Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in populations of two legume trees: Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Mimosoideae) and Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC. (Caesalpinoideae)

The aim of this study was to investigate the photosynthetic performance in populations of two legume tree species, Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mimosoideae), typical from Cerrado, and Cassia ferruginea (Caesalpinoideae) from the Atlantic Rain Forest. The photosynthetic traits were assessed by measures of chlorophyll fluorescence in progenies of naturally pollinated plants from three populations of S. adstringens and a population of C. ferruginea. Plants of S. adstringens growing under similar conditions of C. ferruginea plants demanded higher light values for photosynthesis saturation, 600 µmol.m-2.s-1 and 350 µmol.m-2.s-1 respectively, and showed higher intrinsic photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II, Fv/Fm of 0.814 versus 0.783 in C. ferruginea. The highest values of Fv/Fm observed in S. adstringens can explain the highest electron transport rates (ETR) obtained for this species. No significant differences were found among progenies from different C. ferruginea trees nor among populations of S. adstringens, and only in few cases, variation among progenies within populations were found for S. adstringens plants. The fact that fluorescence parameters distinguished species but not populations or most of progenies may be related to low intraspecific genetic variation of these chlorophyll fluorescence traits or due to lack of expression on genetic differences in plants under no stressful conditions.

Photosynthetic responses of tropical tree species from different successional groups under contrasting irradiance conditions

This study evaluated the photosynthetic responses of seven tropical trees of different successional groups under contrasting irradiance conditions, taking into account changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Although early successional species have shown higher values of CO2 assimilation (A) and transpiration (E), there was not a defined pattern of the daily gas exchange responses to high irradiance (FSL) among evaluated species. Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze (late secondary) and Astronium graveolens Jacq. (early secondary) exhibited larger reductions in daily-integrated CO2 assimilation (DIA) when transferred from medium light (ML) to FSL. On the other hand, the pioneer species Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. had significant DIA increase when exposed to FSL. The pioneers Croton spp. trended to show a DIA decrease around 19%, while Cytharexyllum myrianthum Cham. (pioneer) and Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reiss. (early secondary) trended to increase DIA when transferred to FSL. Under this condition, all species showed dynamic photoinhibition, except for C. legalis that presented chronic photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Considering daily photosynthetic processes, our results supported the hypothesis of more flexible responses of early successional species (pioneer and early secondary species). The principal component analysis indicated that the photochemical parameters effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and apparent electron transport rate were more suitable to separate the successional groups under ML condition, whereas A and E play a major role to this task under FSL condition.

Synecological comparisons sustained by ecophysiological fingerprinting of intrinsic photosynthetic capacity of plants as assessed by measurements of light response curves

In some literature variations in photosynthetic rates are considered to be of little relevance for individual fitness. This depends among other things on how one defines fitness, i.e. if one takes strictly Darwinian fitness as seed production or if one needs to evaluate particular traits and consider plant establishment. It also matters if one takes the Darwinian "organism individual" as the central entity in evolution ("individual fitness") or the "species individual" in a modified "Structure of Evolutionary Theory" sensu Stephen Jay Gould. A phenotypically expressed trait like photosynthetic rate, even if intra- and interspecific differences may be small, can matter in habitat performance and niche acquisition. Light dependence curves (LCs) of photosynthetic rates are now readily measured under field conditions using miniaturized equipment of pulse amplitude modulated fluorometers. In contrast to actual momentary measurements of quantum yield of photosynthesis under actually prevailing ambient conditions, LC measurements reflect the expressed intrinsic capacity of photosynthesis. In this review we explore the power of LC measurements yielding cardinal points such as maximum apparent electron transport rate of photosystem II (ETRmax) and saturating photosynthetically active radiation (PARsat) in making intra- and interspecific comparisons of plant performance and synecological fingerprinting in ecophysiological studies across species, sites, habitats and ecosystems.

Oxygen Photoreduction in Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are well-known for their role in the global production of O2 via photosynthetic water oxidation. However, with the use of light energy, cyanobacteria can also reduce O2. In my thesis work, I have investigated the impact of O2 photoreduction on protection of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the N2-fixing machinery. Photosynthetic light reactions produce intermediate radicals and reduced electron carriers, which can easily react with O2 to generate various reactive oxygen species. To avoid prolonged reduction of photosynthetic components, cyanobacteria use “electron valves” that dissipate excess electrons from the photosynthetic electron transfer chain in a harmless way. In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, flavodiiron proteins Flv1 and Flv3 comprise a powerful electron sink redirecting electrons from the acceptor side of Photosystem I to O2 and reducing it directly to water. In this work, I demonstrate that upon Ci-depletion Flv1/3 can dissipate up to 60% of the electrons delivered from Photosystem II. O2 photoreduction by Flv1/3 was shown to be vital for cyanobacteria in natural aquatic environments and deletion of Flv1/3 was lethal for both Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under fluctuating light conditions. The lethal phenotype observed in the absence of Flv1/3 results from oxidative damage to Photosystem I, which appeared to be a primary target of reactive oxygen species produced upon sudden increases in light intensity. Importantly, cyanobacteria also possess other O2 photoreduction pathways which can protect the photosynthetic apparatus. This study demonstrates that respiratory terminal oxidases are also capable of initiating O2 photoreduction in mutant cells lacking the Flv1/3 proteins and grown under fluctuating light. Photoreduction of O2 by Rubisco was also shown in Ci-depleted cells of the mutants lacking Flv1/3, and thus provided the first evidence for active photorespiratory gas-exchange in cyanobacteria. Nevertheless, and despite the existence of other O2 photoreduction pathways, the Flv1/3 route appears to be the most robust and rapid system of photoprotection. Several groups of cyanobacteria are capable of N2 fixation. Filamentous heterocystous N2- fixing species, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, are able to differentiate specialised cells called heterocysts for this purpose. In contrast to vegetative cells which perform oxygenic photosynthesis, heterocysts maintain a microoxic environment for the proper function of the nitrogenase enzyme, which is extremely sensitive to O2. The genome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 harbors two copies of genes encoding Flv1 and Flv3 proteins, designated as “A” and “B” forms. In this thesis work, I demonstrate that Flv1A and Flv3A are expressed only in the vegetative cells of filaments, whilst Flv1B and Flv3B are localized exclusively in heterocysts. I further revealed that the Flv3B protein is most responsible for the photoreduction of O2 in heterocysts, and that this reaction plays an important role in protection of the N2-fixing machinery and thus, the provision of filaments with fixed nitrogen. The function of the Flv1B protein remains to be elucidated; however the involvement of this protein in electron transfer reactions is feasible. Evidence provided in this thesis indicates the presence of a great diversity of O2 photoreduction reactions in cyanobacterial cells. These reactions appear to be crucial for the photoprotection of both photosynthesis and N2 fixation processes in an oxygenic environment.

Nucleotide excision repair pathway assessment in DNA exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers

Low-intensity lasers are used for prevention and management of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the genetic characteristics of affected cells. This study evaluated the survival and induction of filamentation of Escherichia coli cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and the action of T4endonuclease V on plasmid DNA exposed to low-intensity red and near-infrared laser light. Cultures of wild-type (strain AB1157) E. coli and strain AB1886 (deficient in uvrA protein) were exposed to red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) lasers at various fluences, powers and emission modes to study bacterial survival and filamentation. Also, plasmid DNA was exposed to laser light to study DNA lesions produced in vitro by T4endonuclease V. Low-intensity lasers:i) had no effect on survival of wild-type E. coli but decreased the survival of uvrA protein-deficient cells,ii) induced bacterial filamentation, iii) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids in agarose gels, andiv) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids incubated with T4 endonuclease V. These results increase our understanding of the effects of laser light on cells with various genetic characteristics, such as xeroderma pigmentosum cells deficient in nucleotide excision pathway activity in patients with mucositis treated by low-intensity lasers.

Alternative electron transfer routes involved in photoprotection of cyanobacteria

In oxygenic photosynthesis, the highly oxidizing reactions of water splitting produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals that could damage the photosynthetic apparatus and affect cell viability. Under particular environmental conditions, more electrons are produced in water oxidation than can be harmlessly used by photochemical processes for the reduction of metabolic electron sinks. In these circumstances, the excess of electrons can be delivered, for instance, to O2, resulting in the production of ROS. To prevent detrimental reactions, a diversified assortment of photoprotection mechanisms has evolved in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. In this thesis, I focus on the role of alternative electron transfer routes in photoprotection of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Firstly, I discovered a novel subunit of the NDH-1 complex, NdhS, which is necessary for cyclic electron transfer around Photosystem I, and provides tolerance to high light intensities. Cyclic electron transfer is important in modulating the ATP/NADPH ratio under stressful environmental conditions. The NdhS subunit is conserved in many oxygenic phototrophs, such as cyanobacteria and higher plants. NdhS has been shown to link linear electron transfer to cyclic electron transfer by forming a bridge for electrons accumulating in the Ferredoxin pool to reach the NDH-1 complexes. Secondly, I thoroughly investigated the role of the entire flv4-2 operon in the photoprotection of Photosystem II under air level CO2 conditions and varying light intensities. The operon encodes three proteins: two flavodiiron proteins Flv2 and Flv4 and a small Sll0218 protein. Flv2 and Flv4 are involved in a novel electron transport pathway diverting electrons from the QB pocket of Photosystem II to electron acceptors, which still remain unknown. In my work, it is shown that the flv4-2 operon-encoded proteins safeguard Photosystem II activity by sequestering electrons and maintaining the oxidized state of the PQ pool. Further, Flv2/Flv4 was shown to boost Photosystem II activity by accelerating forward electron flow, triggered by an increased redox potential of QB. The Sll0218 protein was shown to be differentially regulated as compared to Flv2 and Flv4. Sll0218 appeared to be essential for Photosystem II accumulation and was assigned a stabilizing role for Photosystem II assembly/repair. It was also shown to be responsible for optimized light-harvesting. Thus, Sll0218 and Flv2/Flv4 cooperate to protect and enhance Photosystem II activity. Sll0218 ensures an increased number of active Photosystem II centers that efficiently capture light energy from antennae, whilst the Flv2/Flv4 heterodimer provides a higher electron sink availability, in turn, promoting a safer and enhanced activity of Photosystem II. This intertwined function was shown to result in lowered singlet oxygen production. The flv4-2 operon-encoded photoprotective mechanism disperses excess excitation pressure in a complimentary manner with the Orange Carotenoid Protein-mediated non-photochemical quenching. Bioinformatics analyses provided evidence for the loss of the flv4-2 operon in the genomes of cyanobacteria that have developed a stress inducible D1 form. However, the occurrence of various mechanisms, which dissipate excitation pressure at the acceptor side of Photosystem II was revealed in evolutionarily distant clades of organisms, i.e. cyanobacteria, algae and plants.

The Fast Regulation of Photosynthesis in Diatoms: an inquiry into the physiological and physical origins of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching.

Diatoms are renowned for their robust ability to perform NPQ (Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence) as a dissipative response to heightened light stress on photosystem II, plausibly explaining their dominance over other algal groups in turbulent light environs. Their NPQ mechanism has been principally attributed to a xanthophyll cycle involving the lumenal pH regulated reversible de-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin. The principal goal of this dissertation is to reveal the physiological and physical origins and consequences of the NPQ response in diatoms during short-term transitions to excessive irradiation. The investigation involves diatom species from different originating light environs to highlight the diversity of diatom NPQ and to facilitate the detection of core mechanisms common among the diatoms as a group. A chiefly spectroscopic approach was used to investigate NPQ in diatom cells. Prime methodologies include: the real time monitoring of PSII excitation and de-excitation pathways via PAM fluorometry and pigment interconversion via transient absorbance measurements, the collection of cryogenic absorbance spectra to measure pigment energy levels, and the collection of cryogenic fluorescence spectra and room temperature picosecond time resolved fluorescence decay spectra to study excitation energy transfer and dissipation. Chemical inhibitors that target the trans-thylakoid pH gradient, the enzyme responsible for diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation, and photosynthetic electron flow were additionally used to experimentally manipulate the NPQ response. Multifaceted analyses of the NPQ responses from two previously un-photosynthetically characterised species, Nitzschia curvilineata and Navicula sp., were used to identify an excitation pressure relief ‘strategy’ for each species. Three key areas of NPQ were examined: (i) the NPQ activation/deactivation processes, (ii) how NPQ affects the collection, dissipation, and usage of absorbed light energy, and (iii) the interdependence of NPQ and photosynthetic electron flow. It was found that Nitzschia cells regulate excitation pressure via performing a high amplitude, reversible antenna based quenching which is dependent on the de-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin. In Navicula cells excitation pressure could be effectively regulated solely within the PSII reaction centre, whilst antenna based, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation dependent quenching was implicated to be used as a supplemental, long-lasting source of excitation energy dissipation. These strategies for excitation balance were discussed in the context of resource partitioning under these species’ originating light climates. A more detailed investigation of the NPQ response in Nitzschia was used to develop a comprehensive model describing the mechanism for antenna centred non-photochemical quenching in this species. The experimental evidence was strongly supportive of a mechanism whereby: an acidic lumen triggers the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation and protonation mediated aggregation of light harvesting complexes leading to the formation of quencher chlorophyll a-chlorophyll a dimers with short-lived excited states; quenching relaxes when a rise in lumen pH triggers the dispersal of light harvesting complex aggregates via deprotonation events and the input of diadinoxanthin. This model may also be applicable for describing antenna based NPQ in other diatom species.

Rat protease-activated receptor–1 (rPAR1) expression and characterization in Sf9 cells

Connue pour son rôle dans la cascade de coagulation, la thrombine, une protéase à sérine, peut également agir par l’intermédiaire de PAR1, un récepteur activé par protéase et couplé aux protéines G liant le GTP (GPCR). La thrombine se lie et clive l’extrémité N-terminale du PAR1 entre l’Arg41 et la Ser42, exposant une nouvelle extrémité terminale qui agit elle-même comme un ligand. La thrombine et une séquence peptidique de cinq acides aminés, composée des résidus Ser42 à Arg46, nommée PAR1-AP, déclenchent dans diverses cellules de mammifères une réponse intracellulaire comportant une composante calcique. Dans cette étude, le système d’expression par baculovirus dans les cellules Sf9 d'insecte nous a permis d'exprimer le récepteur PAR1 du rat à la surface de ces cellules et de réaliser son couplage fonctionnel à leur signalisation intracellulaire (modèle rPAR1-Sf9). La composante calcique de celle-ci, en réponse au PAR1-AP, a ensuite été étudiée en détail à l’aide de la sonde fluorescente Fura-2 et de plusieurs inhibiteurs agissant sur les canaux calciques ou d'autres éléments de la cascade de signalisation du calcium intracellulaire. Lorsque le milieu extracellulaire contient du calcium (Ca2+), la thrombine ou PAR1-AP déclenchent un signal calcique qui consiste en une augmentation rapide de [Ca2+]i suivi d’un plateau relativement soutenu, puis d'un retour lent vers le niveau de base initial. En l'absence de Ca2+ dans le milieu extracellulaire, l'augmentation initiale rapide de [Ca2+]i est suivie d'un retour rapide vers le [Ca2+]i de base. À l’aide d’inhibiteurs de canaux calciques, tels que le lanthane, la nifédipine et le D-600, l'entrée du calcium du milieu extracellulaire dans les cellules est inhibée, abolissant le plateau soutenu de [Ca2+]i. L’inhibition de la pompe Ca2+-ATPase par la thapsigargine supprime la réponse au PAR1-AP après épuisement des sites de stockage de Ca2+intracellulaire. Le TMB-8 agit de façon discordante quant à l’inhibition de la libération de Ca2+ des sites de stockage intracellulaires. La réponse à PAR1-AP n’est pas affectée par le D-609, un inhibiteur de la phospholipase β. L’inhibition de la protéine kinase C (PKC) par le bisindolylmaléimide induit des oscillations en présence de Ca2+ extracellulaire et atténue fortement le signal calcique en absence de Ca2+ extracellulaire. En présence de Ca2+ extracellulaire, l’activation de la PKC par le PBDu tronque le flux de [Ca2+]i tandis que la réponse calcique est abolie en absence de Ca2+ dans le milieu extracellulaire. Le H-89, un inhibiteur de la protéine kinase A (PKA), cause une prolongation de la durée du plateau de [Ca2+]i dans un milieu riche en calcium et la suppression de la réponse à PAR1-AP lorsque le milieu extracellulaire est dépourvu de Ca2+. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de conclure que la PKC et possiblement la PKA jouent un rôle critique dans la mobilisation du Ca2+ induite par le PAR1-AP dans le modèle rPAR1-Sf9.

The influence of powdery mildew infection on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content of three woody plant species

The effect of powdery mildew development on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations on three woody plants frequently planted in urban environments was studied. Rates of photosynthetic CO2 fixation were rapidly reduced in two of the three genotypes tested prior to visible signs of infection. Effects on chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm), leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content were not manifest until >25 per cent of the leaf area was observed to be covered by mycelial growth indicating reduced photo-synthetic rates during the early stages of infection were not due to degradation of the leaf chloroplast structure. Observation of the fluorescence transient (OJIP curves) showed powdery mildew infection impairs photosynthetic electron transport system by reducing the size but not heterogeneity of the plastoquninone pool, effecting both the acceptor and donor side of photosystem II. Impairment of the photosynthetic electron transport system was reflected by reduced values of a performance index used in this investigation as a measure of photochemical events within photosystem II electron transport. In addition interpretation of the fluorescence data indicated powdery mildew infection may impair the photo-protective process that facilitates the dissipation of excess energy within leaf tissue.

Measurement of the salinity and freezing tolerance of Crataegus genotypes using chlorophyll fluorescence

The effect of increasing salinity and freezing stress singly and in combination on a range of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in foliar tissue of six Crataegus genotypes was examined. In general, increased stress reduced fluorescence values and absorption, trapping and electron transport energy fluxes per leaf reaction center and cross section, with decreased sigmoidicity of OJIP curves as a measure of the plastoquinone pool, reflecting decreased energy fluxes. Based on percentage reduction in a performance index from controls compared to stress-treated values, plants were ranked in order of tolerant > intermediate > sensitive. Use of this PIp ranking criteria enabled the distinguishing of marked differences in foliar salt/freezing hardiness between the Crataegus species used. Interpretation of the photochemical data showed that salinity and freezing affects both the acceptor and donor side of Photosystem II, while OJIP observations provided information regarding structural and functional changes in the leaf photosynthetic apparatus of the test species. It is concluded that chlorophyll fluorescence offers a rapid screening technique for assessing foliar salinity and freezing tolerance of woody perennials

Deleterious effect of TRIS buffer on growth rates and pigment content of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & EC Oliveira (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

This work evaluated the effects of Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS) buffer and its interaction with nutrient concentration on the development of Gracilaria birdie, a common species on the Brazilian coast that has been exploited for agar production. Responses to different conditions were assessed through growth rates and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin). Provasoli`s nutrient solution with and without TRIS addition was tested at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50%. The pH was also monitored. G. birdiae grew better in the absence of TRIS and at low nutrient concentrations, 12.5 and 25% (growth rates of 10.8-11.3%.day(-1)). Higher contents of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a were observed without TRIS at 12.5 and 25% (Phycoerythrin, 649.6-698.0 mu g g(-1) fresh biomass; Chlorophyll a, 156.0-168.6 mu g g(-1) fresh biomass). These findings highlight the deleterious effect of TRIS on growth and phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a content. They also demonstrate the importance of appropriate nutrient concentration for laboratory cultures, depending on the intrinsic characteristics of each species.

Strong quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the desiccated state in three poikilohydric and homoiochlorophyllous moss species indicates photo-oxidative protection on highly light-exposed rocks of a tropical inselberg

The three poikilophydric and homoiochlorophyllous moss species Campylopus savannarum (C. Muell.) Mitt., Racocarpus fontinaloides (C. Muell.) Par. and Ptychomitrium vaginatum Besch. grow on sun-exposed rocks of a tropical inselberg in Brazil subject to regular drying and wetting cycles. Effective photo-oxidative protection in the light-adapted desiccated state in all three species is achieved by a reduction of ground chlorophyll fluorescence, F, to almost zero. Upon rewatering, the kinetics of the recovery of F in air dry cushions to higher values is very fast in the first 5min, but more than 80min are needed until an equilibrium is reached gradually. The kinetics were not different between the three species. The three moss species, have a distinct niche occupation and form a characteristic zonation around soil vegetation islands on the rock outcrops, where C. savannarum and R. fontinaloides form an inner and outer belt, respectively, around vegetation islands and P vaginatum occurs as small isolated cushions on bare rock. However, they were not distinguished by the reduction of F in the dry state and the rewetting recovery kinetics and only slightly different in their photosynthetic capacity. Stable isotope ratios (delta C-13, delta N-15) indicate that liquid films of water limiting diffusion of CO2 are important in determining carbon acquisition and suggest that limitation of CO2 fixation by water films must be more pronounced over time in P vaginatum than in the latter species. This is determined by both the micro site occupied and the form of the moss cushions. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Singlet oxygen generation in the reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generation in the reaction centers (RCs) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild type was characterized by luminescent emission in the near infrared region (time resolved transients and emission spectra) and quantified to have quantum yield of 0.03 +/- 0.005. (1)O(2) emission was measured as a function of temperature, ascorbate, urea and potassium ferricyanide concentrations and as a function of incubation time in H(2)O: D(2)O mixtures. (1)O(2) was shown to be affected by the RC dynamics and to originate from the reaction of molecular oxygen with two sources of triplets: photoactive dimer formed by singlet-triplet mixing and bacteriopheophytin formed by direct photoexcitation and intersystem crossing.

Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H(2)O(2)

Diuron is one of the most commonly found N-phenylurea herbicides in marine/estuarine waters that promotes toxic effects by inhibiting photosynthesis and affecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in autotrophs. Since photo- and thermoacclimation are also ROS-mediated processes, this work evaluates a hypothetical additive effect of high light (HL) and chilling (12 degrees C) on 50 nM diuron toxicity to the highly-photosynthetically active apices of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Additive inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly evidenced by significant decreases of quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transfer rates upon co-stressors exposure to diuron-treated algae. Under extreme 12 degrees C/HL/diuron conditions, unexpected lower correlations between H(2)O(2) concentrations in seawater and radical-sensitive protein thiols were concomitantly measured with the highest indexes of photoinhibition (parameter beta). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that co-stressors chilling/HL additively inhibit photosynthesis in diuron-exposed K. alvarezii but with less involvement of H(2)O(2) in injury effects than with only chilling or HL. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Efeitos na taxa de transporte de elétrons de plantas daninhas após aplicação de amicarbazone

Entre os herbicidas registrados para cana-de-açúcar, o amicarbazone é um dos mais importantes para o controle das plantas daninhas, sendo preciso que o herbicida seja absorvido, translocado e que ele alcance os cloroplastos das células das folhas para atuar em seu sítio de ligação no fotossistema II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do amicarbazone na taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) de Ipomoea grandifolia, Brachiaria decumbens e Digitaria horizontalis. Foi verificada a resposta dessas plantas daninhas, em relação à ETR, quando submetidas ao amicarbazone em solução e na sequência à solução sem herbicida, por meio de leituras da ETR, realizadas em folhas novas e adultas com o uso de um fluorômetro portátil. Verificou-se também o consumo de água das plantas daninhas pela pesagem diária dos recipientes contendo a solução e as plantas. Assim, verificou-se por meio do experimento que a redução dos valores da ETR pode ser utilizada para indicar o nível de intoxicação nas plantas daninhas em estudo. As plantas daninhas I. grandifolia, B. decumbens e D. horizontalis apresentaram respostas diferenciadas quando submetidas a solução sem herbicida após solução com amicarbazone. I. grandifolia apresentou-se mais sensível ao amicarbazone devido à maior dificuldade em recuperar os níveis iniciais de ETR, além de apresentar alterações nas folhas novas após o termino de fornecimento do herbicida. O consumo de água pode explicar esse comportamento em I. grandifolia, visto tratar-se da espécie que mais consumiu água e, consequentemente, mais absorveu o amicarbazone. Já para B. decumbens e D. horizontalis ocorreram menores níveis de absorção de água e, por conseguinte, as folhas velhas tiveram melhor recuperação do transporte de elétrons e não houve intoxicação em folhas novas.