Derivatív pénzügyi termékek árdinamikája és az új típusú kamatlábmodellek (Interest rate models and the price processes of financial derivatives)

Ennek a cikknek az a célja, hogy áttekintést adjon annak a folyamatnak néhány főbb állomásáról, amit Black, Scholes és Merton opcióárazásról írt cikkei indítottak el a 70-es évek elején, és ami egyszerre forradalmasította a fejlett nyugati pénzügyi piacokat és a pénzügyi elméletet. / === / This review article compares the development of financial theory within and outside Hungary in the last three decades starting with the Black-Scholes revolution. Problems like the term structure of interest rate volatilities which is in the focus of many research internationally has not received the proper attention among the Hungarian economists. The article gives an overview of no-arbitrage pricing, the partial differential equation approach and the related numerical techniques, like the lattice methods in pricing financial derivatives. The relevant concepts of the martingal approach are overviewed. There is a special focus on the HJM framework of the interest rate development. The idea that the volatility and the correlation can be traded is a new horizon to the Hungarian capital market.

FX modelling under collateralization

We present the market practice for interest rate yield curves construction and pricing interest rate derivatives. Then we give a brief description of the Vasicek and the Hull-White models, with an example of calibration to market data. We generalize the classical Black-Scholes-Merton pricing formulas, considering more general cases such as perfect or partial collateral, derivatives on a dividend paying asset subject to repo funding, and multiple currencies. Finally we derive generic pricing formulae for different combinations of cash flow and collateral currencies, and we apply the results to the pricing of FX swaps and CCS, and we discuss curve bootstrapping.

Evaluación de la aplicación de dos modelos de valoración de opciones a la administración de portafolios

El artículo revisa la teoría de opciones y propone un método para la implementación del «Portfolio Insurance » basado en el modelo binomial, el cual es evaluado en oposición al modelo de Black-Scholes. Usando datos reales y simulados se encuentra que el método de Black-Scholes se desempeña mejor en condiciones «inestables »; el modelo binomial, en cambio,obtiene mejores resultados con tendencias definidas en los precios de las acciones (crecientes, decrecientes o estables durante un período extendido).

Osakeindeksioption implisiittisen volatiliteetin informaatiosisältö

Volatiliteetilla mitataan arvopaperin toteutuneen tuoton epävarmuutta ja sillä on keskeinen rooli riskienhallinnassa sekä arvopapereiden hinnoittelussa. Volatiliteetin estimoimiseen on kaksi vaihtoehtoista lähestymistapaa. Historiallinen volatiliteetti estimoidaan toteutuneesta hintadatasta, kun taas implisiittinen volatiliteetti voidaan johtaa optioiden markkinahinnoista käyttämällä Black-Scholes-Merton-hinnoittelumallia tai vaihtoehtoisesti Britten-Jonesin ja Neubergerin kehittämää mallia (mallivapaa implisiittinen volatiliteetti), joka ei ole riippuvainen mistään tietystä hinnoittelumallista, vaan johdetaan suoraan optioiden markkinahinnoista. Implisiittinen volatiliteetti edustaa näin ollen markkinaosapuolten näkemystä option jäljellä olevana juoksuaikana toteutuvasta volatiliteetista. Toteutuvan volatiliteetin ennustamista implisiittisen ja historiallisen volatiliteetin avulla on tutkittu laajalti 1970-luvulta lähtien ja tulokset ovat olleet ristiriitaisia sekä historiallisen ja implisiittisen volatiliteetin keskinäisessä vertailussa että kahden eri implisiittisen volatiliteetin vertailussa. Tämän tutkielman tavoite on selvittää ennustaako implisiittinen volatiliteetti toteutuvaa volatiliteettia. Tutkielmassa syvennytään erityisesti vertailemaan historiallisen volatiliteetin, Black–Scholes-implisiittisen sekä mallivapaan implisiittisen volatiliteetin paremmuutta toteutuvan volatiliteetin ennusteina. Tutkielman empiirinen osuus on suoritettu eurooppalaisella aineistolla käyttämällä EURO STOXX 50 -indeksin, siihen liittyvien osto-optioiden sekä VSTOXX-volatiliteetti-indeksin hintatietoja vuosilta 2006–2014. Aikasarjatutkimus on suoritettu ei-päällekkäisillä havainnoilla niin, että jokaista volatiliteettiennustetta kohden on tasan yksi kuukauden mittainen periodi, jolta toteutunut volatiliteetti lasketaan. Empiirinen tarkastelu on suoritettu PNS-regressioanalyysillä, jolla on ensin tutkittu jokaisen volatiliteettiennusteen kykyä selittää toteutuvaa volatiliteettia sekä erikseen että yhdessä. Tulosten perusteella mallivapaa implisiittinen volatiliteetti on harhainen, mutta tutkituista ennusteista selkeästi tehokkain ennustamaan toteutuvaa volatiliteettia ja sisällyttää itseensä sekä Black–Scholes-implisiittisen että historiallisen volatiliteetin sisältämän informaation

MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF AN HCCI ENGINE

For the past three decades the automotive industry is facing two main conflicting challenges to improve fuel economy and meet emissions standards. This has driven the engineers and researchers around the world to develop engines and powertrain which can meet these two daunting challenges. Focusing on the internal combustion engines there are very few options to enhance their performance beyond the current standards without increasing the price considerably. The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine technology is one of the combustion techniques which has the potential to partially meet the current critical challenges including CAFE standards and stringent EPA emissions standards. HCCI works on very lean mixtures compared to current SI engines, resulting in very low combustion temperatures and ultra-low NOx emissions. These engines when controlled accurately result in ultra-low soot formation. On the other hand HCCI engines face a problem of high unburnt hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. This technology also faces acute combustion controls problem, which if not dealt properly with yields highly unfavorable operating conditions and exhaust emissions. This thesis contains two main parts. One part deals in developing an HCCI experimental setup and the other focusses on developing a grey box modelling technique to control HCCI exhaust gas emissions. The experimental part gives the complete details on modification made on the stock engine to run in HCCI mode. This part also comprises details and specifications of all the sensors, actuators and other auxiliary parts attached to the conventional SI engine in order to run and monitor the engine in SI mode and future SI-HCCI mode switching studies. In the latter part around 600 data points from two different HCCI setups for two different engines are studied. A grey-box model for emission prediction is developed. The grey box model is trained with the use of 75% data and the remaining data is used for validation purpose. An average of 70% increase in accuracy for predicting engine performance is found while using the grey-box over an empirical (black box) model during this study. The grey-box model provides a solution for the difficulty faced for real time control of an HCCI engine. The grey-box model in this thesis is the first study in literature to develop a control oriented model for predicting HCCI engine emissions for control.

Prolegomenon to the study of the concepts of maturity and maturity model : from Black Horse to White Knight?

This paper takes its root in a trivial observation: management approaches are unable to provide relevant guidelines to cope with uncertainty, and trust of our modern worlds. Thus, managers are looking for reducing uncertainty through information’s supported decision-making, sustained by ex-ante rationalization. They strive to achieve best possible solution, stability, predictability, and control of “future”. Hence, they turn to a plethora of “prescriptive panaceas”, and “management fads” to bring simple solutions through best practices. However, these solutions are ineffective. They address only one part of a system (e.g. an organization) instead of the whole. They miss the interactions and interdependencies with other parts leading to “suboptimization”. Further classical cause-effects investigations and researches are not very helpful to this regard. Where do we go from there? In this conversation, we want to challenge the assumptions supporting the traditional management approaches and shed some lights on the problem of management discourse fad using the concept of maturity and maturity models in the context of temporary organizations as support for reflexion. Global economy is characterized by use and development of standards and compliance to standards as a practice is said to enable better decision-making by managers in uncertainty, control complexity, and higher performance. Amongst the plethora of standards, organizational maturity and maturity models hold a specific place due to general belief in organizational performance as dependent variable of (business) processes continuous improvement, grounded on a kind of evolutionary metaphor. Our intention is neither to offer a new “evidence based management fad” for practitioners, nor to suggest research gap to scholars. Rather, we want to open an assumption-challenging conversation with regards to main stream approaches (neo-classical economics and organization theory), turning “our eyes away from the blinding light of eternal certitude towards the refracted world of turbid finitude” (Long, 2002, p. 44) generating what Bernstein has named “Cartesian Anxiety” (Bernstein, 1983, p. 18), and revisit the conceptualization of maturity and maturity models. We rely on conventions theory and a systemic-discursive perspective. These two lenses have both information & communication and self-producing systems as common threads. Furthermore the narrative approach is well suited to explore complex way of thinking about organizational phenomena as complex systems. This approach is relevant with our object of curiosity, i.e. the concept of maturity and maturity models, as maturity models (as standards) are discourses and systems of regulations. The main contribution of this conversation is that we suggest moving from a neo-classical “theory of the game” aiming at making the complex world simpler in playing the game, to a “theory of the rules of the game”, aiming at influencing and challenging the rules of the game constitutive of maturity models – conventions, governing systems – making compatible individual calculation and social context, and possible the coordination of relationships and cooperation between agents with or potentially divergent interests and values. A second contribution is the reconceptualization of maturity as structural coupling between conventions, rather than as an independent variable leading to organizational performance.

The mixed black hole partition function for the STU model

We evaluate the mixed partition function for dyonic BPS black holes using the recently proposed degeneracy formula for the STU model. The result factorizes into the OSV mixed partition function times a proportionality factor. The latter is in agreement with the measure factor that was recently conjectured for a class of N = 2 black holes that contains the STU model.

Synthesis and characterization of carbon black supported Pt-Ru alloy as a model catalyst for fuel cells

A set of bimetallic Pt-Ru catalysts prepared by co-impregnation of carbon black with ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate and hydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV) hydrate were investigated by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), chemisorption of hydrogen, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microcalorimetry of adsorbed CO and a structure-sensitive reaction (n-hexane conversion). The results showed that the volumetric capacities for CO and H-2 adsorption is influenced in the bimetallic Pt-Ru catalysts by the formation of a Pt-Ru alloy. The n-hexane reaction revealed that the reaction mechanism for the pure Pt catalyst mainly occurs via cyclic isomerization and aromatization due to the presence of bigger Pt surface ensembles, whereas the Pt-Ru catalysts exhibited predominantly bond-shift isomerization by the diluting effect of Ru metal addition. The differential heats of CO chemisorption on Pt-Ru catalysts fell between the two monometallic Pt and Ru catalysts extremes. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Valoración de empresas. Aplicación Modelo Black and Scholes

La presente tesis es un trabajo de investigación que trata sobre la aplicación del Modelo Black and Scholes para valorar empresas en el entorno ecuatoriano. Para tener una lógica sencilla y ordena se ha divido el trabajo en cuatro capítulos, los cuales tienen un objetivo específico cada uno y en su conjunto buscan responder las hipótesis planteadas en la tesis. El primer capítulo proporciona una idea general sobre los aspectos teóricos de la valoración de empresas, en este capítulo se encuentra la definición, los conceptos básicos, una explicación de cada uno de los métodos más importantes que se conoce actualmente. El propósito del capítulo es entender la valoración de empresas en su conjunto. El segundo capítulo se orienta en las bases conceptuales desarrolladas por el modelo Black and Scholes referente a valoración de opciones y su comparación con otros modelos, se toma este enfoque debido a que se cuenta con suficiente información para entender adecuadamente el modelo. La finalidad del capítulo es comprender el modelo de Black and Scholes para la valoración de opciones. El tercer capítulo analiza la aplicación del modelo Black and Scholes en la valoración de empresas a través de estudios previos, los fundamentos, las variables que se requieren y la forma de obtener las mismas. El capítulo tiene como propósito analizar la valoración de empresas aplicando el modelo Black and Scholes. El último capítulo se centra en realizar la aplicación práctica en el entorno ecuatoriano de valorar empresas a través del modelo Black and Scholes, en el mismo se describe paso a paso como se realizó la valoración y se detalla los resultados obtenidos. El objetivo del capítulo es aplicar los conocimientos desarrollados y obtener resultados que permitan tener fundamentos suficientes para obtener las conclusiones finales.

Current model capabilities for simulating black carbon and sulfate concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere: a multi-model evaluation using a comprehensive measurement data set

The concentrations of sulfate, black carbon (BC) and other aerosols in the Arctic are characterized by high values in late winter and spring (so-called Arctic Haze) and low values in summer. Models have long been struggling to capture this seasonality and especially the high concentrations associated with Arctic Haze. In this study, we evaluate sulfate and BC concentrations from eleven different models driven with the same emission inventory against a comprehensive pan-Arctic measurement data set over a time period of 2 years (2008–2009). The set of models consisted of one Lagrangian particle dispersion model, four chemistry transport models (CTMs), one atmospheric chemistry-weather forecast model and five chemistry climate models (CCMs), of which two were nudged to meteorological analyses and three were running freely. The measurement data set consisted of surface measurements of equivalent BC (eBC) from five stations (Alert, Barrow, Pallas, Tiksi and Zeppelin), elemental carbon (EC) from Station Nord and Alert and aircraft measurements of refractory BC (rBC) from six different campaigns. We find that the models generally captured the measured eBC or rBC and sulfate concentrations quite well, compared to previous comparisons. However, the aerosol seasonality at the surface is still too weak in most models. Concentrations of eBC and sulfate averaged over three surface sites are underestimated in winter/spring in all but one model (model means for January–March underestimated by 59 and 37 % for BC and sulfate, respectively), whereas concentrations in summer are overestimated in the model mean (by 88 and 44 % for July–September), but with overestimates as well as underestimates present in individual models. The most pronounced eBC underestimates, not included in the above multi-site average, are found for the station Tiksi in Siberia where the measured annual mean eBC concentration is 3 times higher than the average annual mean for all other stations. This suggests an underestimate of BC sources in Russia in the emission inventory used. Based on the campaign data, biomass burning was identified as another cause of the modeling problems. For sulfate, very large differences were found in the model ensemble, with an apparent anti-correlation between modeled surface concentrations and total atmospheric columns. There is a strong correlation between observed sulfate and eBC concentrations with consistent sulfate/eBC slopes found for all Arctic stations, indicating that the sources contributing to sulfate and BC are similar throughout the Arctic and that the aerosols are internally mixed and undergo similar removal. However, only three models reproduced this finding, whereas sulfate and BC are weakly correlated in the other models. Overall, no class of models (e.g., CTMs, CCMs) performed better than the others and differences are independent of model resolution.

Analytical solutions of accreting black holes immersed in a Lambda CDM model

The evolution of the mass of a black hole embedded in a universe filled with dark energy and cold dark matter is calculated in a closed form within a test fluid model in a Schwarzschild metric, taking into account the cosmological evolution of both fluids. The result describes exactly how accretion asymptotically switches from the matter-dominated to the Lambda-dominated regime. For early epochs, the black hole mass increases due to dark matter accretion, and on later epochs the increase in mass stops as dark energy accretion takes over. Thus, the unphysical behaviour of previous analyses is improved in this simple exact model. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantum toy model for black-hole backreaction

We propose a simple quantum field theoretical toy model for black-hole evaporation and study the backreaction of Hawking radiation onto the classical background. It turns out that the horizon is also pushed back in this situation (i.e., the interior region shrinks) though this backreaction is not caused by energy conservation but by momentum balance. The effective heat capacity and induced entropy variation can have both signs-depending on the parameters of the model.

Black hole entropy associated with the supersymmetric sigma model

By means of an identity that equates the elliptic genus partition function of a supersymmetric sigma model on the N-fold symmetric product (SX)-X-N of X ((SX)-X-N=X-N/S-N, where S-N is the symmetric group of N elements) to the partition function of a second-quantized string theory, we derive the asymptotic expansion of the partition function as well as the asymptotic for the degeneracy of spectrum in string theory. The asymptotic expansion for the state counting reproduces the logarithmic correction to the black hole entropy.