Unit roots and the welfare gains of cycle smoothing

li consumption is log-Normal and is decomposed into a linear deterministic trend and a stationary cycle, a surprising result in business-cycle research is that the welfare gains of eliminating uncertainty are relatively small. A possible problem with such calculations is the dichotomy between the trend and the cyclical components of consumption. In this paper, we abandon this dichotomy in two ways. First, we decompose consumption into a deterministic trend, a stochastic trend, and a stationary cyclical component, calculating the welfare gains of cycle smoothing. Calculations are carried forward only after a careful discussion of the limitations of macroeconomic policy. Second, still under the stochastic-trend model, we incorporate a variable slope for consumption depending negatively on the overall volatility in the economy. Results are obtained for a variety of preference parameterizations, parameter values, and different macroeconomic-policy goals. They show that, once the dichotomy in the decomposition in consumption is abandoned, the welfare gains of cycle smoothing may be substantial, especially due to the volatility effect.

Political budget cycles in a fiscal federation : the effect of partisan voluntary transfers

This article first presents an econometric study suggesting that intergovernmental transfers to Brazilian municipalities are strongly partisan motivated. In light of that stylized fact, it develops an extension to Rogoff (1990)’s model to analyze the effect of partisan motivated transfers into sub-national electoral and fiscal equilibria. The main finding is that important partisan transfers may undo the positive selection aspect of political budget cycles. Indeed, partisan transfers may, on one hand, eliminate the political budget cycle, solving a moral hazard problem, but, on the other hand, they may retain an incompetent incumbent in office, bringing about an adverse selection problem.

Business cycles in emerging economies : the role of interest rates

This paper documents the empirical relation between the interest rates that emerging economies face in international capital markets and their business cycles. It shows that the patterns observed in the data can be interpreted as the equilibrium of a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy, in which (i) firms have to pay for a fraction of the input bill before production takes place, and (ii) preferences generate a labor supply that is independent of the interest rate. In our sample, interest rates are strongly countercyclical, strongly positively correlated with net exports, and they lead the cycle. Output is very volatile and consumption is more volatile than output. The sample includes data for Argentina during 1983-2000 and for four other large emerging economies, Brazil, Mexico, Korea, and Philippines, during 1994-2000. The model is calibrated to Argentina’s economy for the period 1983-1999. When the model is fed with actual US interest rates and the actual default spreads of Argentine sovereign interest rates, interest rates alone can explain forty percent of output fluctuations. When simulated technology shocks are added to the model, it can account for the main empirical regularities of Argentina’s economy during the period. A 1% increase in country risk causes a contemporaneous fall in output of 0.5 ’subsequent recovery. An increase in US rates causes output to fall by the same on impact and by almost 2% two years after the shock. The asymetry in the effect of shocks to US rates and country risk is due to the fact that US interest rates are more persistent than country risk and that there is a significant spillover effect from US interest rates to country risk.

Signaling in political budget cycles: How far are you willing to go?

This paper analyzes how heterogeneity in two dimensions, competency and character, a¤ects political budget cycles. Competency is the e¢ciency in running the government. Character is the degree of opportunism. In this expanded space, previous results in the literature on the separating nature of the signaling equilibrium hold if heterogeneity in opportunism is low. With high heterogeneity in opportunism, no separating equilibrium exists. Rather, the equilibrium is partially pooling: only extreme types can be distinguished.

Common factors in Latin America's business cycles

This paper constructs new business cycle indices for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico based on common dynamic factors extracted from a comprehensive set of sectoral output, external trade, fiscal and financial variables. The analysis spans the 135 years since the insertion of these economies into the global economy in the 1870s. The constructed indices are used to derive a business cyc1e chronology for these countries and characterize a set of new stylized facts. In particular, we show that ali four countries have historically displayed a striking combination of high business cyc1e volatility and persistence relative to advanced country benchmarks. Volatility changed considerably over time, however, being very high during early formative decades through the Great Depression, and again during the 1970s and ear1y 1980s, before declining sharply in three of the four countries. We also identify a sizeable common factor across the four economies which variance decompositions ascribe mostly to foreign interest rates and shocks to commodity terms of trade.

Multiplicador fiscal nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento

A eficácia do estímulo fiscal ou uma política fiscal expansionista, tem sido alvo de análise e debate durante as últimas décadas, sendo estudada através de diferentes metodologias, períodos históricos e grupos de países. O trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o impacto da política fiscal em outras variáveis macroeconômicas relevantes, dentre elas: carga tributária, inflação, desemprego, poupança e taxa de investimento, nos últimos 20 anos, para países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, e em especial o caso Brasileiro nos últimos 60 anos. Alguns trabalhos importantes, evidenciam que os choques fiscais dependem basicamente de algumas características principais dos países, como nível de desenvolvimento, regime cambial, abertura da economia e dívida pública, entre outras. Além disso, a resposta ao estímulo irá depender do estágio do ciclo econômico que determinada economia se encontra, recessão ou expansão. Os resultados encontrados com base no modelo autoregressivo estrutural (SVAR), através das função impulso resposta, demonstra que para ambos os grupos de países, desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, e também para o Brasil, à resposta do produto a um estímulo fiscal é negativo, ou seja, há uma queda do produto em função do estímulo fiscal.

O impacto da melhoria de um processo operacional na lucratividade e competitividade: um estudo de caso na subsidiária brasileira de uma empresa do ramo de petróleo

Após uma sequência histórica de ciclos econômicos no Brasil, desde o final da década de 90, o país presencia a abertura do setor do Petróleo ligado à descoberta do pré-sal e o volume imensurável das reservas naturais. Esse marco pôde determinar o início de um dos mais relevantes e diversificados ciclos de industrialização na história econômica do Brasil. Mesmo nesse ramo de negócio, um mercado de gigantes, de multinacionais, de grandes players com estratégias inovadoras e múltiplos know-how's insubstituíveis, é fato conhecido, principalmente para os profissionais dessa seara, que muitas empresas de petróleo possuem inúmeros fatores críticos com urgente necessidade de melhoria. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é fazer inicialmente uma breve análise estratégica e mercadológica da subsidiária brasileira de um grupo multinacional do ramo de Petróleo e Gás especializado em tecnologia de fluidos de perfuração de poços de petróleo, com presença em mais de vinte países. Após imersão no contexto, realizar a análise detalhada de um processo em especial, a primeira vista sem importância, que ao ser estudado, monitorado e mapeado, pôde ser ajustado, redesenhado e implementado, apresentando ganhos substanciais para a corporação relacionados à competitividade e lucratividade.

As fontes do atraso e das flutuações cíclicas brasileiras

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as fontes de crescimento de longo prazo e dos movimentos cíclicos do produto na economia brasileira. Buscamos entender as fontes de atraso da economia brasileira e os determinantes dos movimentos cíclicos do produto que tornam as recessões custosas. Para estudar fatores de longo praza utilizamos metodologia de descomposição de crescimento e para estudar movimentos cíclicos trabalhamos com métodos de contabilidade de cíclos e "wedges". Mostramos que as distorções às decisões dos agentes - e.g., fricções no mercado de trabalho - possuem um papel importante nas flutuações econômicas e até mesmo no longo prazo.

Cyclicality of SME Lending and Government Involvement in Banks

Recent regulatory efforts aim at lowering the cyclicality of bank lending because of its potential detrimental effects on financial stability and the real economy. We investigate the cyclicality of SME lending by local banks with vs. without a public mandate, controlling for location, size, loan maturity, funding structure, liquidity, profitability, and credit demand-side factors. The public mandate is set by local governments and stipulates a deviation from strict profit maximization and a sustainable provision of financial services to local customers. We find that banks with a public mandate are 25 percent less cyclical than other local banks. The result is credit supply-side driven and especially strong for savings banks with high liquidity and stable deposit funding. Our findings have implications for the banking structure, financial stability and the finance-growth nexus in a local context.

Cyclicality of SME lending and government involvement in banks

Recent regulatory efforts aim at lowering the cyclicality of bank lending because of its potential detrimental effects on financial stability and the real economy. We investigate the cyclicality of SME lending by local banks with vs. without a public mandate, controlling for location, size, loan maturity, funding structure, liquidity, profitability, and credit demand-side factors. The public mandate is set by local governments and stipulates a deviation from strict profit maximization and a sustainable provision of financial services to local customers. We find that banks with a public mandate are 25 percent less cyclical than other local banks. The result is credit supply-side driven and especially strong for savings banks with high liquidity and stable deposit funding. Our findings have implications for the banking structure, financial stability and the finance-growth nexus in a local context.

O estado como empregador de última instância: uma proposta de pleno emprego, estabilidade e condições dignas de trabalho para o Brasil

GOMES, Z. B. ; LOURENÇO, André Luís Cabral de . Atuação do Estado como empregador de última Instância: uma proposta para eliminar o desemprego estrutural do Brasil. In: Encontro Nacional de Economia Política, 13. 2008, João Pessoa/PB. Anais... João Pessoa: ENEP, 2008.

Atuação do estado como empregador de última instância: uma proposta para eliminar o desemprego estrutural do Brasil

GOMES, Z. B. ; LOURENÇO, André Luís Cabral de . Atuação do estado como empregador de última instância: uma proposta para eliminar o desemprego estrutural do Brasil. In: Encontro Nacional de Economia Política,13., 2008, João Pessoa/PB. Anais... João Pessoa, 2008.

Potential output in Latin America: a standard approach for the 1950-2002 period

Includes bibliography