893 resultados para COVERED AU(111) SURFACES


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The interface between Au(hkl) basal planes and the ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonil imide was investigated by using both cyclic voltammetry and laser-induced temperature jump. Cyclic voltammetry showed characteristic features, revealing surface sensitive processes at the interfaces Au(hkl)/[Emmim][Tf2N]. From laser-induced heating the potential of maximum entropy (pme) is determined. Pme is close to the potential of zero charge (pzc) and, therefore, the technique provides relevant interfacial information. The following order for the pme values has been found: Au(111) > Au(100) > Au(110). This order correlates well with work function data and values of pzc in aqueous solutions.

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The catalytic destruction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) over model sulfated Pt(111) surfaces has been investigated by fast X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. TCA adsorbs molecularly over SO4 precovered Pt(111) at 100 K, with a saturation coverage of 0.4 monolayer (ML) comparable to that on the bare surface. Surface crowding perturbs both TCA and SO4 species within the mixed adlayer, evidenced by strong, coverage-dependent C 1s and Cl and S 2p core-level shifts. TCA undergoes complete dechlorination above 170 K, accompanied by C−C bond cleavage to form surface CH3, CO, and Cl moieties. These in turn react between 170 and 350 K to evolve gaseous CO2, C2H6, and H2O. Subsequent CH3 dehydrogenation and combustion occurs between 350 and 450 K, again liberating CO2 and water. Combustion is accompanied by SO4 reduction, with the coincident evolution of gas phase SO2 and CO2 suggesting the formation of a CO−SOx surface complex. Reactively formed HCl desorbs in a single state at 400 K. Only trace (<0.06 ML) residual atomic carbon and chlorine remain on the surface by 500 K.

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A detailed study of the self-assembly and coverage by 1-nonanethiol of sputtered Au surfaces using molecular resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is presented. The monolayer self-assembles on a smooth Au surface composed predominantly of {111} oriented grains. The domains of the alkanethiol monolayer are observed with sizes typically of 5-25 nm, and multiple molecular domains can exist within one Au grain. STM imaging shows that the (4 × 2) superlattice structure is observed as a (3 × 2√3) structure when imaged under noncontact AFM conditions. The 1-nonanethiol molecules reside in the threefold hollow sites of the Au{111} lattice and aligned along its lattice vectors. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) contains many nonuniformities such as pinholes, domain boundaries, and monatomic depressions which are present in the Au surface prior to SAM adsorption. The detailed observations demonstrate limitations to the application of 1-nonanethiol as a resist in atomic nanolithography experiments to feature sizes of ∼20 nm.

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We show that the crystal structure of a substrate can be exploited to drive the anisotropic assembly of colloidal nanoparticles. Pentanethiol-passivated Au particles of approximately 2 nm diameter deposited from toluene onto hydrogen-passivated Si(111) surfaces form linear assemblies (rods) with a narrow width distribution. The rod orientations mirror the substrate symmetry, with a high degree of alignment along principal crystallographic axes of the Si(111) surface. There is a strong preference for anisotropic growth with rod widths substantially more tightly distributed than lengths. Entropic trapping of nanoparticles provides a plausible explanation for the formation of the anisotropic assemblies we observe.

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Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has become a primary nanoparticle characterization technique with applications from materials characterization to biological and environmental detection. With the expansion in DLS use from homogeneous spheres to more complicated nanostructures, comes a decrease in accuracy. Much research has been performed to develop different diffusion models that account for the vastly different structures but little attention has been given to the effect on the light scattering properties in relation to DLS. In this work, small (core size < 5 nm) core-shell nanoparticles were used as a case study to measure the capping thickness of a layer of dodecanethiol (DDT) on Au and ZnO nanoparticles by DLS. We find that the DDT shell has very little effect on the scattering properties of the inorganic core and hence can be ignored to a first approximation. However, this results in conventional DLS analysis overestimating the hydrodynamic size in the volume and number weighted distributions. By introducing a simple correction formula that more accurately yields hydrodynamic size distributions a more precise determination of the molecular shell thickness is obtained. With this correction, the measured thickness of the DDT shell was found to be 7.3 ± 0.3 Å, much less than the extended chain length of 16 Å. This organic layer thickness suggests that on small nanoparticles, the DDT monolayer adopts a compact disordered structure rather than an open ordered structure on both ZnO and Au nanoparticle surfaces. These observations are in agreement with published molecular dynamics results.

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A series of four novel n-type molecules has been synthesized. Unlike previous approaches, the end group of these molecules was fixed and the molecular core was varied. The resulting materials were thoroughly analyzed. Electronic properties were derived from photoemission spectroscopy, optical properties were derived with the help of optical spectroscopy, and the structure of thin films on Au(111) was derived by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In addition, prototypical organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) (forming n-channels in OFETs) have been fabricated and tested. The correlation between the device performance of the respective OFETs (i.e., electron mobility) and their electronic as well as structural properties was investigated. It turned out that a combination of beneficial electronic and structural properties provides the best results. These findings are important for the design of new materials for future device applications.

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Recently, halogen···halogen interactions have been demonstrated to stabilize two-dimensional supramolecular assemblies at the liquid–solid interface. Here we study the effect of changing the halogen, and report on the 2D supramolecular structures obtained by the adsorption of 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPT) and 2,4,6-tris(4-iodophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TIPT) on both highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and the (111) facet of a gold single crystal. These molecular systems were investigated by combining room-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy in ambient conditions with density functional theory, and are compared to results reported in the literature for the similar molecules 1,3,5-tri(4-bromophenyl)benzene (TBPB) and 1,3,5-tri(4-iodophenyl)benzene (TIPB). We find that the substrate exerts a much stronger effect than the nature of the halogen atoms in the molecular building blocks. Our results indicate that the triazine core, which renders TBPT and TIPT stiff and planar, leads to stronger adsorption energies and hence structures that are different from those found for TBPB and TIPB. On the reconstructed Au(111) surface we find that the TBPT network is sensitive to the fcc- and hcp-stacked regions, indicating a significant substrate effect. This makes TBPT the first molecule reported to form a continuous monolayer at room temperature in which molecular packing is altered on the differently reconstructed regions of the Au(111) surface. Solvent-dependent polymorphs with solvent coadsorption were observed for TBPT on HOPG. This is the first example of a multicomponent self-assembled molecular networks involving the rare cyclic, hydrogen-bonded hexamer of carboxylic groups, R66(24) synthon.

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Controlled nuclear fusion is one of the most promising sources of energy for the future. Before this goal can be achieved, one must be able to control the enormous energy densities which are present in the core plasma in a fusion reactor. In order to be able to predict the evolution and thereby the lifetime of different plasma facing materials under reactor-relevant conditions, the interaction of atoms and molecules with plasma first wall surfaces have to be studied in detail. In this thesis, the fundamental sticking and erosion processes of carbon-based materials, the nature of hydrocarbon species released from plasma-facing surfaces, and the evolution of the components under cumulative bombardment by atoms and molecules have been investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations using both analytic potentials and a semi-empirical tight-binding method. The sticking cross-section of CH3 radicals at unsaturated carbon sites at diamond (111) surfaces is observed to decrease with increasing angle of incidence, a dependence which can be described by a simple geometrical model. The simulations furthermore show the sticking cross-section of CH3 radicals to be strongly dependent on the local neighborhood of the unsaturated carbon site. The erosion of amorphous hydrogenated carbon surfaces by helium, neon, and argon ions in combination with hydrogen at energies ranging from 2 to 10 eV is studied using both non-cumulative and cumulative bombardment simulations. The results show no significant differences between sputtering yields obtained from bombardment simulations with different noble gas ions. The final simulation cells from the 5 and 10 eV ion bombardment simulations, however, show marked differences in surface morphology. In further simulations the behavior of amorphous hydrogenated carbon surfaces under bombardment with D^+, D^+2, and D^+3 ions in the energy range from 2 to 30 eV has been investigated. The total chemical sputtering yields indicate that molecular projectiles lead to larger sputtering yields than atomic projectiles. Finally, the effect of hydrogen ion bombardment of both crystalline and amorphous tungsten carbide surfaces is studied. Prolonged bombardment is found to lead to the formation of an amorphous tungsten carbide layer, regardless of the initial structure of the sample. In agreement with experiment, preferential sputtering of carbon is observed in both the cumulative and non-cumulative simulations

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Bare faceted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a tendency to aggregate through a preferred attachment of the 111] surfaces. We have used fully atomistic classical molecular dynamics simulations to obtain a quantitative estimate of this surface interaction using umbrella sampling (US) at various temperatures. To tune this surface interaction, we use polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer to coat the gold surface under various conditions. We observe a spontaneous adsorption of the protonated as well as nonprotonated PAMAM dendrimer on the AuNP surface. The adsorbed dendrimer on the nanoparticle surface strongly alters the interaction between the nanoparticles. We calculate the interaction between dendrimercoated AuNPs using US and show how the interaction between two bare faceted AuNPs can be tuned as a function of dendrimer concentration and charge (pH dependent) With appropriate choice of the dendrimer concentration and charge, two strongly interacting AuNPs can be made effectively noninteracting. Our simulation results demonstrate a strategy to tune the nanoparticle interaction, which can help in engineering self-assembly of such nanoparticles.

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We demonstrate the first STM evaluation of the Young's modulus (E) of nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes. The sample deformation induced by tip-sample interaction has been determined using current-distance (I-Z) spectroscopy. As a result of tip-sample interaction, and the induced surface deformations, the I-z curves deviates from pure exponential dependence. Normally, in order to analyze the deformation quantitatively, the tip radius must be known. We show, that this necessity is eliminated by measuring the deformation on a substrate with a known Young's modulus (Au(111)) and estimating the tip radius, and afterwards, using the same tip (with a known radius) to measure the (unknown) Young's modulus of another sample (nanoparticles of CdS). The Young's modulus values found for 3 NP's samples of average diameters of 3.7, 6 and 7.5 nm, were E similar to 73%, 78% and 88% of the bulk value, respectively. These results are in a good agreement with the theoretically predicted reduction of the Young's modulus due to the changes in hydrostatic stresses which resulted from surface tension in nanoparticles with different sizes. Our calculation using third order elastic constants gives a reduction of E which scales linearly with 1/r (r is the NP's radius). This demonstrates the applicability of scanning tunneling spectroscopy for local mechanical characterization of nanoobjects. The method does not include a direct measurement of the tip-sample force but is rather based on the study of the relative elastic response. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The tension and compression of single-crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with different cross-sectional shapes are studied systematically using molecular dynamics simulation. The shape effects on the yield stresses are characterized. For the same surface to volume ratio, the circular cross-sectional SiNWs are stronger than the square cross-sectional ones under tensile loading, but reverse happens in compressive loading. With the atoms colored by least-squares atomic local shear strain, the deformation processes reveal that the failure modes of incipient yielding are dependent on the loading directions. The SiNWs under tensile loading slip in {111} surfaces, while the compressive loading leads the SiNWs to slip in the {110} surfaces. The present results are expected to contribute to the design of the silicon devices in nanosystems.

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We have grown an atom-thin, ordered, two-dimensional multi-phase film in situ through germanium molecular beam epitaxy using a gold (111) surface as a substrate. Its growth is similar to the formation of silicene layers on silver (111) templates. One of the phases, forming large domains, as observed in scanning tunneling microscopy, shows a clear, nearly flat, honeycomb structure. Thanks to thorough synchrotron radiation core-level spectroscopy measurements and advanced density functional theory calculations we can identify it as a root 3 x root 3 R(30 degrees) germanene layer in conjunction with a root 7 x root 7 R(19.1 degrees) Au(111) supercell, presenting compelling evidence of the synthesis of the germanium-based cousin of graphene on gold.

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本文简要评述了扫描探针显微学研究的发展过程、目前状况及发展方向,着重介绍了扫描探针显微学(SPM)在分子组装体研究中的一些应用。采用扫描探针显微学结合电化学的方法对自组装膜(SAMs)、表面活性剂(surfactant)、纳米颗粒(nanoparticles)等分子组装体系进行了研究,并结合IR、QCM、XPS、XRD等多种手段对分子组装体在电极表面的形态和结构进行了探讨。主要结果如下:1.SPM研究以杂多酸为基础的分子组装体我们通过将AsMo_(11)V0_(40)~(4-)杂多酸阴离子从其酸性溶液中自吸附至金表面的方法,制备了一类新的无机自组装膜。我们利用QCM、STM和电化学方法分别研究了AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的吸附过程、在Au表面的结构和电化学性质。QCM数据表明这个自组装过程可以用Langmuir吸附等温式来描述,其吸附自由能为-20 KJ/mol。 通过QCM测得的AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的表面覆盖度的最大值为1.7 * 10~(-10)mol/cm~2,这相当于一个AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)阴离子的密堆积单层。AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的循环伏安图上出现三对可逆的氧化还原峰,每对峰所对应的自组装膜的表面覆盖度都亦为1.78 * 10~(-10) mol/cm2,和QCM结果一致。现场STM图像显示AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜十分的均一没有如何多层或聚集体的结构。高分辨STM图进一步显示在Au(111)表面的sMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜于+0.7 V(vs.Ag | AgCl)表现出二维有序的四方晶体结构,晶格间距为10-11 A。这个值与sMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)阴离子的直径十分接近。从STM图我们也估算出AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的表面覆盖度为1.8 * 10~(-10) mol/cm~2,这和QCM以及电化学的实验结果都很接近。我们进一步研究了一种新的以杂多酸为基础的有机无机复合膜--砷钼钒杂多酸的十一烷基吡啶盐(CPMVA)--的制备、结构和电催化性质。通过在这种盐的丙酮溶液中循环电位扫描,我们可以在HOPG电极表面制备稳定的CPMVA膜。我们利用XPS、STM和电化学多种手段来表征CPMVA膜的结构和性质。这些研究表明:在新剥离HOPG表面CPMVA膜的结构为自聚集的分子团,而在预阴极化HOPG表面CPMVA膜的结构为自有序单层。CPMVA膜在酸性和丙酮溶剂中部表现出可逆的氧化还原动力学行为,这说明这种新类型的膜甚至能在有机溶剂中用作催化剂。当溶液的pH值大于7.O时,CPMVA膜也能维持其稳定性,它对pH值的依赖程度明显小于其无机物形式的膜(H_4AsMo_(11)VO_(40))对pH值的依赖程度。CPMVA膜对Br0_3-的还原表现出很好的电催化活性,催化电流与BrO_3~-的浓度的平方成正比。这种有很高稳定性的新类型杂多酸膜在催化剂领域中将有很广阔的应用前景。2.电化学STM研究吸附在金属表面的表面活性剂聚集体由于电位诱导引起的结构变化表面活性剂在表面的吸附已广泛地被用于限制电极表面的活性和稳定溶液中的胶体和纳米粒子,但是人们对表面活性剂在电极表面的结构和由于电位变化所引起的结构改变并不清楚。在这个工作中我们利用现场STM观察了电位控制下表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)在Au(111)表面的吸附。STM图像显示通过控制电位SDS在Au(111)表面有一从半圆柱胶束单层向致密双层膜过渡的构象变化。我们也建立了SDS聚集体在Au(111)表面电位诱导结构变化的模型。就我们所知,这是第一次系统地研究表面活性剂聚集体在金属表面的电位诱导结构变化。3.在固体表面构筑有序的聚苯胺分子导线我们提出了一种新的通过分子设计构筑有序聚苯胺分子导线的新方法。首先,根据Saveant的方法我们在HOPG表面修饰上有序的4-氨基苯单层,然后溶液中的苯胺分子通过阶跃的方法被层层电聚合在4-氨基苯单层修饰的HOPG表面,形成有序的聚苯胺分子导线。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果证实HOPG表面上形成了聚苯胺。SPM图显示在HOPG表面的聚苯胺平面结构为有序的3~(1/2) * 3~(1/2) R 30°。小角X-射线反射结果表明聚苯胺分子导线是垂直站立在HOPG表面。电化学测量进一步表明聚苯胺分子导线的形成有利于加速电子传递速率。这种先分子设计后电聚合的方法可能会成为一类在固体表面制备有序导电聚合物分子导线的新方法。依据上一个实验,我们在金表面通过自组装的方法构筑了绝缘分子导线。我们选择β-环糊精(β-CD)作为包络4-氨基硫酚的理想主体分子。β-CD和4-氨基硫酚形成的包络物首先被自组装到Au表面,然后也通过阶跃的方法被层层电聚合在自组装膜修饰的Au表面,形成有序的聚苯胺分子导线。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果证实Au表面上形成了聚苯胺。低电流STM(LC-STM)图像表明在Au(111)表面的聚苯胺分子线为六角的二维有序,分子与分子之间的最相邻距离为15.5±0.5 A。这种先进行CD超分子自组装后电聚合的方法可能会成为一类制备导电聚合物绝缘分子导线的新方法。4.SPM研究在HOPG表面电化学合成的纳米材料我们通过脉冲恒电位方法从稀的苯胺酸性溶液(1mM苯胺 + 1 M HClO_4)在HOPG表面制备聚苯胺纳米颗粒。我们利用FTIR-ERS、XPS、TM-AFM手段来表征聚苯胺纳米颗粒的组成和结构。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果表明制得的聚苯胺纳米颗粒主要以亚胺形式存在。TM-AFM图像显示分散于HOPG表面的聚苯胺纳米颗粒的表面覆盖度约为10~(10)cm~(-2)。这些纳米颗粒都为圆盘型,直径为200到600埃,高度为10到30埃。这些纳米颗粒的大小随聚合电量由5.7 μC/cm~2增加到19.3 μC/cm~2而增大。我们提出了一种通过分子设计在HOPG表面制备金属纳米粒子的新方法。第一步,根据Saveant的方法我们在HOPG表面修饰上一个4-氨基苯单层。第二步,通过配位相互作用Ag~+能在4-氨基功能化的HOPG表面形成单层。第三步,通过脉冲恒电位方法我们就能在4-氨基苯功能化的HOPG制备Ag纳米颗粒。电化学测量证明了在HOPG表面上Ag纳米颗粒的形成。STM图像显示通过这种方法制得的Ag纳米颗粒的大小十分均一且在HOPG表面上的分散度很高。这种新方法可被广泛地用来在碳表面制备各种金属纳米粒子。

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本文简要评述了扫描探针显微学研究的发展过程、目前状况及发展方向,着重介绍了扫描探针显微学(SPM)在分子组装体研究中的一些应用。采用扫描探针显微学结合电化学的方法对自组装膜(SAMs)、纳米颗粒(nanoparticles)、有机无机纳米复合材料(composite material)体系进行了研究,并结合XPS、SEC等多种手段对分子组装体在电极表面的形态和结构进行了探讨。主要结果如下:1.STM研究金属纳米颗粒的隧道成像机理利用柠檬酸三钠还原高氯酸金的反应制备了金的溶胶纳米粒子。将对氨基硫酚自组于金单晶面(Au(111))上形成致密有序的单层;并以此为基底进一步将金溶胶纳米粒子组装于自组膜表面,得到固定化纳米粒子的次单层。用扫描隧道显微镜进行了表征,对金溶胶纳米粒子隧道成像的微观机理作了探讨,提出双势垒隧穿的电子传输界面模型。对扫描隧道显微镜下金溶胶纳米粒子的图像失真作解释。2.共轭有机小分子的导电性的研究利用保护和去保护的方法对带巯基的共轭有机小分子进行了合理地操纵,使其稳定性在我们构筑电化学界面的过程中得到了保证。我们用自组装(SAM)技术将这种共轭有机小分子首先吸附于金电表面,然后用稀氨水将其水解得到致密的共轭有机小分子的单层。在金/SAM二次基底的基础上利用巯基于金的强烈的化学键合力用电化学沉积的方法和湿化学还原的方法得到的金纳米粒子组装于电极表面,得到了金/有机分子层/金的夹心结构,并对构筑这种夹心结构的每一步骤用扫描探针显微镜(SPM)和电化学循环伏安法(CV)进行了表征,实验结果表明,此种共轭有机小分子利用巯基化学键合金属金时,电子能够快速通过这种夹心结构,为分子电子学中之基本问题“分子导线”连接纳米级的分子器件时电子能否在其间传导给出了直接的电化学证明。3.纳米复合材料的合成与表征我们用相转移方法合成了表面功能化的纳米粒子。首先,根据将HAuCl_4溶解于水相中,将Bu_4NClO_4作为相转移试剂、带巯基的有机小分子作为表面修饰剂,NaBH_4和柠檬蒜三钠作为还原剂溶解于硝基苯有机相中。将两相剧烈混合,在混合过程中HAuCl_4在水/硝基苯界面处被有机相中的还原剂还原成金属纳米粒子,刚生成的纳米粒子由于强烈的金硫键合作用而被带巯基的有机小分子表面功能化,而且能在有机溶剂中稳定存在。于是得到的表面功能化的纳米粒子在有机溶剂中的稳定胶体溶液。我们合成了表面被12烷基硫醇和巯基噻酚修饰的金纳米粒子。基于这些表面功能化且带有电化学反应性功能基团的纳米粒子,我们在电化学合成聚噻酚的系统中加入这种具有表面反应性的纳米粒子得到了有机/无机纳米复合材料。对这种复合材料我们用扫描探针显微镜(SPM)、电化学交流阻抗谱(ElS)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行了表征,结果表面纳米粒子能稳定存在于聚合物基体中,而且这种复合材料的电子传输性能远远大于同等条件下的聚合物膜。

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1、在云母表面用AFM观察了不同离子对DNA形态影响。一些离子,如Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)等是固定和铺展DNA的较好介质,但缺陷是它们可以催化限制性内切酶对DNA的切割。在另一些离子存在下,如Co(phen)_3~(3+)和Ca~(2+),限制酶不对DNA切割。Co(phen)_3~(3+)存在下,限制性内切酶EcoRI的星号活力位点与DNA结合。AFM直接观察到EcoRI在pBR322DNA上的星号活力图。AFM测得的星号活力物理图与理论偏差小于100 bp。获得了适于AFM观察的常规DNA铺展方法。长度大于40微米的DNA在几微米扫描范围内均匀铺展,并且云母基底表面平整干净。此铺展方法对DNA长度没有影响。这种展开的长链DNA适合于人类基因组BAC DNA的高分辨物理图制作。2、用低电流STM首次观察到金表面上自组装的ssDNA。ssDNA在局部规则区域内彼此平行排列。ssDNA链宽约为0.9纳米,其值为dsDNA的一半。在同一ssDNA链上,相邻两个亮点的距离为0.3-0.5纳米,其值与理论的ssDNA内相邻两碱基之间距离一致。电化学实验证明了自组装在Au(111)上的分子是ssDNA而不是dsDNA。讨论了传统基底-HOPG对生物样品的固定。溶菌酶被稳定地固定在氨基修饰的HOPG表面。通过低电流STM,我们观察到溶菌酶的外貌。3、侧向力显微镜对多头绒泡菌染色体的观察,我们获得了中期、前期染色体的表面精细结构和染色体的集缩过程形态。在染色体表面存在300和40纳米的细丝结构。讨论了零度扫描角的侧向力显微镜。4、研究了dsDNA和ssDNA在聚吡咯修饰电极表面的吸附行为,并通过电化学指示剂Co(phen)_3~(3+)在聚吡咯电极上区分了ssDNA和dsDNA。聚吡咯膜内掺杂的正电荷可以很好地吸附DNA分子,并且这种膜可以耐受一些变性条件的处理。再生这种电极是可能的。这些结果表明,这种新型DNA固定方法可以用于DNA传感器的研制。