How does credit access affect children's time allocation? Evidence from rural India

Using a unique dataset obtained from rural Andhra Pradesh, India that contains direct observations of household access to credit and detailed time use, results of this study indicate that credit market failures lead to a substantial reallocation of time used by children for activities such as schooling, household chores, remunerative work, and leisure. The negative effects of credit constraints on schooling amount to a 60% decrease of average schooling time. However, the magnitude of decrease due to credit constraints is about half that of the increase in both domestic and remunerative child labor, the other half appearing to come from a reduction in leisure.

Ramadan school holidays as a natural experiment : impacts of seasonality on school dropout in Bangladesh

In 2000, Ramadan school vacation coincided with the original annual exam period of December in Bangladesh. This forced schools to pre-pone their final exam schedules in November, which was the month before the harvest begins. 'Ramadan 2000' is a natural experiment that reduced the labor demand for children during the exam period. Using household level panel data of 2000 and 2003, and after controlling for various unobservable variations including individual fixed effects, aggregate year effects, and subdistrict-level year effects, this paper finds evidence of statistically significant impact of seasonal labor demand on school dropout in Bangladesh among the children from agricultural households.

Toiling children in India : the gender dimension

Child labour in several low income households is rather pursued for gaining experience and at times for meagre incomes, which are possibly spent on household food expenditure. Though the contribution made by the child labour to the overall wellbeing does not turn out to be substantial, without child labour these households would have been much worse off than the households which can afford not to have child labour. The probability of working is higher for a male child compared to a girl child. This is because the girl children are often engaged in household activities and even when they are engaged in income earning jobs they are shown as helpers. Parents' income as such may not be having a positive impact on child's education rather it is the educational level of the parents which matters in determining whether the child would go to school and continue her/his education. To substantiate the gender bias, the probability of falling ill among the girl children is found to be higher compared to the boys. Parents' educational attainments beyond a certain level again tend to reduce the probability of falling ill.

The woman who toils: being the experiences of two gentlewomen as factory girls

by Mrs. John Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst.

Through the mill: the life of a mill boy

by Al Pridy.

Tópicos sociales : protección legal del niño y de la mujer obreros /

Mode of access: Internet.

Annual report of the Inspector of Factories and Workshops of the state of New Jersey.

6th, 7th, and 10th reports also in German.

Making boy power count /

Cover title.

Internationale Studien über den Stand des arbeiterschutzes bei Beginn de Weltkrieges /

Heft 1. Geltungsbereich des Arbeiterschutzes. Der Schutz der Kinder und Jugendlichen. 1916. 83 p. -- Heft 2. Der Schutz der Arbeiterinnen. Arbeitsverbote und Arbeitszeitvorschriften für erwachsene Männer. 1918.

Sixteen-year minimum age for employment.

Cover title.

First regular employment certificates issued to working children in 1930.

Table I is missing.

A generation of progress in our public schools, 1881-1912; an intimate history of the Public education association of Philadelphia since its origin as a volunteer organization of citizens interested in the welfare of our public schools...

Mode of access: Internet.

Youth employment programs in perspective.

Bibliographical footnotes.

The conservation of womanhood and childhood /

Mode of access: Internet.