Elemens d'ideologie /

Contiene: T. I: 1e partie. Idéologie proprement dite (An XIII [1804] ; 2 ?ed. ; XXXII, 456 p.) -- T. II: 2e partie. Grammaire (An XI [1803] ; XII, 454 p.) -- T. III: 3e partie. Logique (An XII [1805] ; VIII, 671 p.) -- T. IV: 4e et 5e parties. Traité de la volanté et de ses effects (Vve. Cournier, 1815 ; VI, 578 p.)

Tabulae totius dialectices : aliarum artium instrumenti praecepta vtilissima breuiter cemplectentes, ordine perspicuo digestae /

Mode of access: Internet.

Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne consideré dans l'histoire naturelle de la parole ou Grammaire universelle et comparative, avec des figures en Taille-Douce /

Mode of access: Internet.

Coleccion española de las obras gramaticales de Cesar Du Marsais ordenadas para la instruccion pública /

Anteportada.

Grundzüge der physiologie und systematik der sprachlaute für linguisten und taubstummenlehrer /

Mode of access: Internet.

As vogais médias tônicas: um estudo contrastivo da metafonia com base em corpus

This research analyzes the average previous stressed vowels [ε] and [e] and later [ɔ] and [o] in nominal and verbal forms in the 1st person singular and 3rd person singular and plural in the present tense, specifically the umlaut process of mid vowels /e/ and /o/, which assimilate in /ε/ and /ᴐ/ in stressed position. The general objective of this research is to describe and quantify the occurrence of umlaut and subsequently analyze in which words there is regularity or not. As specific objectives we have: i) to compile and to label an oral, spontaneous, synchronic and regional corpus, from radio programs produced in the city of Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais; ii) to describe the characteristics of the corpus to be compiled; iii) to investigate the alternating timbre of mid vowels in stressed position; iv) to identify instances of nominal and verbal umlaut of the middle vowels in stressed position; v) to describe the identified cases of nominal and verbal umlaut; vi) to analyze the probable causes for the variation of the middle vowels. To perform the proposed analysis, we have adopted as a theoretical-methodological basis multi-representational models: Phonology of Use (BYBEE, 2001) and Exemplar Theory (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001) combined with the precepts of Corpus Linguistics (BEBER SARDINHA, 2004). The corpus consisted of 16 radio programs – eight political and eight religious – from the city of Ituiutaba-MG, with recordings of about 20 to 40 minutes. We note, by means of the results generated by WordSmith Tools® software, version 6.0 (SCOTT, 2012), that the analyzed forms show little variation, which shows that the umlaut is a process already lexicalized in participants of the radio programs analyzed. We conclude that the results converge with the proposal of the Phonology of Use (BYBEE, 2001; PHILLIPS, 1984) that less frequent words that have no phonetic environment conducive to change, are changed first.

The functional structure of the sentence: evidence from non-finite clauses

Non-finite clauses are sentential constituents with a verbal head that lacks a morphological specification for tense and agreement. In this paper I contend that these clauses are defective not only morphologically but also syntactically, in the sense that they all lack some of the functional categories that make up a full sentence. In particular I argue that to-infinitive clauses, gerund(ive) clauses and participial clauses differ among themselves, and with respect to other subordinate clauses, in the degree of structural defectiveness they display, which goes from the almost complete functional structure of the infinitive to the maximal degree of syntactic truncation of participial clauses (analyzed here as verbal small clauses). I also show the significant parallelism that exists in this respect between English and Spanish non-finite clauses, pointing to the implication this may have for a cross-linguistic approach to the cartography of syntactic structures.

Nueva gramática hebrea comparada con otras semíticas : precedida de una larga reseña histórica : y seguida de un manual práctico, un resumen de dicha gramática y una breve gramática caldea /

Mode of access: Internet.

Una experiència de programació integrada de literatura : català, castellà i història. 'Una experiencia de programación integrada de literatura : catalán, castellano e historia'.

Resumen de las autoras en catalán

L'ús dels clítics pronominals del català i la seva adquisició per parlants de romanès i de tagal

The thesis L’ús dels clítics pronominals del català i la seva adquisició per parlants de romanès i de tagal [The use of pronominal clitics in Catalan and their acquisition by Romanian and Tagalog speakers] analyzes the mechanisms of transfer from the L1 in the process of acquisition of Catalan (L2) in two groups of learners, one of which has Romanian and the other Tagalog as their native language. Our study lends support to the idea of transfer from the L1 to a second language in general, and, in particular, within the process of acquisition of pronominal clitics from a Romance language (Catalan). The results show that the differences between the two groups are statistically significant and are attributable to the characteristics of the L1. Moreover, starting from a detailed description of the grammar of pronominal clitics in the three languages involved, we define the specific grammatical aspects of the Tagalog and Romanian languages that can have an influence on certain productions and on certain errors in the use of pronominal clitics in Catalan, within the process of acquisition of this Romance language as L2. In the theoretical domain, we started from studies on functional markedness to determine four reference terms that allowed us to carry out a systematized study of the difficulties in acquisition of the use of Catalan clitic pronouns according to their complexity and their degree of grammaticalization.

Indícios sincrônicos de gramaticalização: o uso do verbo chegar em orações coordenadas e na perífrase verbal [chegar (e) + v2]: contribuições para o ensino de gramática.

Based on North American Functional Linguistic Theory, our proposal is to describe and analyze the use of verb CHEGAR in verbal periphrasis such as [CHEGAR (E) + V2], where CHEGAR does not demonstrate a significance linked to physical movement. In linguistic literature, such periphrasis has been attributed several functions, related to aspectualization, emphasis of negative segments, and construction of mental spaces, among others. This study considers that the function of verb CHEGAR in the periphrasis in question is to indicate a global aspect, emphasizing a range of semantic-pragmatic nuances such as the sudden, instantaneous, or even abrupt character of the events refered to by the principal verb of the construction (V2), and/or the taking of initiative (sudden) by the agent (in the syntactic role of periphrastic subject), and/or subjective evaluations which go from surprise to frustration. Our objectives are the following: i) to describe and analyze the semanticpragmatic, morphosyntactic and social relationships which characterize the use of CHEGAR in verbal periphrases like [CHEGAR (E) + V2] and in coordinated/juxtaposed speech in which CHEGAR is the principal verb of the first utterance and is an elocution verb and the principal verb of the second; ii) identify, based on this description and analysis, synchrony proof in the grammaticalization of CHEGAR as an auxiliary verb in the periphrasis refered to. There was observed to be a strong similarity between coordinate/juxtaposed and periphrastic constructions. Such similarities strengthen the hypothesis that the use of CHEGAR as a lexical verb in coordinate/juxtaposed structures is the origin of the use of CHEGAR in the periphrastic structure, since the many properties encountered with higher frequency in lexical use are also just as frequently used as auxiliaries. Nevertheless, between the two constructions being studied, sufficient difference can be observed to see that CHEGAR, in the periphrasis [CHEGAR (E) V2], is behaving like an auxiliary verb, and shows typical properties of these types of verbs: i) in 100% of occurrences, it does not have a complement;ii) it has a co-referential subject in 100% of cases; iii) it does not appear with intervening material between it and V2. Besides this, CHEGAR, in periphrases, is predominant in nonneutral evaluation contexts, denoted by V2. Inspired by the results obtained, we propose strategies for the discussion of the [CHEGAR (E) V2] periphrases in both elementary and high schools.

Crenças de professores do município de Caicó RN sobre o ensino de gramática nos anos iniciais do nível fundamental

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as crenças de professores das séries iniciais do nível fundamental da cidade de Caicó-RN sobre o ensino de gramática. A partir da aplicação de um questionário, analisam-se as crenças manifestadas no discurso de 20 docentes da rede municipal de ensino do referido município. As questões formuladas visaram investigar as crenças dos informantes sobre o que é ensinar gramática e que dificuldades encontram para realizar o ensino dos conteúdos gramaticais, considerando aspectos teóricos e práticos, entre eles: a construção da concepção sobre ensino de gramática, a participação em projetos de formação continuada na especificidade de ensino de língua, a influência dessa formação sobre o seu fazer pedagógico, e a realização do planejamento de ensino de conteúdos gramaticais. Para fundamentar a reflexão, buscou-se apoio em autores como Abrahão; Barcelos (2006); Antunes (2009; 2007); Neves (2004a; 2004b; 2007; 2010) Silva (2004; 2007), Travaglia (2001; 2004); entre outros, a partir dos quais são abordados os conceitos de língua, linguagem e gramática, relacionando-os ao desenvolvimento da competência linguística/comunicativa no ensino de língua portuguesa. Os dados analisados revelam que a influência das crenças sobre o ensino de gramática no fazer pedagógico do professor se relaciona com sua formação acadêmica, desde a escolha do referencial teórico adotado pelos professores das disciplinas relacionadas ao tema até a metodologia utilizada para trabalhar os conteúdos, considerando as experiências pessoais concretizadas ao longo de sua vida. Além disso, percebeu-se que existe uma forte convergência entre crenças, conhecimentos e experiências práticas. O trabalho conclui-se com uma reflexão sobre as implicações que uma postura reflexiva pode ter no atual panorama de ensino de língua, em geral, e de gramática, em particular.

Una gramática descriptiva del chabacano de Ternate

This dissertation is a descriptive grammar of Ternate Chabacano, a Spanish-lexifier Creole spoken by 3.000 people in the town of Ternate, Philippines. The dissertation offers an analysis of the phonological, morphological, and syntactic system of the language. It includes an overview of the historical background, the current situation of the speech community and a collection of annotated texts. Ternate Chabacano shares many characteristics with its main adstrate language Tagalog as well as the dialectal varieties of Spanish. At present, English also exerts an influence, nevertheless mainly affecting its lexicon. The description offered is based on fieldwork conducted in Ternate. Spoken language collected through thematic interviews forms the main type of the material analysed. Information regarding the informants and text types is included in the examples. Ternate Chabacano has a five-vowel system and 17 consonant phonemes. The morphology of the language is largely isolating. Clitics are used extensively for expressing adverbial relations. The verbal system is based on the preverbal markers that express the category of tense, modality and aspect, among which aspect is the main dimension. Complex predicates and verbal chains are used in order to further distinguish aspect and modality, as well as changes of voice and valency. Intransitive verbs express motion, states, and reflexive actions, even though the majority of verbs can occur in both intransitive and transitive clauses. Ternate Chabacano is a nominative-accusative type language but the typological configuration of the Philippine languages influences the marking of its constituents. A case in point is constituted by the nominal determination system. The basic constituent order in a clause is VSO. Equative and attibutive clauses are formed by juxtaposition while the locative clauses feature a copula. Indefinite terms are expressed through existential constructions. The negation of existential clauses differs from standard negation but both are intensified in the same way. In spoken discourse, tag-questions are common. Pragmatic elements and social formulas reflect largely the corresponding Tagalog expressions. Coordination and subordination occur typically without overt markers but a variety of markers exists for expressing different relations, especially those made explicit by adverbial clauses. Verbal chains form a continuum from serial verbs to complementation and ultimately to coordination.

Evaluación de alternativas de manejo integrado de plagas (MIP) comparada con el manejo convencional en el cultivo de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) en epoca de postrera en la Comarca Cofradía, Managua 2005

El presente trabajo se realizó en la finca “El Paraíso” ubicada en el municipio de Cofradía situada en el km.38 carretera Tipitapa-Masaya, Con el objetivo de comparar el efecto de dos sistemas de manejo; sobre las plagas en el cultivo de sorgo; durante la época de postrera de l 2005. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1; una aplicación de Cypermetrina en etapa vegetativa y una aplicación de Benomil en etapa reproductiva. T2; dos aplicaciones de Cypermetrina en etapa vegetativa y dos aplicaciones de Benomil en etapa reproductiva. T3; una aplicación de Dipel en etapa vegetativa y una aplicación de Caldo sulfocalcico en etapa reproductiva. T4; dos aplicaciones de Dipel en etapa vegetativa y dos aplicaciones de Caldo sulfocalcico en et apa reproductiva. Se utilizaron umbrales del 40 % de daño causado por Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) y 10 % de severidad para enfermedades foliares en etapa vegetativa. Dos mosquitas por panoja y 10% de severidad para enfermedades de la panoja en etapa reproductiva. Para la evaluación de plaga se seleccionaron cinco sitios al azar en cada tratamiento y diez plantas por sitio. L as enfermedades foliares y la mosquita del sorgo fueron afectadas por las condicione s climáticas que predominaron durante el estudio, lo cual no permitió alcanzar los umbrales de daño establecidos y aplicar los tratamientos correspondientes. El efecto de los tratamiento en el daño causado por gusano cogollero no mostró diferencia estadística sin embargo el menor daño resultó en el T3 y T4. Durante la etapa reproductiva hubo una variación en las condiciones ambientales que favoreció el desarrollo de los mohos de la panoja, alcanzando los umbrales de daño y permitiendo la aplicación de los tratamientos, los cuales no mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas sin embargo el T1 resultó con el menor porcentaje de incidencia. Para la variable rendimiento el análisis indica que no existen diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos, sin embargo los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron en el T1 y T2 con 3196.4 kg/ha y 3541.1 kg/ha respectivamente. El análisis económico indicó que el T2 presentó mayor rentabilidad con un 125 %

Las citas de leyes y otras normas : legislación comparada y nuevo digesto jurídico argentino

Decía Tomás de Aquino que “lex non est ipsum ius, proprie loquendo, sed aliqualis ratio iuris” 1: “[…] la ley no es el mismo derecho, propiamente hablando, sino cierta racionalización del derecho”. En concordancia con esto, entre nosotros enseñaba Alberdi que “saber, pues, leyes, no es saber derecho”, dado que “las leyes no son más que la imagen imperfecta y frecuentemente desleal del derecho que vive en la armonía viva del organismo social”, del cual hay que “conocer su genio, su misión, su rol”, porque “es el alma, la vida, el espíritu de las leyes” 2. Esto lleva, según el maestro argentino, a que “en materia de leyes, no se puede hacer nada, si no se sabe el derecho”3. El derecho no es la ley, entonces, pero sin embargo la ley tiene una relación estrecha con el derecho, del cual a veces es su causa eficiente, como ocurre con las materias de mero Derecho Positivo, y otras, es una suerte de causa ejemplar, cuando refleja la justicia natural de las cosas. La causa final inmediata de toda ley, por otra parte, debe ser el derecho, y la mediata, el bien común. El hecho, entonces, de que las leyes tengan una función segunda con respecto al derecho no las vuelve menos importantes. El conocimiento de las leyes, así, no es algo ajeno al oficio del jurista, sino que es un elemento fundamental para la búsqueda de la justicia en los casos concretos...