A Computer Model of Drafting Effects on Collective Behavior in Elite 10,000 m Runners

Purpose Drafting in cycling influences collective behaviour of pelotons. Whilst evidence for collective behaviour in competitive running events exists, it is not clear if this results from energetic savings conferred by drafting. This study modelled the effects of drafting on behavior in elite 10,000 m runners. Methods Using performance data from a men’s elite 10,000 m track running event, computer simulations were constructed using Netlogo 5.1 to test the effects of three different drafting quantities on collective behaviour: no drafting, drafting to 3m behind with up to ~8% energy savings (a realistic running draft); and drafting up to 3m behind with up to 38% energy savings (a realistic cycling draft). Three measures of collective behaviour were analysed in each condition; mean speed, mean group stretch (distance between first and last placed runner), and Runner Convergence Ratio (RCR) which represents the degree of drafting benefit obtained by the follower in a pair of coupled runners. Results Mean speeds were 6.32±0.28m.s-1, 5.57±0.18 m.s-1, and 5.51±0.13 m.s-1 in the cycling draft, runner draft, and no draft conditions respectively (all P<0.001). RCR was lower in the cycling draft condition, but did not differ between the other two. Mean stretch did not differ between conditions. Conclusions Collective behaviours observed in running events cannot be fully explained through energetic savings conferred by realistic drafting benefits. They may therefore result from other, possibly psychological, processes. The benefits or otherwise of engaging in such behavior are, as yet, unclear.

Zoneamento pedoclimático da Chapada do Araripe: levantamento de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade de solos da folha Cedro (Escala 1:100.000).

Informações sobre as potencialidades e limitações dos ambientes são fundamentais para o manejo adequado dos ecossistemas. A finalidade deste trabalho é apresentar uma espacialização dos ambientes da Folha Cedro, Estado do Ceará na escala 1:100.000, visando o desenvolvimento regional e sustentável da mesorregião da Chapada do Araripe. A folha mapeada apresenta uma área em torno de 640 km2, e está localizada na região Sul do Estado do Ceará, envolvendo parte da Chapada do Araripe. Nesta região de clima ameno, ocorre precipitação média anual mais baixa do Estado, cerca de 900mm sendo irregular na distribuição das chuvas. A vegetação predominante é a floresta. A área foi dividida em 10 unidades de mapeamento diferenciados em função das classes de solos, do arranjo e distribuição em toposseqüências, e do grau xerofítico da vegetação.

Zoneamento pedoclimático da mesorregião da Chapada do Araripe: levantamento de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade dos solos da folha Jardim - (Escala 1:100.000).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o levantamento de solos, em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade na área abrangida pela folha de Jardim, na Chapada do Araripe, no estado do Ceará. A área de estudo possui uma extensão territorial de 983,47 km2, com solos e condições geoambientais diferenciados, desde a zona úmida da chapada até a zona semiárida. Na zona úmida distinguem-se dois tipos extremos de formas de relevo, o plano no topo da Chapada e o relevo ondulado nas encostas. Já na zona semiárida, de relevo predominantemente aplainado, ocorrem as variações de semi-aridez menos intensa (com caatinga hipoxerófila) e mais intensa (com caatinga hiperxerófila). O mapa foi elaborado para estabelecer as características dos solos e suas delimitações de forma cartográfica. Com base em suas conceituações taxonômicas e suas diversas injunções de caráter edafoclimático e geomórfico. A necessidade de planejamento das atividades com base no conhecimento dos recursos naturais disponíveis, em escala compatível, será de fundamental importância para uma exploração autosustentável. Foi elaborado o mapa em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade, com escala de apresentação da ordem de 1:100.000

Zoneamento pedoclimático da mesorregião da Chapada do Araripe: levantamento de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade dos solos da folha Crato - (Escala 1:100.000).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o levantamentos de solos, em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade na área abrangida pela folha do Crato, na Chapada do Araripe, no Estado do Ceará. A área de estudo tem extensão cerca de 3.000 km2, com solos e condições geoambientais diferenciados, desde a zona úmida da chapada até a zona semi-árida. Na zona úmida, distinguem-se dois tipos extremos de formas de relevo, o plano no topo da chapada e o relevo ondulado, nas encostas. Já na zona semi-árida, de relevo aplainado, ocorrem as variações de semi-aridez menos intensa (com caatinga hipoxerófila) e mais intensa (caatinga hiperxerófila). O mapa foi elaborado com base em suas conceituações taxonômicas e suas diversas injunções de caráter edafoclimático e geomórfico. A necessidade de planejamento das atividades agrícolas, com base no conhecimento dos recursos naturais disponíveis, em escala compatível, será importante para a exploração auto-sustentável. Foi elaborado um mapa em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade, com escala de apresentação da ordem de 1:100.000. Os Neossolos Litólicos ocupam a maior extensão (38,46%), distribuídos nos pediplanos e nas serras e serrotes residuais. Em segundo lugar ocorrem Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos e Vermelhos. Em terceira posição os Latossolos Amarelos de relevo plano e suave ondulado e os Latossolos Vermelho Amarelos (geralmente de encostas ou ocupando parte dos tabuleiros baixos associados aos Argissolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos). Em proporções menores ocorrem os Neossolos Flúvicos (com cultivo de cana-de-açúcar), seguidos pelos Neossolos Quartzarênicos e os Vertissolos.

1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate

In the structure of the 1:1 proton-transfer compound of 1,10-phenanthroline with 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid, C12H9N2+ C8H3Cl2O4-, determined at 130 K, the 1,10-phenanthroline cation and the hydrogen 4,5-dichlorophthalate anion associate through a single N-H...O(carboxyl) hydrogen bond giving discrete units which have no extension except through a number of weak cation C-H...O(anion) associations and weak cation--anion aromatic ring pi-pi interactions [minimum centroid separation, 3.6815(12)A]. The anions are essentially planar [maximum deviation 0.214(1)A (a carboxyl O)] with the syn-related H atom of the carboxyl group forming a short intramolecular O-H...O(carboxyl) hydrogen bond.

Standards-driven reform years 1-10 : moderation an optional extra?

While externally moderated standards-based assessment has been practised in Queensland senior schooling for more than three decades, there has been no such practice in the middle years. With the introduction of standards at state and national levels in these years, teacher judgement as developed in moderation practices is now vital. This paper argues, that in this context of assessment reform, standards intended to inform teacher judgement and to build assessment capacity are necessary but not sufficient for maintaining teacher and public confidence in schooling. Teacher judgement is intrinsic to moderation, and to professional practice, and can no longer remain private. Moderation too is intrinsic to efforts by the profession to realise judgements that are defensible, dependable and open to scrutiny. Moderation can no longer be considered an optional extra and requires system-level support especially if, as intended, the standards are linked to system-wide efforts to improve student learning. In presenting this argument we draw on an Australian Research Council funded study with key industry partners (the Queensland Studies Authority and the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment of the Republic of Ireland). The data analysed included teacher interview data and additional teacher talk during moderation sessions. These were undertaken during the initial phase of policy development. The analysis identified those issues that emerge in moderation meetings that are designed to reach consistent, reliable judgements. Of interest are the different ways in which teachers talked through and interacted with one another to reach agreement about the quality of student work in the application of standards. There is evidence of differences in the way that teachers made compensations and trade-offs in their award of grades, dependent on the subject domain in which they teach. This article concludes with some empirically derived insights into moderation practices as policy and social events.

Walk@Work : an automated intervention to increase walking in university employees not achieving 10,000 daily steps

This study assessed the workday step counts of lower active (<10,000 daily steps) university employees using an automated, web-based walking intervention (Walk@Work). METHODS: Academic and administrative staff (n=390; 45.6±10.8years; BMI 27.2±5.5kg/m2; 290 women) at five campuses (Australia [x2], Canada, Northern Ireland and the United States), were given a pedometer, access to the website program (2010-11) and tasked with increasing workday walking by 1000 daily steps above baseline, every two weeks, over a six week period. Step count changes at four weeks post intervention were evaluated relative to campus and baseline walking. RESULTS: Across the sample, step counts significantly increased from baseline to post-intervention (1477 daily steps; p=0.001). Variations in increases were evident between campuses (largest difference of 870 daily steps; p=0.04) and for baseline activity status. Those least active at baseline (<5000 daily steps; n=125) increased step counts the most (1837 daily steps; p=0.001), whereas those most active (7500-9999 daily steps; n=79) increased the least (929 daily steps; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Walk@Work increased workday walking by 25% in this sample overall. Increases occurred through an automated program, at campuses in different countries, and were most evident for those most in need of intervention.

Health promotion for dogs and humans : the 10,000 steps Rockhampton dog walking intervention

Purpose This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of an intervention aimed at increasing the dog-walking behaviour of residents from a community of approximately 60,000. This intervention was a sub strategy of the 10 000 Steps Rockhampton project – a community intervention aimed at decreasing sedentary behaviour in the adult population. Methods Brochures and posters were developed that promoted dog walking as a means to improve both human and canine health. The brochures were distributed by the local council to over 8 000 homes with the annual dog-renewal registrations. Results Evaluation of the intervention included a telephone survey of a randomly selected sample of Rockhampton residents (n=420) four-months post intervention. Although 63.6% of participants reported that owning a dog increased their physical activity levels, 40% of dog-owners did not walk their dog at all in the last week. The outcome evaluation of the intervention showed that 20.2% of dog-owners recalled receiving the brochure. Overall 15.3% of respondents with a dog in their household reported an increase in their physical activity levels since the intervention, 8.4% reported a decrease. Conclusions The intervention was an innovative and cost-effective way to tap into a section of the population that can benefit from engaging in regular walking behaviour. It was also a unique and useful way to engage local council in physical activity health promotion as part of a larger ongoing community-wide intervention.

Solid state stacked trimers of 1,10-phenanthroline in a supramolecular tubular motif of C-methyl calix[4]resorcinarene

The self-assembly of bidentate ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline with C-methyl calix[4]resorcinarene (CMCR) in presence of coumarin results in a unique trimer stacking arrangement of phenanthroline molecules in a nanotubular motif generated by the supramolecular assembly of the host.

What's up with Twitter, in fewer than 10,000 characters

The internet erupted in outrage last week at reports that Twitter is poised to increase the limit for tweets from 140 to 10,000 characters. The first rumours of such a move emerged in the tech news website Re/code back in September then again last week. The response on Twitter was immediate and, for the most part, somewhere between incensed and bemused, with many thousands of tweets posted with hashtags such as #10kTwitter, #Twitter10k, #10000gate, #140twitter, #beyond140 and #longtweets...

Adducts of bis(acetylacetonato)zinc(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine

In each of the zinc(II) complexes bis(acetylacetonato-kappa(2)O,O')(1,10-phenanthroline-kappa(2)N,N')zinc(II), [Zn(C(5)H(7)O(2))(2)(C(12)H(8)N(2))], (I), and bis(acetylacetonato-kappa(2)O,O')(2,2'-bipyridine-kappa(2)N,N')zinc(II), [Zn(C(5)H(7)O(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], (II), the metal center has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Compound (I) has crystallographically imposed twofold symmetry, with Z' = 0.5. The presence of a rigid phenanthroline group precludes intramolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas the rather flexible bipyridyl ligand is twisted to form an intramolecular C-H...O interaction [the chelated bipyridyl ligand is nonplanar, with the pyridyl rings inclined at an angle of 13.4 (1) degrees]. The two metal complexes are linked by dissimilar C-H...O interactions into one-dimensional chains. The present study demonstrates the distinct effects of two commonly used ligands, viz. 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine, on the structures of metal complexes and their assembly.

Structure of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9-hexadecafluorodecyl 1,10-ditosylate by X-ray crystallography and F-19-NMR spectroscopy

2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9-hexadecafluorodecyl 1,10-ditosylate and its precursors were synthesized and characterized by H-1- and F-19-NMR spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. These compounds are building blocks for the syntheses of the surfactants containing polyperfluoromethylene spacer. The molecule has extended all-trans conformation with molecular symmetry (1) over bar (C-i). There is a reasonably strong C-H ... O interaction in the crystal and there are two F ... F intermolecular contact distances less than the sum of van der Waals radii. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficient visible light induced nuclease activity of a ternary mono-1,10-phenanthroline copper(II) complex containing 2-(methylthio)ethylsalicylaidimine

Ternary Schiff base copper(II) complex [CuL(phen)](ClO4), where HL is 2-(methylthio)ethylsalicylaldimine and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, has been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex shows a CuN3OS coordination in a square-pyramidal (4 + 1) geometry with the sulfur as an equatorial ligand. The complex is an avid binder to double-stranded DNA in the minor groove and exhibits both photonuclease and chemical nuclease activity. When exposed to UV light of 312 nm (96 W) or visible light of 532 nm (125 W) under aerobic conditions, the complex causes significant cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA in the absence of any externally added reducing agent or H2O2.