Anomalous water absorption in porous materials

The absorption of fluid by unsaturated, rigid porous materials may be characterized by the sorptivity. This is a simple parameter to determine and is increasingly being used as a measure of a material's resistance to exposure to fluids (especially moisture and reactive solutes) in aggressive environments. The complete isothermal absorption process is described by a nonlinear diffusion equation, with the hydraulic diffusivity being a strongly nonlinear function of the degree of saturation of the material. This diffusivity can be estimated from the sorptivity test. In a typical test the cumulative absorption is proportional to the square root of time. However, a number of researchers have observed deviation from this behaviour when the infiltrating fluid is water and there is some potential for chemo-mechanical interaction with the material. In that case the current interpretation of the test and estimation of the hydraulic diffusivity is no longer appropriate. Kuntz and Lavallee (2001) discuss the anomalous behaviour and propose a non-Darcian model as a more appropriate physical description. We present an alternative Darcian explanation and theory that retrieves the earlier advantages of the simple sorptivity test in providing parametric information about the material's hydraulic properties and allowing simple predictive formulae for the wetting profile to be generated.

Coupling Mechanical and Electrical Behavior in the Multi-scale Simulation of Polymer-based CNT Nanocomposites

A numeric model has been proposed to investigate the mechanical and electrical properties of a polymeric/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite material subjected to a deformation force. The reinforcing phase affects the behavior of the polymeric matrix and depends on the nanofiber aspect ratio and preferential orientation. The simulations show that the mechanical behavior of a computer generated material (CGM) depends on fiber length and initial orientation in the polymeric matrix. It is also shown how the conductivity of the polymer/CNT composite can be calculated for each time step of applied stress, effectively providing the ability to simulate and predict strain-dependent electrical behavior of CNT nanocomposites.

Evaluation of Pozzolanic Reactivity of Artificial Pozzolans

Materials Science Forum Vols. 730-732 (2013) pp 433-438

ReedCob – An eco-efficient building technology for monolithic walls based on earth and reeds

4th Conference COST ACTION FP1303 – Designing with Bio-based Materials – Challenges and opportiunities. INIA – CSIC, Madrid, 24-25 February 2016. Book of abstracts, T.Troya, J.Galván, D.Jones (Eds.), INIA and IETcc – CSIS, pg. 79-80 (ISBN: 978-91-88349-16-3)

Fucoidan-based particles for diabetes mellitus treatment

Marine organisms are rich in a variety of materials with potential use in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. One important example is fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of brown seaweeds.  Fucoidan is composed by L-fucose, sulfate groups and glucuronic acid. It has important bioactive properties such as anti-oxidative, anticoagulant, anticancer and reducing the blood glucose (1). In this work, the biomedical potential of fucoidan-based materials as drug delivery system was assessed by processing modified fucoidan (MFu) into particles by photocrosslinking using superamphiphobic surfaces and visible light. Fucoidan was modified by methacrylation reaction using different concentrations of methacrylate anhydride, namely 8% v/v (MFu1) and 12% v/v (MFu2). Further, MFu particles with and without insulin (5% w/v) were produced by pipetting a solution of 5% MFu with triethanolamine and eosin-y onto a superamphiphobic surface and then photocrosslinking using visible light (2). The developed particles were characterized to assess their chemistry, morphology, swelling behavior, drug release, insulin content and encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the viability assays of fibroblast L929 cells in contact with MFu particles showed good adhesion and proliferation up to 14 days. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of these particles using human beta cells is currently under investigation. Results obtained so far suggest that modified fucoidan particles could be a good candidate for diabetes mellitus therapeutic approaches.  

Silica nanoparticles as dexamethasone delivery systems able to induce the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Bioactive glasses, especially silica-based materials, are reported to pres- ent osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, fundamental char- acteristics in bone regeneration [1,2]. Additionally, dexamethasone (Dex) is one of the bioactive agents able to induce the osteogenic differ- entiation of mesenchymal stem cells by increasing the alkaline phos- phatase activity, and the expression levels of Osteocalcin and Bone Sialoprotein [3]. Herein, we synthesised silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (that present inherent bioactivity and ability to act as a sustained drug delivery system), and coated their surface using poly-L-lysine (PLL) and hyaluronic acid (HA) using the layer-by-layer processing technique. Further on, we studied the influence of these new SiO2-polyelectrolyte coated nanoparticles as Dex sustained delivery systems. The SiO2 nanoparticles were loaded with Dex (SiO2-Dex) and coated with PLL and HA (SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA). Their Dex release profile was evaluated and a more sustained release was obtained with the SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA. All the particles were cultured with human bone marrow-derived mes- enchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) under osteogenic differentiation culture conditions. hBMSCs adhered, proliferated and differentiated towards the osteogenic lineage in the presence of SiO2 (DLS 174nm), SiO2-Dex (DLS 175nm) and SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA (DLS 679nm). The presence of these materials induced the overexpression of osteogenic transcripts, namely of Osteocalcin, Bone Sialoprotein and Runx2. Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy/Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis demon- strated that hBMSCs synthesised calcium phosphates when cultured with SiO2-Dex and SiO2-Dex-PLL-HA nanoparticles. These results indi- cate the potential use of these SiO2-polyelectrolytes coated nanoparti- cles as dexamethasone delivery systems capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.

Biofunctionalization of titanium surfaces for dental implants: osteogenic, anti-microbial and tribocorrosion resistant surfaces

PhD thesis in Biomedical Engineering

Exploring silk based biomaterials functionalized with antimicrobial peptides to prevent surgical site infections

Surgical site infections (SSI) often occur after invasive surgery, which is as a serious health problem, making it important to develop new biomaterials to prevent infections. Spider silk is a natural biomaterial with excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and controllable biodegradability. Through recombinant DNA technology, spider silk-based materials can be bioengineered and functionalized with antimicrobial (AM) peptides 1. The aim of this study is to develop new materials by combining spider silk chimeric proteins with AM properties and silk fibroin extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons to prevent microbial infection. Here, spider silk domains derived from the dragline sequence of the spider Nephila clavipes (6 mer and 15 mer) were fused with the AM peptides Hepcidin and Human Neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1). The spider silk domain maintained its self-assembly features allowing the formation of beta-sheets to lock in structures without any chemical cross-linking. The AM properties of the developed chimeric proteins showed that 6 mer + HNP1 protein had a broad microbicidal activity against pathogens. The 6 mer + HNP-1 protein was then assembled with different percentages of silk fibroin into multifunctional films. In vitro cell studies with a human fibroblasts cell line (MRC5) showed nontoxic and cytocompatible behavior of the films. The positive cellular response, together with structural properties, suggests that this new fusion protein plus silk fibroin may be good candidates as multifunctional materials to prevent SSI.

Development of Bio-Based Polymers for Use in Asphalt, TR-639, 2014

Asphalt binder is typically modified with poly type (styrene-butadiene-styrene or SBS) polymers to improve its rheological properties and performance grade. The elastic and principal component of SBS polymers is butadiene. For the last decade, butadiene prices have fluctuated and significantly increased, leading state highway agencies to search for economically viable alternatives to butadiene based materials. This project reports the recent advances in polymerization techniques that have enabled the synthesis of elastomeric, thermoplastic, block-copolymers (BCPs) comprised of styrene and soybean oil, where the “B” block in SBS polymers is replaced with polymerized triglycerides derived from soybean oil. These new breeds of biopolymers have elastomeric properties comparable to well-established butadiene-based styrenic BCPs. In this report, two types of biopolymer formulations are evaluated for their ability to modify asphalt binder. Laboratory blends of asphalt modified with the biopolymers are tested for their rheological properties and performance grade. Blends of asphalt modified with the biopolymers are compared to blends of asphalt modified with two commonly used commercial polymers. The viscoelastic properties of the blends show that biopolymers improve the performance grade of the asphalt to a similar and even greater extent as the commercial SBS polymers. Results shown in this report indicate there is an excellent potential for the future of these biopolymers as economically and environmentally favorable alternatives to their petrochemically-derived analogs.

Time-Temperature Strength-Reaction Product Relationships in Lime-Bentonite-Water Mixtures, HR-111, 1965

The interrelation of curing time, curing temperature, strength, and reactions in lime-bentonite-water mixtures was examined. Samples were molded at constant density and moisture content and then cured for periods of from 1 to 56 days at constant temperatures that ranged from 5C to 60C. After the appropriate curing time the samples were tested for unconfined compressive strength. The broken samples were then analyzed by x-ray diffractometer and spectrophotometer to determine the identity of the reaction products present after each curing period. It was found that the strength gain of lime-clay mixtures cured at different temperatures is due to different phases of the complex reaction, lime & clay to CSH(gel) to CSH(II) to CSH(I) to tobermorite. The farther the reaction proceeds, the higher the strength. There was also evidence of lattice substitutions in the structure of the calcium silicate hydrates at curing temperatures of 50C and higher. No consistent relationship between time, temperature, strength, and the S/A ration of reaction products existed, but in order to achieve high strengths the apparent C/S ration had to be less than two. The curing temperature had an effect on the strength developed by a given amount of reacted silica in the cured lime-clay mixture, but at a given curing temperature the cured sample that had the largest amount of reacted silica gave the highest strength. Evidence was found to indicate that during the clay reaction some calcium is indeed adsorbed onto the clay structure rather than entering into a pozzolanic reaction. Finally, it was determined that it is possible to determine the amount of silica and alumina in lime-clay reaction products by spectrophotometric analysis with sufficient accuracy for comparison purposes. The spectrophotometric analysis techniques used during the investigation were simple and were not time consuming.

Kaasutuskaasun puhdistus

Tässä diplomityössä on selvitetty hiilestä, jätteestä tai biopolttoaineesta kaasutetun kaasun märkä- ja kuivapuhdistusta. Kaasutuskaasun puhdistuksella voidaan likainen ja jopa ongelmallinen aines muuttaa tai puhdistaa sellaiseksi ympäristökelpoiseksi polttoaineeksi, että sitä voidaan käyttää nykyisissä kulutuskohteissa ongelmitta. Lisäkannustusta kaasutuskaasun puhdistus saa uusista EU-direktiiveistä, jotka tulevat rajoittamaan jätteiden läjittämistä kaatopaikoille. Loppusijoitukseen meneviä jätevirtoja voidaan energiakäytöllä pienentää huomattavasti.Työ on tehty PVO-Engineering Oy:n voimalaitostekniikan osastolle kevään 2001 aikana. Työn tavoitteena oli kasvattaa yrityksen tietomäärää kaasutuskaasun puhdistuksen osalta. Lisäksi pyrittiin selvittämään uuden keraamisen pussisuodatinmateriaalin käyttöä kaasutuskaasun kuumakuivasuodatuksessa. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa esitetään kaasutuskaasun koostumuksen ja syntymisen lisäksi tämän työn lähtökohdat ja tavoitteet. Toisessa osassa selvitetään kaasulle asetettavia vaatimuksia eri käyttötapojen mukaan. Kolmannessa ja neljännessä osassa selvitetään puhdistettavien komponenttien käyttäytymistä ja sopivia puhdistusmenetelmiä.Kaasutuskaasun puhdistustekniikka vaihtelee paljonkin riippuen kaasun käyttökohteesta. Eroja syntyy käyttökohteen asetettamista vaatimuksista polttoaineelle, kaasutettavan polttoaineen koostumuksesta ja laadun vaihtelusta. Puhdistuksessa keskitytään kloori -, rikki -, typpi - ja metalliyhdisteiden poistamiseen kaasuvirrasta. Erotuskyvyllä arvioituna eri puhdistusmenetelmistä tehokkaimpia ovat pesurisähkösuodatinyhdistelmät. Niiden suuret jätemäärät ovat kuitenkin iso ongelma. Kuumakuivapuhdistuksessa pyritään kehittämään menetelmä, jossa syntyvät jätemäärät ovat pieniä ja puhdistustulos on riittävä. Puhdistuksen apukeinona käytetään usein erilaisia katalyyttejä. Tunnetuimpia ovat erilaiset kalsiumpohjaiset materiaalit ja mineraalit. Katalyyteillä voidaan tehostaa tarpeellisia kemiallisia reaktioita puhdistusprosessissa. Kaikki puhdistukseen liittyvät ongelmat ovat kooltaan niin suuria, että niiden ratkaisemiseksi on tulevaisuudessa tehtävä lujasti töitä. Markkinanäkymät toimivalle puhdistustekniikalle ovat nykymaailmassa hyvät. Niinpä tuotekehitykseen laitetut panokset voivat tulevaisuudessa olla yritykselle kullan arvoisia.

Estudo espectroscópico de vidros a base de aluminato de cálcio contendo Nd3+

Multicomponent ( Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, MgO) calcium aluminate-based glasses containing Nd3+ were prepared in order to evaluate their possibilities as laser host materials. The refractive index, UV-visible-near IR absorption spectrum, IR and visible luminescence spectra, and fluorescence decay time were measured. Judd-Ofelt model was used to obtain experimental intensity parameters ( omega2, omega4 and omega6), emission cross-section, radiative lifetimes, emission branching ratios and quantum efficiency.

Bio-based composites from stone groundwood applied to new product development

This paper deals with the product design, engineering, and material selection intended for the manufacturing of an eco-friendly chair. The final product is expected to combine design attributes with technical and legal feasibility with the implementation of new bio-based materials. Considering the industrial design, a range of objectives and trends were determined after setting the market requirements, and the final concept was proposed and modeled. The product geometry, production technology, and legal specifications were the input data for product engineering. The material selection was based on the technical requirements. Polypropylene (PP) composite materials based on coupled-fiberglass, sized-fiberglass, and coupled-stone ground wood reinforcements were prepared and characterized. Final formulations based on these PP composites are proposed and justified

Nikkelin, koboltin, lyijyn ja sinkin selektiivinen erottaminen ioninleimaustekniikalla syntetisoiduilla kelatoivilla erotusmateriaaleilla

Kelatoivat erotusmateriaalit ovat osoittautuneet lupaaviksi haitallisten metallien erottamiseksi vedestä. Puhdistettava vesiliuos sisältää vain harvoin pelkästään erotettavaksi tarkoitettuja metallikationeja, sillä useimmiten mukana on erotusmateriaalien tehokkuutta heikentäviä kationeja. Parantamalla erotusmateriaalin selektiivisyyttä voitaisiin häiritsevien ionien vaikutusta vähentää selvästi. Kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli tutkia ioninleimaustekniikan avulla syntetisoitujen kelatoivien erotusmateriaalien selektiivisyyttä nikkelille, koboltille, lyijylle ja sinkille. Käyttämällä esimerkiksi nikkelitemplaattia materiaalin synteesivaiheessa materiaalin nikkeliselektiivisyys kasvaa verrattuna perinteiseen synteesitekniikkaan. Tässä työssä tutkittiin erotusmateriaaleja, joissa oli käytetty nikkeli- tai lyijytemplaattia, vertaamalla niitä ilman templaattia syntetisoituihin materiaaleihin. Lisäksi erotustehokkuutta verrattiin kaupalliseen erotusmateriaaliin häiritsevien magnesium- ja kalsiumionien tapauksessa. Lyijyn havaittiin sitoutuvan tehokkaimmin kaikkiin syntetisoituihin materiaaleihin riippumatta nikkelitemplaatin käyttämisestä. Kinetiikkakokeet osoittivat lyijyn sitoutumisnopeudenkin olevan vertailtavista metalleista suurin. Kaikki kokeet suoritettiin huoneenlämpötilassa liuoksen pH-arvon ollessa 7,5. Nikkelitemplaatin käyttö lisäsi materiaalin selektiivisyyttä nikkelille verrattuna templaatittomaan muuten identtiseen materiaaliin. Kuitenkin materiaalien lyijyselektiivisyys oli huomattavasti nikkeliselektiivisyyttä suurempi. Lyijytemplaatin käyttö ei lisännyt lyijyselektiivisyyttä, mutta materiaalin nikkeliselektiivisyys parantui. Materiaaliin sitoutuneet nikkeli-, koboltti- ja sinkkipitoisuudet jäivät huomattavasti vähäisemmiksi verrattuna kaupalliseen materiaaliin. Magnesiumin ja kalsiumin tarttumista syntetisoituihin materiaaleihin tutkittiin myös ja tulosten mukaan IIPD2:een ja IIPD2-Methoxiin sitoutui erittäin vähän magnesiumia ja kalsiumia verrattuna kaupalliseen materiaaliin, jonka kalsiumkapasiteetti oli erityisen suuri. Kyseiset materiaalit soveltuvat tulosten perusteella myös häiritseviä ioneja sisältävien liuosten puhdistamiseen. Näin ollen valittujen kahden materiaalin jatkotutkimuksella olisi mahdollista parantaa nikkelikapasiteettia ja -selektiivisyyttä.

Biodegradable packaging materials in 2013 and their feasibility in chocolate industry

The development of biopolymers has been rapid in recent years and the range of available bioplastics is increasing continuously, driven by a growing demand for sustainable solutions. There are several key drivers behind this growth. The oil reservoirs are decreasing which is causing a price increase for the traditional plastic materials and therefore the gap to bioplastics’ price is getting smaller. In addition, other environmental topics, such as waste disposal and green production, have become more and more important factors for institutes, companies and consumers. Legislation and directives have to be taken into account as well in decision making concerning different packaging materials. The new environmental law with waste disposal responsibility will also have an effect on the packaging business. Therefore a need has risen to study closer the current offering closer of bio-based materials that could be used in chocolate packaging. In this Master’s Thesis the bioplastics’, and especially biodegradable materials’ technical properties and their development, availability, possible existing products in the markets, waste disposal possibilities and consumers attitude towards environmental friendly packaging is studied. This is a case study where the offering of biodegradable materials was investigated during March 2013 for Fazer Confectionary.