Paul–Straubel–Kingdon trap for true zero-point confinement of an individual ion and reservoir

A modification of the Paul–Straubel trap previously described by us may profitably be operated in a Paul–Straubel–Kingdon (PSK) mode during the initial loading of an individual ion into the trap. Thereby the coating of the trap ring electrode by the atomic beam directed upon it in earlier experiments is eliminated, as is the ionization of an already trapped ion. Coating created serious problems as it spot-wise changed the work function of the ring electrode, which caused large, uncontrolled dc fields in the trap center that prevented zero-point confinement. Operating the Paul–Straubel trap with a small negative bias on the ring electrode wire is all that is required to realize the PSK mode. In this mode the tiny ring trap in the center of the long, straight wire section is surrounded by a second trapping well shaped like a long, thin-walled cylindrical shell and extending to the end-caps. There, ions may be conveniently created in this well without danger of coating the ring with barium. In addition, the long second well is useful as a multi-ion reservoir.

Stabilization of APIs and nutraceuticals through cocrystallization and molecular confinement

Cocrystallization of the molecule of interest could be a smart and dainty way to tune solubility properties of solid phases leaving the molecule chemically unchanged, hence it is widely investigated by companies and by solid state scientists. Despite of this extremely high interest towards cocrystallization no particular emphasis has been paid to using it as a means to stabilize liquid molecules. In this work we define a benchmark of relevant molecules for human health that have been combined with suitable partners according to crystal engineering methods in order to obtain cocrystals. Solubility properties in different solvents of cocrystals new solid phases have been tested and compared to the properties of the drugs. A further approach to deal with volatile compounds is molecular confinement inside molecular scaffold. Nowadays metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are studied in many fields ranging from catalysis to trapping or storage of gases, such as hydrogen, methane, CO2 thanks to their extremely high porosity. Our goal is to confine liquid guests of biological relevance inside MOF pores, monitoring via X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy and thermal analysis the stabilization of the molecule of interest inside the cavities.

Dignity and the Eighth Amendment: A New Approach to Challenging Solitary Confinement

The use of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons and jails has come under increasing scrutiny. Over the past few months, Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy all but invited constitutional challenges to the use of solitary confinement, while President Obama asked, “Do we really think it makes sense to lock so many people alone in tiny cells for 23 hours a day for months, sometime for years at a time?” Even some of the most notorious prisons and jails, including California’s Pelican Bay State Prison and New York’s Rikers Island, are reforming their use of solitary confinement because of successful litigation and public outcry. Rovner suggests that in light of these developments and “the Supreme Court’s increasing reliance on human dignity as a substantive value underlying and animating constitutional rights,” there is a strong case to make that long-term solitary confinement violates the constitutional right to freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.

Enhancement of the hydrogenation activity of a Pd-tridecilamine (TDA) complex by confinement in carbon nanotubes

An active hydrogenation Pd complex has been immobilised by impregnation on CNTs submitted to several treatments that lead to important differences in their surface chemistry and in the proportion of tubes with both ends open. Most of the hybrid catalysts are more active than the complex in homogeneous phase, but the support properties have an important impact in the catalytic activity. In general, the more developed the surface chemistry, the lower the activity. However, when CNTs are open at both ends, the Pd complex can enter the tubular cavity and an important enhancement of the catalytic activity due to a confinement effect is observed.

Construction, operations, and staff training for juvenile confinement facilities /

"January 2000."

Space-charge limit and confinement in particle acceleration with high-intensity light waves /

"AEC Contract AT(04-3)-400."

The art of successful confinement rearing

Cover-title.

Radiation pressure confinement, the shock pinch and feasibility of fusion propulsion,

Caption title.

The use of low impedance transmission lines in plasma heating and confinement studies,

"Prepared for the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, Headquarters Air Research and Development Command, under Contract AF 04(647)-309, Thermonuclear Propulsion Research."

Criminal commitments and dangerous mental patients : legal issues of confinement, treatment, and release /

Includes bibliographical references.

Twenty years confinement, or, The Casimirs, /

Date of publication from NUC pre-1956.

Guardhouses and confinement facilities.

Mode of access: Internet.

An appeal to impartial posterity, by citizeness Roland ... Or, A collection of pieces written by her during her confinement in the prisons of the Abbey, and St. Pélagie ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A narrative of the confinement and exile of William Steel Dickson, D. D., formerly minister of the Presbyterian congregations of Ballyhalbert and Portaferry, in the county of Down, and now of Keady, in the county of Armagh.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nanostructures, Semicrytalline Morphology, and Nanoscale Confinement Effect on the Crystallization Kinetics in Self-Organized Block Copolymer/Thermoset Blends

This work reports the first instance of self-organized thermoset blends containing diblock copolymers with a crystallizable thermoset-immiscible block. Nanostructured thermoset blends of bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (ER) and a low-molecular-weight (M-n = 1400) amphiphilic polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (EEO) symmetric diblock copolymer were prepared using 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) as curing agent and were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All the MDA-cured ER/EEO blends do not show macroscopic phase separation but exhibit microstructures. The ER selectively mixes with the epoxy-miscible PEO block in the EEO diblock copolymer whereas the crystallizable PE blocks that are immiscible with ER form separate microdomains at nanoscales in the blends. The PE crystals with size on nanoscales are formed and restricted within the individual spherical micelles in the nanostructured ER/EEO blends with EEO content up to 30 wt %. The spherical micelles are highly aggregated in the blends containing 40 and 50 wt % EEO. The PE dentritic crystallites exist in the blend containing 50 wt % EEO whereas the blends with even higher EEO content are completely volume-filled with PE spherulites. The semicrystalline microphase-separated lamellae in the symmetric EEO diblock copolymer are swollen in the blend with decreasing EEO content, followed by a structural transition to aggregated spherical micellar phase morphology and, eventually, spherical micellar phase morphology at the lowest EEO contents. Three morphological regimes are identified, corresponding precisely to the three regimes of crystallization kinetics of the PE blocks. The nanoscale confinement effect on the crystallization kinetics in nanostructured thermoset blends is revealed for the first time. This new phenomenon is explained on the basis of homogeneous nucleation controlled crystallization within nanoscale confined environments in the block copolymer/thermoset blends.