Air oxygenation chemistry of 4-TBC catalyzed by chloro bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes of pyrazole based tridentate ligands: synthesis, structure, magnetic and computational studies

Four dinuclear bis(mu-Cl) bridged copper(II) complexes, Cu-2(mu-Cl)(2)(L-X)(2)](ClO4)(2) (L-X = N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl)-methyl]benzylamine with X = H(1), OMe(2), Me(3) and Cl(4)), have been synthesized and characterized by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. In these complexes, each copper(II) center is penta-coordinated with square-pyramidal geometry. In addition to the tridentate L-X ligand, a chloride ion occupies the last position of the square plane. This chloride ion is also bonded to the neighboring Cu(II) site in its axial position forming an SP-I dinuclear Cu(II) unit that exhibits small intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions and supported by DFT calculations. The complexes 1-3 exhibit methylmonooxygenase (pMMO) behaviour and oxidise 4-tert-butylcatechol (4-TBCH2) with molecular oxygen in MeOH or MeCN to 4-tert-butyl-benzoquinone (4-TBQ), 5-methoxy-4-tert-butyl-benzoquinone (5-MeO-4-TBQ) as the major products along with 6,6'-Bu-t-biphenyl-3,4,3',4'-tetraol and others as minor products. These are further confirmed by ESI- and FAB-mass analyses. A tentative catalytic cycle has been framed based on the mass spectral analysis of the products and DFT calculations on individual intermediates that are energetically feasible.

The food of the larvae of the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax

ENGLISH: Hitherto the only investigation dealing with the food and feeding of the larvae of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard, was that of Arthur (1956). His main consideration was, however, with the Pacific sardine, Sardinops caerulea (Girard), and his work on the anchovy can only be considered preliminary. The present investigation is a continuation of Arthur's work on the food of the larval northern anchovy. SPANISH:El único trabajo publicado hasta ahora que trata sobre el alimento y nutrición de las larvas de la anchoa norteña, Engraulis mordax Girard, es el de Arthur (1956); pero su objeto principal fué la sardina del Pacifico, Sardinops caendea (Girard), y el estudio dedicado a la anchoa solo puede considerarse como preliminar. La presente investigación es una continuación del estudio de Arthur sobre el alimento de las larvas de la anchoa norteña.

Darrigolen gramatikaz

Published in 2008.

Ler e usar a literatura: alguns artifícios para o envolvimento do leitor

Nesta dissertação investigamos como a ficção envolve o leitor. Para isso, partimos da rejeição a Homero declarada por Calímaco, observando que a suposta diferença entre a literatura preferida pelo público e a literatura preferida pela crítica depende de dois fatores distintos. O primeiro é o simples fato de a crítica ler profissionalmente e o público ler por prazer. O segundo está relacionado à distinção entre recepção e uso da literatura proposta por C.S. Lewis. Na recepção, a obra tende a ser admirada por si; no uso, tende a ser instrumentalizada como suporte para um devaneio em que os desejos do próprio leitor são vicariamente satisfeitos. Observamos que essa devaneio, que Lewis chama de construção egoísta de castelos, e que inclui uma variante mórbida, tem um paralelo na noção girardiana do duplo angélico. Contudo, o devaneio depende da simpatia como definida por Adam Smith, a qual por sua vez depende de certa aprovação moral. Investigamos portanto o tipo de personagem que conquista a aprovação moral do leitor, contrastando os heróis homéricos com os cavaleiros cristãos a fim de verificar como o cristianismo dirige a aprovação moral para as vítimas, fazendo com que os heróis da ficção sejam pessoas perseguidas ou marginalizadas.

稀有鮈鲫对库蚊幼虫摄食量的研究

<正> 利用某些鱼类的摄食来控制蚊子数量,是预防以蚊为传播媒介的疾病之重要途径。迄今为止,对以(Gambusia affinis Baird et Girard)为代表的灭蚊鱼类的研究已深入到“鱼—蚊—稻田”生物控制系统阶段,并且在许多地区已成功地应用了几十年,但在我国对灭蚊鱼方面的研究尚不多。

华东地区木材腐朽菌多样性与资源研究

木材腐朽菌是生物多样性的重要组成部分，在森林生态系统中起着关键的降解还原作用；同时，木材腐朽菌还是重要的生物资源，与人类的生产与生活密切相关，具有重要的经济价值。因此，木腐菌一直是真菌研究的重点领域之一，然而过去对华东地区木腐菌的研究还非常薄弱，对华东地区木腐菌的种类和资源还缺乏清晰的认识。本文对华东地区不同森林生态类型中的木腐菌进行了广泛的调查采样，通过形态学、分子系统学和单孢融合交配实验，对华东地区的木腐菌多样性与资源进行了系统的研究，同时对具有重要经济意义和潜在应用价值的种类进行了菌种的分离保藏，并初步分析了华东地区木腐菌的区系特点。通过本论文的研究，提高了对华东地区木腐菌资源与多样性的认识，丰富了我国木材腐朽菌的种类，为控制林木病原菌、开发利用有益真菌资源提供了基本信息和科学依据。本论文的主要研究结论如下： 1．华东地区的木腐菌有3目13科92属270种，其中真菌新种6个，分别是：铁杉集毛孔菌Coltricia tsugicola Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui，香榧嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia torreyae Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui，拟囊状体大孔菌Megasporoporia cystidiolophora B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai，菌索多年卧孔菌Perenniporia rhizomorpha B.K. Cui, Y.C. Dai & Decock，微小硬孔菌Rigidoporus minutus B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai，浅黄芮氏孔菌Wrightoporia luteola B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai；中国新记录种9个，分别是：紫多孢孔菌Abundisporus violaceus (Wakef.) Ryvarden，卡玛蜡孔菌Ceriporia camaresiana (Bourdot & Galzin) Bondartsev & Singer，撕裂蜡孔菌Ceriporia lacerata N. Maek., Suhara & R. Kondo，塔斯马尼亚集毛孔菌Coltriciella tasmanica (Cleland & Rodway) D.A. Reid，瑞克纤孔菌Inonotus rickii (Pat.) D.A. Reid，骨质多年卧孔菌Perenniporia minutissima (Yasuda) T. Hatt. & Ryvarden，灰硬孔菌Rigidoporus cinereus Núñez & Ryvarden，凹形栓孔菌Trametes ectypus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden，变形干酪菌Tyromyces transformatus Núñez & Ryvarden。 2．利用分子系统学方法，确定了一些通过形态学研究难以鉴定或容易混淆的种类的分类地位，并对嗜蓝孢孔菌属、彩孔菌属和多年卧孔菌属进行了系统发育分析，发现木腐菌新种3个：Fomitiporia sp.、Hapalopilus sp. 和Perenniporia sp.。 3．华东地区的异担子菌为岛生异担子菌，并且存在两个生物种：T生物种和Y生物种。T生物种为腐生菌，Y生物种为兼性腐生菌，华东地区不存在多年异担子菌这一严重的森林病原菌。 4．华东地区的木腐菌种类丰富，组成复杂多样。优势科为多孔菌科，其次为锈革孔菌科，这两科的种类构成了华东地区木腐菌类区系的主体；优势属主要有多年卧孔菌属、多孔菌属、针层孔菌属和泊氏孔菌属。 4．华东地区木腐菌科的地理成分分为3类：热带亚热带成分，北温带成分和世界广布成分，以世界广布成分为主。属的地理成分分为5类：世界广布属，北温带分布属，热带–亚热带分布属，东亚–北美分布属，大洋洲–北温带分布属，以世界广布属和北温带分布属为主。种的地理成分分为8类：世界广布种，北温带分布成分，泛热带分布成分，亚–欧共有成分，东亚–北美共有成分，东亚–澳大利亚共有成分，东亚成分，中国特有种，以北温带分布种和世界广布种为主。 5．华东地区木腐菌的各主要区系成分均有分布，以世界广布成分和北温带成分为主，表现出明显的北温带性质，可能起源于北半球，华东地区木腐菌类的区系地理成分与其所处的地理位置、气候特点与植物区系的组成密切相关。此外，华东地区的中国特有种类也较为丰富，说明了华东地区木腐菌类的区系具有一定的独特性，也在一定程度上反映了华东地区生态环境条件的特殊性，而木腐菌的生长与环境条件和寄主树木种类有很大的关系。 6．华东地区的木腐菌资源非常丰富，林木病原菌有36种，其中新发现的病原菌有3种；野生的食用木腐菌有11种，野生的药用木腐菌64种，工业用木腐菌有28种。对其中的一种重要经济真菌——黄白多年卧孔菌进行了分离培养，找出了最佳生长条件：最适生长温度为25℃左右，相对最适pH值为5.5，相对最好的碳源为可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖，相对最好的氮源为酵母汁。

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturases in Cyanobacterial Genomes

Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. The fatty acid desaturases from 37 cyanobacterial genomes were identified and classified based upon their conserved histidine-rich motifs and phylogenetic analysis, which help to determine the amounts and distributions of desaturases in cyanobacterial species. The filamentous or N-2-fixing cyanobacteria usually possess more types of fatty acid desaturases than that of unicellular species. The pathway of acyl-lipid desaturation for unicellular marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus differs from that of other cyanobacteria, indicating different phylogenetic histories of the two genera from other cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater, soil, or symbiont. Strain Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 was isolated from calcareous rock and lacks thylakoid membranes. The types and amounts of desaturases of this strain are distinct to those of other cyanobacteria, reflecting the earliest divergence of it from the cyanobacterial line. Three thermophilic unicellular strains, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 and two Synechococcus Yellowstone species, lack highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids and contain only one Delta 9 desaturase in contrast with mesophilic strains, which is probably due to their thermic habitats. Thus, the amounts and types of fatty acid desaturases are various among different cyanobacterial species, which may result from the adaption to environments in evolution. Copyright (c) 2008 Xiaoyuan Chi et al.