast to published neural network incident detection models which relied on simulated or limited field data for model development and testing, the model described in this paper was trained and tested on a real-world data set of 100 incidents. The model uses speed, flow and occupancy data measured at dual stations, averaged across all lanes and only from time interval t. The off-line performance of the model is reported under both incident and non-incident conditions. The incident detection performance of the model is reported based on a validation-test data set of 40 incidents that were independent of the 60 incidents used for training. The false alarm rates of the model are evaluated based on non-incident data that were collected from a freeway section which was video-taped for a period of 33 days. A comparative evaluation between the neural network model and the incident detection model in operation on Melbourne's freeways is also presented. The results of the comparative performance evaluation clearly demonstrate the substantial improvement in incident detection performance obtained by the neural network model. The paper also presents additional results that demonstrate how improvements in model performance can be achieved using variable decision thresholds. Finally, the model's fault-tolerance under conditions of corrupt or missing data is investigated and the impact of loop detector failure/malfunction on the performance of the trained model is evaluated and discussed. The results presented in this paper provide a comprehensive evaluation of the developed model and confirm that neural network models can provide fast and reliable incident detection on freeways. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Administration of cannabidiol and imipramine induces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the rat amygdala

Objective: Cannabidiol is a chemical constituent from Cannabis sativa and it has multiple mechanisms of action, including antidepressant effects. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate behavioural and molecular effects induced by administration of cannabidiol and imipramine in rats. Methods: In the present study, rats were acutely or chronically treated for 14 days once a day with saline, cannabidiol (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) or imipramine (30 mg/kg) and the animals behaviour was assessed in forced swimming and open-field tests. Afterwards, the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay. Results: We observed that both acute and chronic treatments with imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg and cannabidiol at the dose of 30 mg/kg reduced immobility time and increased swimming time; climbing time was increased only with imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg, without affecting locomotor activity. In addition, chronic treatment with cannabidiol at the dose of 15 mg/kg and imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg increased BDNF levels in the rat amygdala. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results indicate that cannabidiol has an antidepressant-like profile and could be a new pharmacological target for the treatment of major depression.

Chronic administration of harmine elicits antidepressant-like effects and increases BDNF levels in rat hippocampus

A growing body of evidence has pointed to the beta-carboline harmine as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of major depression. The present study was aimed to evaluate behavioural and molecular effects of the chronic treatment with harmine and imipramine in rats. To this aim, rats were treated for 14 days once a day with harmine (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) and imipramine (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) and then subjected to the forced swimming and open-field tests. Harmine and imipramine, at all doses tested, reduced immobility time of rats compared with the saline group. Imipramine increased the swimming time at 20 and 30 mg/kg and harmine increased swimming time at all doses. The climbing time increased in rats treated with imipramine (10 and 30 mg/kg) and harmine (5 and 10 mg/kg), without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) hippocampal levels were assessed in imipramine and harmine-treated rats by ELISA sandwich assay. Interestingly, chronic administration of harmine at the higher doses (10 and 15 mg/kg), but not imipramine, increased BDNF protein levels in rat hippocampus. Finally, these findings further support the hypothesis that harmine could bring about behavior and molecular effects, similar to antidepressants drugs.

Robust parameter settings of evolutionary algorithms for the optimisation of agricultural systems models

Numerical optimisation methods are being more commonly applied to agricultural systems models, to identify the most profitable management strategies. The available optimisation algorithms are reviewed and compared, with literature and our studies identifying evolutionary algorithms (including genetic algorithms) as superior in this regard to simulated annealing, tabu search, hill-climbing, and direct-search methods. Results of a complex beef property optimisation, using a real-value genetic algorithm, are presented. The relative contributions of the range of operational options and parameters of this method are discussed, and general recommendations listed to assist practitioners applying evolutionary algorithms to the solution of agricultural systems. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sex- and race-related differences in cross-sectional geometry and bone density of the femoral mid-shaft in older adults

Background : Femoral shaft fracture incidence increases in older adults and is associated with low-energy trauma. Apart from bone density, the distribution and size of bone contributes to its strength. Aim : To examine if bone geometry and density of the femoral mid-shaft in older adults differs by sex and race, we studied 197 White women, 225 Black women, 242 White men, and 148 Black men aged 70-79 years participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study; a prospective cohort study in the USA. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine the association of site-specific muscle and fat to bone geometry and density. Subjects and methods : Subjects were community-dwelling and reported no difficulty walking one-quarter of a mile or climbing stairs. Mid-femoral volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, mg cm -3 ), total area (TA), cortical area (CA), medullary area (MA), cross-sectional moments of inertia (CSMI: I x , I y , J ), and muscle and fat areas (cm 2 ) were determined by computed tomography (CT; GE CT-9800, 10 mm slice thickness). Results : vBMD was greater in men than women with no difference by race ( p < 0.001). Bone areas and area moments of inertia were also greater in men than women ( p < 0.001), with Black women having higher values than White women for TA and CA. Standardizing geometric parameters for body size differences by dividing by powers of femur length did not negate the sex difference for TA and MA. Significant differences ( p < 0.05) among the four groups also remained for I x and J . Mid-thigh muscle area was an independent contributor to TA in all groups (Std beta = 0.181-0.351, p < 0.05) as well as CA in women (Std beta = 0.246-0.254, p < 0.01) and CSMI in White women (Std beta = 0.175-0.185, p < 0.05). Further, muscle area was a significant contributor to vBMD in Black women. Conclusion : These results indicate that bone geometry and density of the femoral diaphysis differs primarily by sex, rather than race, in older well-functioning adults. In addition, site-specific muscle area appears to have a potential contributory role to bone geometry parameters, especially in women.

Sinopse das espécies neotropicais do grupo brasiliensis do gênero Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)

São descritas e ilustradas Apenesia longa sp. nov., A. peccata sp. nov., A. magna sp. nov., A. permaxima sp. nov., A. perconcava sp. nov. e A. recta sp. nov. da região Neotropical. São adicionados dados novos de variações estruturais e distribuição geográfica de A. transversa Evans, 1963, A. spinipes Evans, 1969, A. tlahuicana Evans, 1963, A. triangula Azevedo & Batista, 2002, A. megaventris Azevedo & Batista, 2002, A. venezuelana Evans, 1963, A. acia Lanes & Azevedo, 2004 e A. ventosa Azevedo & Batista, 2002. Duas sinonímias novas são propostas: A. peruana Evans, 1963 como sinônimo junior de A. brasiliensis (Kieffer, 1910); A. subangulata Azevedo & Batista, 2002 como sinônimo junior de A. fulvicollis (Westwood, 1874), esta ultima considerada dentro ao grupo nitida. É fornecida uma chave de identificação para as espécies do grupo, baseada em machos.

Estudo do transporte atmosférico de Mp10 e SO2 com os Modelos WRF/CMAQ em regiões costeiras urbanas

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o estudo do transporte atmosférico de PM10 e SO2 em regiões costeiras urbanas usando modelos WRF/CMAQ. Duas regiões foram contempladas neste estudo. Uma é a Região da Grande Vitória (RGV), no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil; a outra é a Região da Grande Dunkerque (RGD), no Departamento Nord Pas-de-Calais, França. A RGV é cercada por uma cadeia de montanhas paralela à costa, resultando num topografia complexa e acidentada. Já a RGD possui uma topografia muito mais suave. As entradas de dados para os modelos WRF/CMAQ englobaram o inventário de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos do IEMA-ES para a RGV, e o inventário de emissões no nível do solo de Nord Pas-de-Calais denominado ―Cadastre_totaux_3km_A2008 _M2010_V2_SNAPN2‖ para a RGD. Ambos os inventários apresentaram restrições, todavia. O inventário da RGV apresentou valores de ressuspensão em vias de tráfego elevados, em comparação com diversos estudos, e teve esses dados modificados. Os dados no nível do solo e a grande área de das células da grade (9 km2) do inventário da RGD não permitiram resultados satisfatórios de modelagem. A validação dos modelos foi realizada por comparação com resultados obtidos em duas campanhas experimentais: uma na cidade de Dunkerque, no norte da França, em setembro de 2009; a outra na cidade de Vitória, no sudeste do Brasil, em julho de 2012. Esses dados foram obtidos pelo uso de sistemas de Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) e Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR), bem como de Estações Meteorológicas de Superfície (EMS) e de monitoramento atmosférico. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que: a) existe uma necessidade de melhorias contínuas nos inventários regionais de emissões, adaptando-os para condições locais específicas e focando na obtenção de parâmetros necessários para modelagem fotoquímica; b) os valores de módulo e direção das velocidades obtidas na modelagem meteorológica influenciam fortemente os resultados da modelagem de concentração de poluentes; c) a qualidade do ar tanto na RGV quanto na RGD merece atenção, sobretudo no que diz respeito às concentrações de MP10. De acordo com os dados das estações de monitoramento, a situação parece mais crítica na RGD; d) a modelagem da RGV apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios do que a da RGD, de acordo com os resultados das validações; e) a entrada da brisa do mar provocou alterações significativas na concentração dos poluentes, o que pôde ser observado na análise da dinâmica da dispersão de MP10 e SO2. Esse fenômeno foi mais marcante na RGV, onde a entrada da brisa marítima provocou um movimento oscilatório na pluma de poluição, levando-a para os bairros mais densamente povoados do conglomerado urbano. Na RGD, a entrada da brisa não foi cotidiana e, no dia em que ela aconteceu, houve uma alteração de quase 180º na direção do movimento da pluma de poluição. Além do aumento da turbulência vertical, o qual já foi estudado por diversos autores, este estudo focou também na influência brisa do mar na dinâmica da pluma de dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos em regiões costeiras.

Automação e controlo de um sistema de armazenamento de bicicletas

A crescente procura da bicicleta como meio de transporte alternativo torna relevante a criação e desenvolvimento de infra-estruturas de apoio, tais como ciclovias e parques para bicicletas. Os sistemas tradicionais de parqueamento de bicicletas com recurso a correntes e cadeados não fornecem segurança nem comodidade. No entanto, começam a surgir, em várias cidades do mundo, parque automáticos onde é possível guardar uma bicicleta em segurança, protegendo-a quer das intempéries quer de actos de vandalismo. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para um parque automático de armazenamento de bicicletas, com recurso a caixas individualizadas que garantem a sua segurança, e também de outros bens que podem ser guardados junto da mesma, como por exemplo um capacete ou uma mochila. O sistema proposto no âmbito deste trabalho é um complemento às alternativas existentes. As vantagens apresentadas pelo sistema proposto são: a sua construção modular e personalizada; e a possibilidade de instalação num terreno plano, sem recurso a obras de construção civil. O objectivo foi criar um projecto de automação e controlo de um protótipo, com base na proposta apresentada. O projecto de automação e controlo engloba a escolha dos sensores e dos actuadores. Para o dimensionamento dos motores foi necessário recorrer a um cálculo simplificado da estrutura do robô manipulador. Foi feita a escolha dos sensores, actuadores e do controlador com base nos requisitos funcionais. A programação foi desenvolvida numa linguagem normalizada. O modelo desenvolvido poderá servir de base para um projecto multidisciplinar entre vários departamentos do Instituto e dessa cooperação poderá surgir um novo projecto optimizado para produção e de menor custo.

Lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) nos cantoneiros de limpeza/recolha de resíduos urbanos

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no TRabalho.

Planeamento espacial marinho das áreas marinhas protegidas: o caso de estudo da ára protegida de gestão de recursos: Caloura - ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar (Ecologia Marinha), 26 de Novembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

Construção de um robô trepador com locomoção através de rodas e adesão através de meios magnéticos

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores